Multiproxy El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Multiproxy El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 3/2009 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Joëlle L. Gergis, University of Melbourne, Australia. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2009-019 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Braganza, K., et al. 2009. Multiproxy El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2009-019. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Braganza, K., J.L. Gergis, S.B. Power, J.S. Risbey, and A.M. Fowler. 2009. A multiproxy index of the El Nino-Southern Oscillation, A.D. 1525-1982. Journal of Geophysical Research (Atmospheres), 114, D05106, doi:10.1029/2008JD010896. ABSTRACT: An understanding of past variability in the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), on interannual, interdecadal, and longer time scales, would be useful in assessing recent observed changes to ENSO and in determining the realism of climate model simulations. Using tree ring, coral, and ice core data, we reconstruct a proxy-based ENSO index between A.D. 1525 and 1982. Unlike most previous studies, which have drawn climate proxies from limited geographic regions, our network is Pacific basin–wide, using ENSO sensitive proxies from the western equatorial Pacific, New Zealand, the central Pacific, and subtropical North America. By considering multiple teleconnection regions, this network provides a more robust proxy ENSO signal. The common signal recorded in the multiproxy network has a high correlation with the Southern Oscillation Index (SOI), Niño 3.4 sea surface temperature (Niño3.4 SST), and a combined ocean-atmosphere ENSO index (CEI). The proportion of instrumental variance explained is 47% for the SOI, 48% for Niño3.4 SST, and 52% for the CEI. The proxy ENSO index also displays skill in reproducing warm and cold extremes of the SOI. The proxy ENSO index over the last 450 years shows considerable amplitude and frequency modulation in the 3–10 year band on multidecadal time scales. There is a relative reduction in the amplitude of high-frequency variability during the sixteenth, early seventeenth, and mid–eighteenth centuries. In contrast, high-frequency ENSO variability has increased over the last 200 years. Variability during the first half of the twentieth century is similar to that evident in the nineteenth century. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Western and Eastern Pacific PERIOD OF RECORD: 1525 AD – 1982 AD FUNDING SOURCES: J.L.G. was supported at UNSW for part of this study by an Australian postgraduate award. A.M.F. was funded by the Royal Society of New Zealand Marsden Fund (contract UOA108). J.S.R. has been partly supported by the CSIRO Wealth from Oceans Flagship program. DESCRIPTION: Reconstructed 'proxy ENSO index', 1525-1982 AD. The 1525 index (R5) includes four tree-ring chronologies and one ice-core record. The 1727 index (R8) includes four tree-ring chronologies, one ice-core, and 3 coral records. DATA: Braganza et al. 2009 ENSO Reconstructions Column 1: Calendar Year (AD) Column 2: R5 1525 Proxy ENSO reconstruction Column 3: R8 1727 Proxy Reconstruction Note: R5 is a subset of the R8 reconstruction (i.e. corals excluded in R5 index) YEAR R5 R8 1525 -2.43 1526 -3.7 1527 -2.51 1528 0.64 1529 0.3 1530 -1.04 1531 -0.81 1532 0.83 1533 0.98 1534 -0.22 1535 0.23 1536 -1.05 1537 -2.02 1538 0.77 1539 -2.02 1540 -1.27 1541 0.55 1542 1.15 1543 -0.7 1544 -0.97 1545 -0.64 1546 1.14 1547 0.65 1548 1.61 1549 1.31 1550 -0.65 1551 -0.34 1552 1.23 1553 -0.11 1554 -0.48 1555 -0.09 1556 -0.65 1557 1.61 1558 -0.18 1559 0.83 1560 2.16 1561 1.77 1562 1.49 1563 -0.02 1564 0.39 1565 -1.4 1566 0.83 1567 2.68 1568 1.85 1569 2.21 1570 0.47 1571 1.06 1572 3.31 1573 2.78 1574 -0.44 1575 0.01 1576 1.23 1577 0.02 1578 1.13 1579 0.83 1580 0.1 1581 0.2 1582 -0.34 1583 0.09 1584 0.39 1585 0.65 1586 -1.77 1587 -0.8 1588 -0.14 1589 0.99 1590 0.34 1591 -0.58 1592 0.02 1593 -0.24 1594 -1.87 1595 -1.04 1596 -1.52 1597 -1.3 1598 -0.91 1599 0.4 1600 1.49 1601 1.08 1602 0.7 1603 1.33 1604 0.3 1605 0.84 1606 -0.7 1607 -1.63 1608 -1.55 1609 -2.02 1610 -0.84 1611 0.83 1612 1.04 1613 1.62 1614 -0.6 1615 0.53 1616 -0.05 1617 0.54 1618 -1.03 1619 -1.37 1620 -2.22 1621 -2.23 1622 -0.24 1623 1.29 1624 0.47 1625 0.77 1626 1.98 1627 0.48 1628 0.26 1629 0.01 1630 0.7 1631 0.06 1632 1.97 1633 0.77 1634 -1.56 1635 -2.53 1636 -0.53 1637 0.98 1638 0.28 1639 -1.44 1640 -0.36 1641 0.49 1642 0.48 1643 1.07 1644 1.35 1645 0.84 1646 -0.54 1647 -0.81 1648 0.84 1649 0.13 1650 -0.5 1651 -2.19 1652 0.33 1653 1.65 1654 1.91 1655 0.53 1656 -1.36 1657 0.43 1658 -0.2 1659 0.02 1660 -1.95 1661 -1.67 1662 -0.45 1663 1.19 1664 0.41 1665 -0.35 1666 0.32 1667 0.69 1668 1.35 1669 0.61 1670 0.83 1671 -0.67 1672 0.38 1673 0.61 1674 -0.14 1675 0.41 1676 0.04 1677 -1.39 1678 0.51 1679 0.81 1680 -1.06 1681 -0.11 1682 -0.84 1683 -0.43 1684 -0.01 1685 2.72 1686 0.71 1687 -1.03 1688 0.14 1689 0.35 1690 0.87 1691 0.38 1692 -1.3 1693 0.32 1694 -1.16 1695 -2.17 1696 1.69 1697 0.12 1698 1.37 1699 0.2 1700 -0.46 1701 -0.7 1702 0.43 1703 1.46 1704 0.67 1705 0.79 1706 0.37 1707 0.37 1708 0.51 1709 0.37 1710 -1.27 1711 0.04 1712 -0.52 1713 -0.67 1714 0.35 1715 1.29 1716 2.46 1717 0.35 1718 -1.62 1719 -1.12 1720 -1.69 1721 -0.6 1722 -0.97 1723 -1.66 1724 -0.05 1725 1.82 1726 -1.35 1727 -1.26 -1.05 1728 -0.16 0.09 1729 -0.48 -0.07 1730 0.91 0.19 1731 1.14 1.19 1732 1.41 1.77 1733 1.65 1.96 1734 -0.22 -0.12 1735 0.35 0.38 1736 -0.33 -0.26 1737 -1.95 -1.19 1738 -2.27 -1.49 1739 0.87 1.84 1740 0.29 0.71 1741 0.32 0.76 1742 3.09 3.47 1743 1.37 1.78 1744 0.45 1.31 1745 -1.81 -0.85 1746 -1.04 -0.77 1747 -2.12 -1.61 1748 -0.26 0.16 1749 -2.14 -1.18 1750 -0.91 -0.27 1751 0.51 1.14 1752 2.18 2.68 1753 1.49 2.21 1754 0.93 1.8 1755 1.73 2.41 1756 0.08 0.98 1757 1.69 2.44 1758 1.21 1.95 1759 -0.76 -0.22 1760 -0.6 -0.34 1761 1.58 1.03 1762 0.67 0.85 1763 1.31 1.82 1764 -0.19 0.32 1765 0.44 1.06 1766 -0.01 -0.31 1767 0.08 -0.31 1768 0.52 0.12 1769 -0.78 -0.37 1770 -0.96 -1 1771 -0.18 -0.39 1772 1.06 1.1 1773 2.2 1.68 1774 0.64 -0.07 1775 -0.01 -0.41 1776 0.63 0.64 1777 0.5 0.21 1778 0.82 1.04 1779 1.32 1.6 1780 0.94 1.07 1781 1.16 1 1782 0.22 0.5 1783 -0.75 -0.87 1784 -1.42 -1.11 1785 0.55 0.73 1786 1.34 1.45 1787 0.27 0.36 1788 0.43 1.2 1789 0.85 1.14 1790 1.3 1.2 1791 -2.35 -2.55 1792 -3.02 -3.13 1793 -1.51 -1.42 1794 -0.84 -0.69 1795 -1.51 -0.78 1796 0.89 0.82 1797 1.28 1.33 1798 0.79 0.48 1799 -1.06 -1.51 1800 -0.89 -0.67 1801 1.01 1.48 1802 1.1 1.77 1803 0.71 0.19 1804 -0.31 -0.47 1805 2.07 1.97 1806 -0.09 0.5 1807 -1.43 -0.9 1808 1.4 1.48 1809 0.24 0.11 1810 0.01 0.39 1811 0.33 0.65 1812 -0.14 -0.13 1813 0.05 0.18 1814 -0.65 -0.58 1815 -1.17 -1.47 1816 -1.82 -1.79 1817 -1.27 -0.82 1818 0.62 0.59 1819 0.97 1.32 1820 2.22 2.26 1821 -0.07 -0.08 1822 0.7 0.77 1823 0.04 0.07 1824 -0.38 -0.58 1825 0.78 0.92 1826 -0.7 -0.73 1827 -1.23 -1.34 1828 -1.57 -1.04 1829 -1.12 -0.46 1830 0.21 0.28 1831 1.31 1.53 1832 -1.81 -1.93 1833 -2.98 -3.22 1834 -1.17 -1.11 1835 -0.04 -0.56 1836 -0.22 -1.14 1837 -0.99 -1.08 1838 -1.19 -1.11 1839 -2.95 -3.17 1840 0.34 0.53 1841 -0.49 -0.5 1842 0.27 -0.36 1843 -0.06 -0.22 1844 -1.21 -1.41 1845 -0.56 -0.96 1846 -1.7 -1.7 1847 1.31 0.91 1848 -0.66 -0.84 1849 -0.05 -0.68 1850 0.93 0.1 1851 0.91 0.22 1852 -1.82 -1.45 1853 -0.81 -1.2 1854 -0.3 -0.61 1855 0.38 0.16 1856 -1.88 -2.02 1857 0.01 0.09 1858 -0.79 -0.54 1859 0.28 0.24 1860 1.73 1.55 1861 2.58 2.66 1862 1.46 1.68 1863 0.91 1.17 1864 2.21 2.35 1865 -0.7 -0.9 1866 0.13 -0.3 1867 0.25 0.37 1868 -0.15 0.12 1869 -1.79 -1.7 1870 0.62 1.15 1871 1.11 1.28 1872 0.58 0.55 1873 1.27 1.34 1874 0.43 0.27 1875 0.53 0.35 1876 1.1 0.98 1877 -0.82 -1.1 1878 -2.07 -2.1 1879 2.1 2.1 1880 1.43 0.98 1881 -0.06 -0.21 1882 0.34 0.35 1883 0.69 0.3 1884 -0.55 -0.71 1885 -0.86 -1.4 1886 0.12 0.32 1887 0.8 1.03 1888 -2.07 -1.89 1889 -0.93 -0.65 1890 0.87 1.11 1891 0.26 0.48 1892 0.66 0 1893 2.23 1.92 1894 1.66 2.07 1895 0.05 0.35 1896 0.89 1.15 1897 -1.18 -1.72 1898 -0.68 -0.63 1899 1.01 0.95 1900 0.2 -0.33 1901 -0.44 -0.75 1902 1.22 0.39 1903 -1.41 -1.46 1904 2.39 1.68 1905 -3.18 -3.81 1906 -2.3 -2.66 1907 0.35 -0.12 1908 0.96 0.27 1909 1.97 1.14 1910 1.74 1.72 1911 -0.24 -0.17 1912 -2.74 -3.15 1913 -0.93 -1.8 1914 -3.17 -3.1 1915 -1.71 -1.71 1916 1.28 0.96 1917 1.38 1.35 1918 -0.23 0.7 1919 -2.85 -2.53 1920 -1.81 -1.7 1921 0.93 0.83 1922 0.53 0.58 1923 -0.14 -0.32 1924 0.24 -0.37 1925 0.04 -0.13 1926 -2.39 -2.91 1927 1.14 1.2 1928 -0.56 -0.82 1929 1.42 1.29 1930 -1.05 -0.92 1931 -1.74 -1.76 1932 0.11 -0.1 1933 -0.22 -0.11 1934 1.69 1.47 1935 0.25 -0.64 1936 0.4 0.39 1937 -0.51 -1.01 1938 -0.27 -0.79 1939 -0.43 -0.34 1940 -0.63 -0.62 1941 -2.39 -3.5 1942 -1.82 -2.32 1943 -0.9 -0.78 1944 -2.2 -2.46 1945 -1.16 -1.09 1946 0.86 1.05 1947 -0.64 -0.61 1948 -0.37 -0.5 1949 -0.7 -0.32 1950 0.85 1.69 1951 1.12 1.6 1952 -1.86 -1.27 1953 1.04 1.84 1954 1.07 1.26 1955 1.02 1.56 1956 1.41 1.67 1957 -0.08 0.33 1958 -1.77 -1.35 1959 0.67 -0.02 1960 0.01 -0.18 1961 0.94 0.63 1962 -0.33 -0.7 1963 0.72 0.93 1964 -3.33 -3.21 1965 -0.57 -0.5 1966 -2.18 -2.17 1967 -0.54 -0.44 1968 -3.25 -2.33 1969 -0.53 -0.76 1970 1.09 0.78 1971 2.75 2.95 1972 -0.44 0.61 1973 -0.65 -0.63 1974 2.87 3.95 1975 -0.39 0.14 1976 -0.82 0.03 1977 -0.31 -0.04 1978 -0.69 -0.62 1979 -1.81 -1.7 1980 0.87 0.04 1981 -1.62 -1.16 1982 0.52 0.72