# Symbiont photosynthetic competency and its effect on boron proxies in planktic foraminifera, Puerto Rico, Spring 2010 and 2015, and Santa Catalina Island, Summer 2013
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23151
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/hoenisch2020/hoenisch2020-instrument.txt
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# Data_Type: Paleoceanography
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# Parameter_Keywords: physical properties
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# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2020-06-24
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2020-06-24
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# Title
#    Study_Name: Symbiont photosynthetic competency and its effect on boron proxies in planktic foraminifera, Puerto Rico, Spring 2010 and 2015, and Santa Catalina Island, Summer 2013
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# Investigators
#      Investigators: Hönisch, Bärbel; Fish, Carina; Phelps, Samuel; Haynes, Laura; Dyez, Kelsey; Holland, Kate; Fehrenbacher, Jennifer; Allen, Katherine; Eggins, Stephen; Goes, Joaquim
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Research conducted at the Marine Lab of the Universidad de Puerto Rico, La Parguera and Wrigley Institute of Environmental Studies, Santa Catalina Island, CA
#         Provided Keywords: symbiont photosynthesis, planktic foraminifera, B/Ca, boron isotopes, fluorescence, Chlorophyll a
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# Publication
# Authors: Hönisch, Bärbel, Carina R. Fish, Samuel Phelps, Laura L. Haynes, Kelsey Dyez, Kate Holland, Jennifer Fehrenbacher, Katherine A. Allen, Stephen M. Eggins, and Joaquim I. Goes
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2020
# Published_Title: Symbiont photosynthetic competency and its effect on boron proxies in planktic foraminifera
# Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
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# Abstract: Boron proxies in the calcium carbonate shells of planktic foraminifera are sensitive to seawater acidity, but B/Ca ratios and isotopic composition (i.e. d11B) recorded by different foraminifer species grown under identical environmental conditions differ significantly and systematically. Specifically, the symbiont-bearing Globigerinoides ruber records higher B/Ca and d11B than Trilobatus sacculifer and Orbulina universa, and it has been hypothesized that these differences are caused by species-specific rates of symbiont photosynthesis and habitat depth. According to this hypothesis, greater symbiont photosynthesis elevates the microenvironmental pH of G. ruber to a greater degree than in T. sacculifer and O. universa. Here we test this hypothesis by applying fast repetition rate fluorometry (FRRF), Chlorophyll a quantification, and symbiont counts in laboratory grown specimens of G. ruber, T. sacculifer and O. universa to study species-specific differences in symbiont photosynthetic competency. In addition, we report B/Ca shell profiles measured by laser ablation on the same specimens previously monitored by FRRF, and d11B data of discrete populations of all three species grown under high and low light conditions in the laboratory. While the light experiments document that symbiont photosynthesis elevates pH and/or d11B in the calcifying microenvironment of all three foraminifer species, the FRRF, Chl. a and symbiont abundance data are relatively uniform among the three species and do not scale consistently with intra shell B/Ca, or with observed species-specific offsets in B/Ca or d11B. Implications of these findings for foraminiferal physiology and biomineralization processes are discussed.
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# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#    Grant: OCE12-32987
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# Site_Information
# Site_Name: Isla Magueyes, La Parguera and Santa Catalina Island
# Location: Global Ocean
# Northernmost_Latitude: 33.26
# Southernmost_Latitude: 17.92
# Easternmost_Longitude: -67
# Westernmost_Longitude: -118.29
# Elevation: 
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: ParagueraCatalina instrumental Hoenisch2020
#   First_Year: 2010
#   Last_Year: 2015
#   Time_Unit: AD
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## foram_species	notes,,,,,paleoceanography,,,C,foraminifer species
## culture_year	collection date,,,,,paleoceanography,,,N,year of culture
## light_inten	photosynthetically active radiation,,,micromole per square meter per second,,instrumental,,,N,measured as µmol photons /m2/s
## light inten_2sd	photosynthetically active radiation,,two standard deviations,micromole per square meter per second,,instrumental,,,N,measured as µmol photons /m2/s
## temp	temperature,,,degree Celsius,,instrumental,,,N,
## temp_1sd	temperature,,one standard deviation,degree Celsius,,instrumental,,,N,
## salinity	salinity,,,dimensionless,,instrumental,,,N,
## salinity_1sd	salinity,,one standard deviation,dimensionless,,instrumental,,,N,
## alkalinity	alkalinity,,,micromole per kilogram,,instrumental,,,N,measured by titration
## alkalinity_1sd	alkalinity,,one standard deviation,micromole per kilogram,,instrumental,,,N,measured by titration
## pH	pH,,,dimensionless,,instrumental,,,N,total scale
## pH_1sd	pH,,one standard deviation,dimensionless,,instrumental,,,N,total scale
## num_shells	number of samples,foraminifer,,,,paleoceanography,,,N,number of shells analyzed
## num_chamber	number of samples,foraminifer,,,,paleoceanography,,,N,number of chambers analyzed
## tot_sample_wgt	weight,foraminifer,,milligram,,paleoceanography,,,N,total sample weight
## mortality	notes,foraminifer,,percent,,paleoceanography,,,N,mortality is calculated as the percentage of foraminifera that died in culture relative to specimens that underwent gametogenesis. Note that the LL G. ruber experiment was the last of the field season and 10 out of a total 76 cultured specimens had to be terminated prematurely, which skews the true mortality of this experiment
## d11B_borate	delta 11B,borate ion,,per mil,,instrumental,,,N,calculated
## d11B_borate_hi	delta 11B,borate ion,two standard error upper bound,per mil,,instrumental,,,N,calculated
## d11B_borate_lo	delta 11B,borate ion,two standard error lower bound,per mil,,instrumental,,,N,calculated
## d11B_forams	delta 11B,foraminifer,,per mil,,paleoceanography,averaged,thermal ionization mass spectrometry,N,negative thermal ionization mass spectrometry
## d11B_foram_reps	number of samples,foraminifer,,count,,paleoceanography,,,N,number of replicate analyses
## d11B_forams_int_err	delta 11B,foraminifer,two standard error,per mil,,paleoceanography,,thermal ionization mass spectrometry,N,internal error; depending on which one is larger, either the internal (i.e. based on sample replicate measurements) or external (i.e. based on an equivalent number of vaterite standard measurements) uncertainty is plotted in Figures 1 and 9
## d11B_forams_ext_error	delta 11B,foraminifer,two standard error,per mil,,paleoceanography,,thermal ionization mass spectrometry,N,external error; depending on which one is larger, either the internal (i.e. based on sample replicate measurements) or external (i.e. based on an equivalent number of vaterite standard measurements) uncertainty is plotted in Figures 1 and 9
## B/Ca	boron/calcium,foraminifer,,micromole per mole,,paleoceanography,averaged,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
## B/Ca_2sd	boron/calcium,foraminifer,two standard deviations,micromole per mole,,paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
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# Data:
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# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NA
foram_species	culture_year	light_inten	light inten_2sd	temp	temp_1sd	salinity	salinity_1sd	alkalinity	alkalinity_1sd	pH	pH_1sd	num_shells	num_chamber	tot_sample_wgt	mortality	d11B_borate	d11B_borate_uncert-pos	d11B_borate_uncert-neg	d11B_forams	num_replicate	d11B_foram_int_err	d11B_foram_ext_err	B/Ca	B/Ca_2sd	
O. universa	2010	270	40	25.7	0.4	35.5	0.1	2340	13	8.028	0.06	61	61	NA	4.9	17.92	0.66	0.61	20.67	10	0.3	0.19	NA	NA	
O. universa	2015	19	3	26	0.1	36.5	0.1	2365	8	8.044	0.03	31	31	1.49	8.7	18.19	0.33	0.32	17.4	7	0.32	0.21	NA	NA	
T. sacculifer	2010	283	36	25.7	0.4	35.5	0.1	2340	13	8.028	0.06	50	NA	NA	4.7	17.92	0.66	0.61	20.69	7	0.25	0.21	NA	NA	
T. sacculifer	2015	19	3	26	0.1	36.6	0.1	2374	12	8.052	0.01	45	78	0.4	19.4	18.28	0.11	0.11	18.65	3	0.12	0.34	NA	NA	
G. ruber	2015	316	17	26	0.1	36.5	0.1	2370	9	8.056	0.03	54	105	0.42	7.2	18.32	0.34	0.33	21.61	4	0.17	0.3	NA	NA	
G. ruber	2015	19	3	26	0.1	36.5	0.1	2367	10	8.054	0.02	61	126	0.42	5.3	18.30	0.22	0.22	19.58	3	0.24	0.34	115	1