# 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/14193 # # Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/cunningham2013/cunningham2013-alkenone.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleoceanography #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-04-11 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: 1000 Year Composite Sea Surface Temperature Record from the North Atlantic Ocean #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cunningham, L.K.; Austin, W.E.N.; Knudsen, K.L.; Eiríksson, J.; Scourse, J.D; Wanamaker Jr., A.D.; Butler, P.G.; Cage, A.; Richter, T.; Husum, K.; Hald, M.; Andersson C.; Zorita, A.; Linderholm, H.W.; Gunnarson, B.E.; Sicre, M.A.; Sejrup, H.P.; Jiang, H.; Wilson, R.J.S. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # A set of reconstructions of sea surface temperature in the North Atlantic from a collection of ocean core data. Malangen Fjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Hald et al., 2011; Vøring Plateau planktonic foram data from Anderson et al., 2003; Ranafjord δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Klitgaard Kristensen et al., 2003; Norwegian Margin(P1-003MC) δ18O of planktonic foraminifera data from Sejrup et al., 2010; Norwegian Channel δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Eiríksson et al., 2006; North Iceland Shelf Arctica islandica shell growth increments data from Wanamaker et al., 2008, 2012; Butler et al., 2013; MD99-2275 diatom data from Ran et al., 2011; MD99-2276 Alkenone data from Sicre et al.,2008,2011; Loch Sunart δ18O of benthic foraminifera data from Cage and Austin, 2010. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cunningham, L.K., Austin, W.E.N., Knudsen, K.L., Eiríksson, J., Scourse, J.D, Wanamaker Jr., A.D., Butler, P.G., Cage, A., Richter, T., Husum, K., Hald, M., Andersson C., Zorita, A., Linderholm, H.W., Gunnarson, B.E., Sicre, M.A., Sejrup, H.P., Jiang, H. and Wilson, R.J.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Published_Title: Reconstructions of surface ocean conditions from the northeast Atlantic and Nordic seas during the last millennium. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Volume: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1177/0959683613479677 # Abstract: We undertake the first comprehensive effort to integrate North Atlantic marine climate records for the last millennium, highlighting some key components common within this system at a range of temporal and spatial scales. In such an approach, careful consideration needs to be given to the complexities inherent to the marine system. Composites therefore need to be hydrographically constrained and sensitive to both surface water mass variability and three-dimensional ocean dynamics. This study focuses on the northeast (NE) Atlantic, particularly sites influenced by the North Atlantic Current. A composite plus regression approach is used to create an inter-regional NE Atlantic reconstruction of sea surface temperature (SST) for the last 1000 years. We highlight the loss of spatial information associated with large-scale composite reconstructions of the marine environment. Regional reconstructions of SSTs off the Norwegian and Icelandic margins are presented, along with a larger-scale reconstruction spanning the NE North Atlantic. The latter indicates that the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’ warming was most pronounced before ad 1200, with a long-term cooling trend apparent after ad 1250. This trend persisted until the early 20th century, while in recent decades temperatures have been similar to those inferred for the ‘Medieval Climate Anomaly’. The reconstructions are consistent with other independent records of sea-surface and surface air temperatures from the region, indicating that they are adequately capturing the climate dynamics of the last millennium. Consequently, this method could potentially be used to develop large-scale reconstructions of SSTs for other hydrographically constrained regions. # #--------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: European Commission MILLENNIUM Integrated Project # Grant: 017008 #--------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: MD99-2275 # Location: North Atlantic Ocean # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 66.55167 # Southernmost_Latitude: 66.55167 # Easternmost_Longitude: -17.69983 # Westernmost_Longitude: -17.69983 # Elevation: -440 #------------------ # Data_Collection # Core_Name: MD99-2275-uk37 # First_Year: 1000 # Last_Year: 1991 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Original data from Sicre et al., 2008; 2011 #------------------ # Variables # # variables format: one per line, shortname-tab- 9 var components: what,material, error,units,season,archive,detail,method, C or N for Character or Numeric data ## age_AD Age,,,AD,,,,N ## SST-uk37.p sea surface temperature,Uk'37,,degrees C,,Paleoceanography,,Prahl et al 1988 calibration,N #----------------- # Data # Missing Value -999 age_AD SST.uk37 1991 6.640 1990 6.637 1989 6.593 1988 6.510 1987 6.397 1986 6.263 1985 6.122 1984 5.985 1983 5.862 1982 5.760 1981 5.680 1980 5.622 1979 5.580 1978 5.555 1977 5.535 1976 5.514 1975 5.485 1974 5.447 1973 5.403 1972 5.361 1971 5.329 1970 5.315 1969 5.326 1968 5.361 1967 5.421 1966 5.499 1965 5.586 1964 5.674 1963 5.751 1962 5.812 1961 5.851 1960 5.869 1959 5.866 1958 5.847 1957 5.814 1956 5.774 1955 5.733 1954 5.694 1953 5.659 1952 5.627 1951 5.598 1950 5.571 1949 5.549 1948 5.537 1947 5.537 1946 5.555 1945 5.594 1944 5.652 1943 5.726 1942 5.810 1941 5.897 1940 5.980 1939 6.054 1938 6.115 1937 6.162 1936 6.194 1935 6.212 1934 6.216 1933 6.206 1932 6.180 1931 6.139 1930 6.082 1929 6.010 1928 5.925 1927 5.830 1926 5.728 1925 5.623 1924 5.521 1923 5.427 1922 5.341 1921 5.264 1920 5.195 1919 5.133 1918 5.081 1917 5.040 1916 5.012 1915 4.999 1914 5.000 1913 5.014 1912 5.040 1911 5.077 1910 5.121 1909 5.172 1908 5.229 1907 5.290 1906 5.356 1905 5.423 1904 5.490 1903 5.552 1902 5.607 1901 5.652 1900 5.692 1899 5.726 1898 5.751 1897 5.769 1896 5.781 1895 5.791 1894 5.803 1893 5.819 1892 5.836 1891 5.851 1890 5.859 1889 5.857 1888 5.848 1887 5.827 1886 5.800 1885 5.770 1884 5.742 1883 5.718 1882 5.700 1881 5.687 1880 5.678 1879 5.663 1878 5.647 1877 5.639 1876 5.641 1875 5.653 1874 5.668 1873 5.686 1872 5.705 1871 5.725 1870 5.743 1869 5.754 1868 5.761 1867 5.767 1866 5.774 1865 5.784 1864 5.796 1863 5.814 1862 5.842 1861 5.866 1860 5.885 1859 5.901 1858 5.912 1857 5.912 1856 5.899 1855 5.875 1854 5.846 1853 5.817 1852 5.786 1851 5.751 1850 5.715 1849 5.680 1848 5.643 1847 5.604 1846 5.566 1845 5.534 1844 5.509 1843 5.492 1842 5.481 1841 5.480 1840 5.499 1839 5.533 1838 5.581 1837 5.647 1836 5.729 1835 5.821 1834 5.914 1833 5.997 1832 6.062 1831 6.102 1830 6.114 1829 6.098 1828 6.061 1827 6.014 1826 5.965 1825 5.925 1824 5.905 1823 5.910 1822 5.942 1821 5.993 1820 6.053 1819 6.119 1818 6.177 1817 6.219 1816 6.240 1815 6.235 1814 6.206 1813 6.159 1812 6.104 1811 6.045 1810 5.990 1809 5.951 1808 5.931 1807 5.931 1806 5.954 1805 5.996 1804 6.052 1803 6.117 1802 6.186 1801 6.254 1800 6.313 1799 6.360 1798 6.385 1797 6.391 1796 6.378 1795 6.354 1794 6.322 1793 6.286 1792 6.254 1791 6.227 1790 6.207 1789 6.195 1788 6.190 1787 6.195 1786 6.208 1785 6.225 1784 6.241 1783 6.250 1782 6.249 1781 6.235 1780 6.206 1779 6.163 1778 6.104 1777 6.038 1776 5.970 1775 5.904 1774 5.844 1773 5.801 1772 5.782 1771 5.787 1770 5.820 1769 5.876 1768 5.945 1767 6.019 1766 6.091 1765 6.156 1764 6.210 1763 6.247 1762 6.265 1761 6.257 1760 6.225 1759 6.174 1758 6.113 1757 6.052 1756 5.998 1755 5.956 1754 5.930 1753 5.916 1752 5.899 1751 5.874 1750 5.836 1749 5.783 1748 5.723 1747 5.662 1746 5.604 1745 5.554 1744 5.515 1743 5.493 1742 5.488 1741 5.496 1740 5.516 1739 5.542 1738 5.573 1737 5.606 1736 5.644 1735 5.687 1734 5.735 1733 5.787 1732 5.846 1731 5.911 1730 5.978 1729 6.042 1728 6.102 1727 6.153 1726 6.194 1725 6.227 1724 6.252 1723 6.270 1722 6.280 1721 6.287 1720 6.294 1719 6.305 1718 6.321 1717 6.342 1716 6.369 1715 6.403 1714 6.445 1713 6.493 1712 6.545 1711 6.595 1710 6.641 1709 6.680 1708 6.709 1707 6.724 1706 6.724 1705 6.710 1704 6.688 1703 6.663 1702 6.639 1701 6.619 1700 6.605 1699 6.596 1698 6.591 1697 6.588 1696 6.586 1695 6.585 1694 6.585 1693 6.585 1692 6.582 1691 6.574 1690 6.554 1689 6.523 1688 6.477 1687 6.412 1686 6.324 1685 6.212 1684 6.079 1683 5.932 1682 5.782 1681 5.645 1680 5.532 1679 5.452 1678 5.413 1677 5.410 1676 5.439 1675 5.490 1674 5.554 1673 5.625 1672 5.695 1671 5.760 1670 5.815 1669 5.859 1668 5.891 1667 5.918 1666 5.947 1665 5.984 1664 6.028 1663 6.078 1662 6.131 1661 6.184 1660 6.234 1659 6.280 1658 6.324 1657 6.369 1656 6.421 1655 6.481 1654 6.551 1653 6.628 1652 6.709 1651 6.790 1650 6.866 1649 6.934 1648 6.986 1647 7.015 1646 7.019 1645 6.997 1644 6.954 1643 6.896 1642 6.829 1641 6.762 1640 6.704 1639 6.659 1638 6.632 1637 6.620 1636 6.623 1635 6.635 1634 6.655 1633 6.679 1632 6.705 1631 6.730 1630 6.750 1629 6.762 1628 6.762 1627 6.749 1626 6.721 1625 6.680 1624 6.627 1623 6.564 1622 6.495 1621 6.425 1620 6.359 1619 6.301 1618 6.257 1617 6.235 1616 6.241 1615 6.278 1614 6.348 1613 6.453 1612 6.589 1611 6.753 1610 6.938 1609 7.138 1608 7.341 1607 7.537 1606 7.713 1605 7.860 1604 7.970 1603 8.040 1602 8.069 1601 8.060 1600 8.015 1599 7.937 1598 7.831 1597 7.700 1596 7.547 1595 7.375 1594 7.187 1593 6.989 1592 6.786 1591 6.589 1590 6.408 1589 6.252 1588 6.130 1587 6.050 1586 6.016 1585 6.024 1584 6.070 1583 6.145 1582 6.239 1581 6.343 1580 6.451 1579 6.554 1578 6.647 1577 6.725 1576 6.782 1575 6.815 1574 6.822 1573 6.802 1572 6.761 1571 6.700 1570 6.626 1569 6.541 1568 6.452 1567 6.367 1566 6.296 1565 6.249 1564 6.234 1563 6.257 1562 6.316 1561 6.408 1560 6.523 1559 6.651 1558 6.783 1557 6.906 1556 7.012 1555 7.093 1554 7.143 1553 7.158 1552 7.130 1551 7.053 1550 6.927 1549 6.756 1548 6.547 1547 6.312 1546 6.067 1545 5.832 1544 5.626 1543 5.469 1542 5.374 1541 5.351 1540 5.398 1539 5.505 1538 5.659 1537 5.841 1536 6.034 1535 6.221 1534 6.392 1533 6.541 1532 6.669 1531 6.780 1530 6.877 1529 6.962 1528 7.037 1527 7.100 1526 7.149 1525 7.178 1524 7.185 1523 7.170 1522 7.133 1521 7.077 1520 7.005 1519 6.926 1518 6.851 1517 6.790 1516 6.754 1515 6.749 1514 6.775 1513 6.825 1512 6.889 1511 6.954 1510 7.009 1509 7.041 1508 7.046 1507 7.020 1506 6.967 1505 6.893 1504 6.806 1503 6.718 1502 6.636 1501 6.568 1500 6.520 1499 6.495 1498 6.488 1497 6.496 1496 6.512 1495 6.529 1494 6.545 1493 6.555 1492 6.558 1491 6.552 1490 6.537 1489 6.513 1488 6.482 1487 6.449 1486 6.419 1485 6.396 1484 6.384 1483 6.387 1482 6.410 1481 6.458 1480 6.532 1479 6.629 1478 6.744 1477 6.877 1476 7.021 1475 7.173 1474 7.328 1473 7.479 1472 7.617 1471 7.740 1470 7.844 1469 7.928 1468 7.994 1467 8.044 1466 8.070 1465 8.067 1464 8.035 1463 7.978 1462 7.895 1461 7.786 1460 7.655 1459 7.512 1458 7.371 1457 7.235 1456 7.110 1455 7.004 1454 6.925 1453 6.873 1452 6.846 1451 6.841 1450 6.848 1449 6.859 1448 6.868 1447 6.868 1446 6.857 1445 6.839 1444 6.815 1443 6.781 1442 6.739 1441 6.691 1440 6.638 1439 6.579 1438 6.516 1437 6.449 1436 6.385 1435 6.326 1434 6.271 1433 6.222 1432 6.181 1431 6.150 1430 6.125 1429 6.105 1428 6.087 1427 6.070 1426 6.058 1425 6.059 1424 6.081 1423 6.130 1422 6.213 1421 6.328 1420 6.472 1419 6.640 1418 6.821 1417 6.999 1416 7.160 1415 7.288 1414 7.374 1413 7.412 1412 7.400 1411 7.343 1410 7.251 1409 7.137 1408 7.015 1407 6.900 1406 6.801 1405 6.720 1404 6.660 1403 6.618 1402 6.595 1401 6.588 1400 6.597 1399 6.619 1398 6.649 1397 6.685 1396 6.724 1395 6.757 1394 6.779 1393 6.784 1392 6.767 1391 6.730 1390 6.674 1389 6.605 1388 6.529 1387 6.449 1386 6.372 1385 6.304 1384 6.248 1383 6.207 1382 6.182 1381 6.176 1380 6.190 1379 6.224 1378 6.273 1377 6.330 1376 6.384 1375 6.429 1374 6.458 1373 6.464 1372 6.449 1371 6.416 1370 6.372 1369 6.326 1368 6.288 1367 6.267 1366 6.265 1365 6.283 1364 6.317 1363 6.361 1362 6.405 1361 6.443 1360 6.467 1359 6.473 1358 6.462 1357 6.438 1356 6.407 1355 6.375 1354 6.346 1353 6.326 1352 6.315 1351 6.311 1350 6.311 1349 6.313 1348 6.313 1347 6.314 1346 6.317 1345 6.325 1344 6.343 1343 6.373 1342 6.419 1341 6.482 1340 6.559 1339 6.643 1338 6.729 1337 6.812 1336 6.890 1335 6.962 1334 7.031 1333 7.101 1332 7.173 1331 7.251 1330 7.336 1329 7.427 1328 7.522 1327 7.618 1326 7.711 1325 7.799 1324 7.877 1323 7.941 1322 7.987 1321 8.012 1320 8.017 1319 8.006 1318 7.982 1317 7.952 1316 7.920 1315 7.891 1314 7.872 1313 7.867 1312 7.877 1311 7.904 1310 7.944 1309 7.994 1308 8.049 1307 8.105 1306 8.163 1305 8.223 1304 8.288 1303 8.359 1302 8.439 1301 8.527 1300 8.620 1299 8.709 1298 8.786 1297 8.842 1296 8.868 1295 8.859 1294 8.810 1293 8.724 1292 8.609 1291 8.475 1290 8.335 1289 8.202 1288 8.087 1287 7.997 1286 7.937 1285 7.909 1284 7.910 1283 7.937 1282 7.986 1281 8.049 1280 8.121 1279 8.196 1278 8.267 1277 8.329 1276 8.380 1275 8.415 1274 8.433 1273 8.431 1272 8.410 1271 8.368 1270 8.309 1269 8.232 1268 8.143 1267 8.044 1266 7.940 1265 7.835 1264 7.732 1263 7.634 1262 7.542 1261 7.454 1260 7.370 1259 7.285 1258 7.196 1257 7.101 1256 7.000 1255 6.896 1254 6.794 1253 6.702 1252 6.629 1251 6.582 1250 6.565 1249 6.582 1248 6.632 1247 6.712 1246 6.817 1245 6.941 1244 7.079 1243 7.222 1242 7.367 1241 7.508 1240 7.643 1239 7.769 1238 7.884 1237 7.989 1236 8.083 1235 8.166 1234 8.236 1233 8.295 1232 8.340 1231 8.371 1230 8.388 1229 8.390 1228 8.380 1227 8.359 1226 8.330 1225 8.295 1224 8.257 1223 8.216 1222 8.174 1221 8.130 1220 8.084 1219 8.037 1218 7.989 1217 7.944 1216 7.904 1215 7.875 1214 7.861 1213 7.865 1212 7.889 1211 7.931 1210 7.989 1209 8.060 1208 8.137 1207 8.217 1206 8.297 1205 8.372 1204 8.441 1203 8.504 1202 8.560 1201 8.606 1200 8.643 1199 8.670 1198 8.685 1197 8.688 1196 8.679 1195 8.659 1194 8.629 1193 8.592 1192 8.551 1191 8.508 1190 8.464 1189 8.422 1188 8.383 1187 8.346 1186 8.314 1185 8.287 1184 8.267 1183 8.256 1182 8.254 1181 8.264 1180 8.285 1179 8.314 1178 8.348 1177 8.384 1176 8.417 1175 8.443 1174 8.460 1173 8.467 1172 8.464 1171 8.455 1170 8.441 1169 8.424 1168 8.406 1167 8.387 1166 8.365 1165 8.340 1164 8.309 1163 8.272 1162 8.230 1161 8.184 1160 8.134 1159 8.084 1158 8.036 1157 7.993 1156 7.956 1155 7.928 1154 7.907 1153 7.896 1152 7.892 1151 7.896 1150 7.906 1149 7.921 1148 7.939 1147 7.958 1146 7.978 1145 7.998 1144 8.018 1143 8.035 1142 8.052 1141 8.067 1140 8.080 1139 8.093 1138 8.105 1137 8.117 1136 8.127 1135 8.137 1134 8.146 1133 8.152 1132 8.156 1131 8.157 1130 8.155 1129 8.150 1128 8.142 1127 8.133 1126 8.123 1125 8.111 1124 8.100 1123 8.088 1122 8.076 1121 8.063 1120 8.049 1119 8.036 1118 8.023 1117 8.011 1116 8.001 1115 7.995 1114 7.993 1113 7.998 1112 8.008 1111 8.027 1110 8.052 1109 8.085 1108 8.124 1107 8.167 1106 8.212 1105 8.257 1104 8.300 1103 8.339 1102 8.372 1101 8.398 1100 8.417 1099 8.430 1098 8.436 1097 8.436 1096 8.432 1095 8.426 1094 8.418 1093 8.410 1092 8.402 1091 8.395 1090 8.388 1089 8.382 1088 8.377 1087 8.371 1086 8.367 1085 8.363 1084 8.362 1083 8.363 1082 8.367 1081 8.376 1080 8.388 1079 8.402 1078 8.418 1077 8.432 1076 8.441 1075 8.441 1074 8.432 1073 8.411 1072 8.380 1071 8.342 1070 8.301 1069 8.261 1068 8.226 1067 8.198 1066 8.180 1065 8.172 1064 8.173 1063 8.184 1062 8.204 1061 8.232 1060 8.267 1059 8.307 1058 8.351 1057 8.395 1056 8.436 1055 8.468 1054 8.491 1053 8.502 1052 8.502 1051 8.494 1050 8.481 1049 8.468 1048 8.459 1047 8.458 1046 8.463 1045 8.475 1044 8.492 1043 8.510 1042 8.529 1041 8.545 1040 8.558 1039 8.567 1038 8.571 1037 8.571 1036 8.564 1035 8.552 1034 8.533 1033 8.507 1032 8.476 1031 8.443 1030 8.409 1029 8.380 1028 8.359 1027 8.351 1026 8.359 1025 8.385 1024 8.431 1023 8.495 1022 8.573 1021 8.659 1020 8.747 1019 8.827 1018 8.894 1017 8.941 1016 8.967 1015 8.969 1014 8.950 1013 8.913 1012 8.863 1011 8.804 1010 8.741 1009 8.678 1008 8.619 1007 8.568 1006 8.528 1005 8.500 1004 8.485 1003 8.481 1002 8.486 1001 8.500 1000 8.517