# Late Pleistocene Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) Forest Microfossil Assemblage #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29932 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/delong2020/delong2020.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Data_Type: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: population abundance #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-06-02 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-06-02 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Late Pleistocene Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) forest microfossil assemblage #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: DeLong, Kristine L.; Gonzalez, Suyapa; Obelcz, Jeffrey B.; Truong, Jonathan T.; Bentley Sr., Samuel J.; Xu, Kehui; Reese, Carl Andy; Harley, Grant L.; Caporaso, Alicia; Shen, Zhixiong; Middleton, Beth A. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Foraminfera assemblage determined for sediment core 15DF1 (IGSN # IEADF151A) # Provided Keywords: MIS 3, Gulf of Mexico, Foraminifera, #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: DeLong, Kristine L., Suyapa Gonzalez, Jeffery B. Obelcz, Jonathan T. Truong, Samuel J. Bentley Sr., Kehui Xu, Carl Andy Reese, Grant L. Harley, Alicia Caporaso, Zhixiong Shen, and Beth A. Middleton # Published_Date_or_Year: 2020 # Published_Title: Investigation of preserved late Pleistocene Baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) forest deposit on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf # Journal_Name: Boreas # Volume: in review # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1111/bor.12524 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Approximately 13 km south of Gulf Shores, Alabama, US local divers found in situ baldcypress (Taxodium distichum) stumps 18 m below the ocean surface in a seafloor depression. These trees could have only lived when sea level fell during the Pleistocene exposing the continental shelf as new land. Here we investigate the geophysical properties of this site along with microfossil and stratigraphic analyses of sediment cores recovered from the site to understand the geomorphological properties that lead to the wood preservation on these time scales. Radiocarbon dates of 11 wood and 9 woody debris samples from sediment cores were mostly infinite (i.e. radiocarbon dead) with two dates (45,210 (±889), 41,830 (±330) cal BP) thus optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to constrain site age. This site contains Holocene sands that vary in depth (~0.1-4 m) from the modern ridge and trough sand sheet. Below the Holocene sands are late Pleistocene mud-peat (72 ±8 ka OSL), mud-sand (63 ±5, 73 ±6 ka OSL), and paleosol (56 ±5 ka OSL) facies, which grade laterally from west to east, respectively, separated by an unconformity. Foraminiferal analysis reveals the location of the marine-terrestrial transitional layer in the interbedded sand and mud facies, above the Pleistocene facies, dated to 3,920 (±30) cal BP and is part of a lower shoreface or marine-dominated estuarine environment. The occurrence of paleosol and swamp facies of broadly similar ages and elevation suggests the glacial landscape possessed topographic relief that allowed baldcypress wood and swamp mud and peats to be preserved for ~50 ka of exposure before transitioning to the modern marine environment. We hypothesize that rapid sea level rise occurring ~60 ka and ~40 ka provided opportunities for local floodplain aggradation to bury the swamp thus preserving the stumps and we suggest other sites may exist nearby. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Truong, Jonathan Thien # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Micropaleontological Record of a Preserved, Late Pleistocene Bald Cypress Forest on the Northern Gulf of Mexico Inner Shelf # Journal_Name: Master thesis, Louisiana State University # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: # Online_Resource: https://digitalcommons.lsu.edu/gradschool_theses/4727 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A cluster of previously buried Taxodium distichum stumps are exposed and preserved in growth position at the bottom of a trough on the inner Gulf of Mexico (GOM) continental shelf in 18 m water depth and 13 km offshore Orange Beach, AL. Radiocarbon ages from wood and optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating of sediments suggest a Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 3 age, or older. This study builds on the previous work of Gonzalez et al. (2018; 2017) and Obeclz (2017). Five biofacies were identified in vibracore collected in 2015 and 2016: 1) the Holocene Mississippi-Alabama-Florida (MAFLA) sand sheet, 2) a Holocene interbedded sand and mud facies, 3) a Pleistocene interbedded sand and mud facies, 4) a paleosol, and 5) a Pleistocene interbedded mud and peat facies associated with the in situ stump horizon. The seafloor, a transgressive ravinement surface, and a basal contact between undifferentiated Pleistocene terrestrial facies and an older, steeply dipping clinoform package are resolved from geophysical data. Foraminiferal assemblage analysis revealed the transitional layer of interbedded sand and mud above the floodplain facies was late Holocene in origin and was part of a lower shoreface or marine-dominated estuarine environment. Stratigraphy of the area suggests paleotopographic relief was established prior to 56 ±5 ka and persisted until Holocene transgression. Two major factors allowed for unusual preservation of the in situ stump horizon: (1) paleotopographic relief created enough accommodation for sediment infill to bury and preserve the forest, and (2) significant pulses of sea level rise during MIS 3-4 produced widespread, rapid floodplain aggradation within the incised complex. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Reese, C.A., Harley, G.L., DeLong, K.L., Bentley Sr., S.J., Xu, K., Gonzalez, S., Truong, J.T., Obelcz, J. and Caporaso, A. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Stratigraphic pollen analysis performed on a late Pleistocene cypress forest preserved on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf # Journal_Name: Journal of Quaternary Science # Volume: 33 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 865-870 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1002/jqs.3074 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Gonzalez, S., S.J. Bentley Sr., DeLong, K.L., Xu, K., Obelcz, J., Truong, J., Harley, G.L., Reese, C.A. and Caporaso, A. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2017 # Published_Title: Facies reconstruction of a Late Pleistocene cypress forest discovered on the northern Gulf of Mexico continental shelf # Journal_Name: Transactions - Gulf Coast Association of Geological Societies # Volume: 67 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 133-146 # Report_Number: # DOI: # Online_Resource: http://archives.datapages.com/data/gcags/data/067/067001/133_gcags670133.html # Full_Citation: # Abstract: #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: BOEM # Grant: Cooperative Agreement Number M15AC00016 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Alabama underwater forest # Location: Gulf of Mexico # Northernmost_Latitude: 31 # Southernmost_Latitude: 30 # Easternmost_Longitude: -87 # Westernmost_Longitude: -88 # Elevation: -18 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Underwater forest assemblage DeLong2020 # First_Year: 3920 # Last_Year: 2015 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length: 4.9 # Notes: OSL dates for Pleistocene facies, oldest is 73,000 BP #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # Radiocarbon and Optically stimulated luminescence ages were determined for the site and project # Sample name Sample Identification used by the project. "dup" is duplicate. ALAF samples were collected by local divers in 2012 and GOM samples were collected in 2013 by the project. # Sample type BWD = Bulk Woody Debris from sediment core sample processed by Beta Anaytica. Wood was diver collected from site. # Sample depth Depth of sample in meters in sediment core, all radiocarbon sediment samples are from core 15DF1 (sediment core 15DF1 (IGSN # IEADF151A) except for sample 15DF3B-310 is from core 15DF3B (IGSN# IEADF153B). OSL dates are from different cores. # Facies The facies in the core that was sampled, see original publication for facies description # Lab analysis CAMS samples were analyzed at the CAMS at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California and samples labeled Beta was analyzed at Beta Analytic Radiocarbon Dating Laboratory in Miami, Florida. CAMS samples are wood samples collected by divers in 2013. Beta samples are from the core 15DF1 and 15DF3B collected August 2015. CAMS sample preparation backgrounds were subtracted, based on measurements of samples of 14C-free wood. Backgrounds were scaled relative to sample size. # Carbon 13 value CAMS carbon stable isotopic ratio (d13C) values are the assumed values according to Stuiver and Polach (1977) when given without decimal places. Beta reported d13C values were measured separately in an isotope ratio mass spectrometer. They are not the AMS d13C, which would include fractionation effects from natural, chemistry and AMS induced sources. d13C values were calculated relative to the PDB-1 standard as per mil (‰). # 14C age Quoted age is in radiocarbon years using the Libby half-life of 5568 years and following the conventions of Stuiver and Polach (1977). CAMS samples ALAF B, ALAF C1 dup, GOM 2A, GOM 2B, GOM 013A#1, and GOM 005A are reported as two sigma limits as per Stuiver and Polach (1977). Carbon-14 ages with an > before age are infinite ages and samples are radiocarbon dead, i.e. extremely low 14C activity that are almost identical to the background signal. # 14C age error Radiocarbon age, standard error 2-sigma # Cal BP Calendar Years Before Present (Cal BP; Present = AD 1950) determined using INTCAL13 (Reimer et al. 2013) with 2s ranges given when appropriate. A calendar age is not reported for infinite dates (>) since calendar ages may imply a greater level of confidence than is appropriate. # Cal BP youngest Calibrated age, 2-sigma lower confidence bound # Cal BP oldest Calibrated age, 2-sigma upper confidence bound # Source Publication reporting the data. # reservoir Foraminifera sample age determined using MARINE13 (Reimer et al. 2013) with no local reservoir correction. Wood samples had not reservior correction since they were originally terrestial. # Core Sediment core used for OSL dating, see table 1 in DeLong for core details. # Water Water depth in meters for the top of the core # 238U 238U determination given as μg g-1 # 238U error 238U determination one sigma error # 232Th 232Th determination given as μg g-1 # 232Th error 232Th determination one sigma error # K2O K2O determination given as μg g-1 # K2O±1s K2O determination one sigma error # Water content Present-day water content measured soon after sampling from sediment cores. The values for samples from the interbedded sand and mud, and paleosol facies agree well with the long-term average value of similar type of late Pleistocene sediments used by Shen et al. (2012). The value for the sample from the interbedded mud and peat facies matches expectation for organic rich mud, suggesting long-term dewatering is likely neglectable for this sample. # dcosmic dcosmic determination given as Gy ka-1. Cosmic dose rates were calculated for with and without seawater at the coring site. The cosmic dose rates for age calculation were derived by assuming ~15% burial history with sea water of present-day depth at the coring sites, considering sample ages, water depth at the sites, and sea-level history. # Size fraction Size fraction from sediment sample used for OSL dating (µm) # dnatural dnatural determination given as Gy ka-1 # dnatural error dnatural determination one sigma error # De Equivalent dose (De) calculation given as Gy # De error Equivalent dose (De) calculation one sigma error # OSL age OSL age determination given as ka # OSL age error OSL age one sigma error (ka) # Sample name Type Sample depth Facies Lab analysis # d13C 14C age 14C error (2s) Cal BP Cal BP youngest Cal BP oldest Sources # ALAF C1 Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-160062 -25 51700 2600 NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # ALAF C1 dup Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-160064 -25 >52,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # ALAF B1 Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-160063 -25 >49,600 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # ALAF-B1 dup Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-160128 -25 >51,200 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 1A Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167083 -25 50700 3100 NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 1B Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167084 -25 51200 3400 NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 2A Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167085 -25 >51,400 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 2B Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167086 -25 >52,600 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 013A #1 Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167087 -25 >48,600 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM #2 Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167088 -25 52400 3900 NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # GOM 005A Wood Seafloor Seafloor CAMS-167089 -25 >49,100 NaN NaN NaN NaN DeLong et al. in review # 15DF1-322 BWD 3.22 HISM Beta-433024 -30.1 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-330 Foraminifera 3.3 HISM Beta-483831 -0.1 3940 30 3920 3830 4045 DeLong et al. in review NaN # 15DF1-405 BWD 4.05 LPIMP Beta-433025 -28.8 41830 880 45210 43625 46690 Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-414 BWD 4.14 LPIMP Beta-429909 -23.0 37350 330 41830 41350 42235 Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-414-2 dup BWD 4.14 LPIMP Beta-433026 -28.9 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-419 BWD 4.19 LPIMP Beta-433027 -28.7 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-424 BWD 4.24 LPIMP Beta-433028 -31.0 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-456 BWD 4.56 LPIMP Beta-433029 -27.4 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF1-466 BWD 4.66 LPIMP Beta-433030 -28.5 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN Reese et al. 2018 Gonzalez et al., 2017 # 15DF3B-310 BWD 3.1 LPIMP Beta-488002 -26.7 >43,500 NaN NaN NaN NaN This study NaN # # Core Water Sample depth Facies 238U 238U error 232Th 232Th error K2O K2O error Water content dcosmic Size fraction (µm) dnatural dnatural error De De error OSL age OSL error # # 16DF3A 15.8 2.12 LPIMP 2.96 ±0.09 11.61 ±0.34 1.37 ±0.04 0.57±0.10 0.15 4-15 1.48 ±0.17 106 ±3 72 ±8 # 16DF9A 14.4 2.57 LPISM 4.18 ±0.11 12.43 ±0.27 1.33 ±0.03 0.25±0.10 0.14 4-15 2.89 ±0.21 182 ±6 63 ±5 # 16DF7A 15.7 4.3 LPISM 3.52 ±0.09 12.63 ±0.28 1.34 ±0.03 0.27±0.10 0.12 4-15 2.64 ±0.22 193 ±5 73 ±6 # 16DF8A 16.2 0.6 LPP 4.96 ±0.13 17.02 ±0.35 1.52 ±0.04 0.20±0.10 0.18 4-15 3.81 ±0.29 214 ±10 56 ±5 # 16DF7B 15.7 4.58 LPISM 3.5 ±0.10 12.01 ±0.28 1.16 ±0.03 0.24±0.10 0.12 4-15 2.6 ±0.21 193 ±6 74 ±6 # 16DF7B 15.7 4.58 LPISM NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 180-250 2.25 ±0.20 138 ±10 61 ±7 # 16DF7B weighted mean NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN NaN 70 ±5 # #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## depth_m depth,,,meter,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## Soritids_Peneroplids identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,C,Soritids and Peneroplids ## Quinqueloculina_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Quinqueloculina spp. ## Other_Miliolids identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Other Miliolids ## Rosalina_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Rosalina spp. ## Hanz_concentrica identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Hanzawaia concentrica ## Aster_carinata identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Asterigerina carinata ## Cibicidoides_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Cibicidoides spp. ## Nonionella_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Nonionella spp. ## Guttulina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Guttulina sp. ## Bulimina_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Bulimina spp. ## Reuss_atlantica identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Reussella atlantica ## Buc_hannai identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Buccella hannai ## Haynes_germanica identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Haynesina germanica ## Elphidium_spp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Elphidium spp. ## Amm_parkinsoniana identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Ammonia parkinsoniana ## Indeterminate foraminifer fragmentation,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Indeterminate ## Textulariida identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Textulariida ## Planktonic total planktic foraminifers,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Planktonic ## Planulina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Planulina sp. ## Fursenkoina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Fursenkoina sp. ## Bolivina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Bolivina sp. ## Oolina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Oolina sp. ## Cassidulina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Cassidulina sp. ## Eponides_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Eponides sp. ## Amph_gibbosa identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Amphistegina gibbosa ## Virgulina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Virgulina sp. ## Islandiella_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Islandiella sp. ## Uvigerina_sp identified foraminifer,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Uvigerina sp. ## Total total calcareous foraminifers,,,count,,paleoceanography,raw,optical microscopy,N,Total foraminifer count ## Abundance_Ind_pg total calcareous foraminifers,,,count per gram,,paleoceanography,,,N,Abundance of Individuals per gram #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: Nan depth_m Soritids_Peneroplids Quinqueloculina_spp Other_Miliolids Rosalina_spp Hanz_concentrica Aster_carinata Cibicidoides_spp Nonionella_spp Guttulina_sp Bulimina_spp Reuss_atlantica Buc_hannai Haynes_germanica Elphidium_spp Amm_parkinsoniana Indeterminate Textulariida Planktonic Planulina_sp Fursenkoina_sp Bolivina_sp Oolina_sp Cassidulina_sp Eponides_sp Amph_gibbosa Virgulina_sp Islandiella_sp Uvigerina_sp Total Abundance_Ind_pg 0.4 Present 43 11 83 41 21 33 11 3 1 1 4 6 33 3 1 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 300 134.35 1.2 Present 36 12 83 47 13 37 10 2 0 0 4 10 28 6 6 4 0 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 302 136.47 2 Present 43 11 60 43 39 33 11 2 2 1 3 1 47 5 3 4 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 2 314 138.39 2.75 Present 36 8 67 39 27 29 11 8 2 4 6 3 43 6 3 6 4 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 306 284.92 3.1 Present 33 22 103 27 15 18 19 6 13 0 4 1 39 4 3 4 12 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 325 1625 3.2 Present 28 8 63 64 18 27 7 5 1 1 6 3 49 5 5 6 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 302 144.15 3.3 0 37 4 70 30 23 24 16 4 2 1 9 3 56 5 2 5 9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 185.3 3.335 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.4 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.5 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0.7 3.55 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.6 0 4 2 73 39 34 41 13 5 2 2 4 0 55 10 2 5 7 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 300 73.1 3.65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.7 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.75 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.8 0 1 0 61 58 21 26 11 4 1 3 9 0 41 11 3 0 5 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 256 44.82 3.85 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 3.9 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 3.05