# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - IN-KPK2 #--------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #--------------------------------------------------------------- # # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1000568 # Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/IN-KPK2.html # # Archive: Borehole # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2016-10-16 #------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - IN-KPK2 #------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y. #------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on # continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was # inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed # with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow # Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National # Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and # Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: # (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole # temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The # data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual # variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 # years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. # (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure # operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the # past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is # complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. # (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the # original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain # proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data # should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate # studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. # # Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 # Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 403 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 756-758 # DOI: 10.1038/35001556 # Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. #---------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1202673 #---------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: IN-KPK2 # Location: India # Northernmost_Latitude: 12.70 # Southernmost_Latitude: 12.70 # Easternmost_Longitude: 80.00 # Westernmost_Longitude: 80.00 # Elevation: #------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: IN-KPK2-borehole # Earliest_Year: 1500 # Most_Recent_Year: 200 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: # Notes: Data Contact: S. Roy (IN) # Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC): 29.955 # Date (Century) Rate of GST Change(K/100a) # 16th 0.716 # 17th 0.459 # 18th 0.132 # 19th -0.019 # 20th 0.771 # Date of logging (Year): 1996 # Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K): 2.20 # Geothermal Gradient (K/km): 14.06 # #------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (marked with '##') # Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data ## depth_m depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N ## temp_meas temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N #------------------------- # Data: # Missing Values: NA depth_m temp_meas 21.00 32.019 24.00 31.991 27.00 31.974 30.00 31.957 33.00 31.940 36.00 31.926 39.00 31.916 42.00 31.905 45.00 31.899 48.00 31.899 51.00 31.895 54.00 31.902 57.00 31.909 60.00 31.916 63.00 31.923 66.00 31.929 69.00 31.940 72.00 31.947 75.00 31.957 78.00 31.974 81.00 31.984 84.00 32.002 87.00 32.029 90.00 32.050 93.00 32.060 96.00 32.064 99.00 32.098 102.00 32.115 105.00 32.115 108.00 32.133 111.00 32.154 114.00 32.178 117.00 32.199 120.00 32.223 123.00 32.247 126.00 32.279 129.00 32.307 132.00 32.345 135.00 32.373 138.00 32.394 141.00 32.422 144.00 32.443 147.00 32.475 150.00 32.503 153.00 32.527 154.00 32.577 155.00 32.591 156.00 32.609 157.00 32.577 158.00 32.584 159.00 32.644 160.00 32.584 162.00 32.630 163.00 32.637 164.00 32.648 165.00 32.651 166.00 32.662 167.00 32.669 168.00 32.687 171.00 32.715 174.00 32.743 177.00 32.772 180.00 32.825 183.00 32.854 186.00 32.882 189.00 32.918 192.00 32.940 195.00 32.976 198.00 33.012 201.00 33.044 204.00 33.076 207.00 33.113 210.00 33.141 213.00 33.178 216.00 33.214 219.00 33.254 222.00 33.287 225.00 33.323 228.00 33.356 231.00 33.392 234.00 33.433 237.00 33.458 240.00 33.495 243.00 33.547 246.00 33.576 249.00 33.606 252.00 33.643 255.00 33.672 258.00 33.705 261.00 33.750 264.00 33.783 267.00 33.828 270.00 33.865 273.00 33.907 276.00 33.944 279.00 33.981 282.00 34.015 285.00 34.057 288.00 34.094 291.00 34.143 294.00 34.177 297.00 34.223 300.00 34.253 303.00 34.295 306.00 34.325 309.00 34.356 312.00 34.394 315.00 34.436 318.00 34.474 321.00 34.513 324.00 34.551 327.00 34.586 330.00 34.632 333.00 34.675 336.00 34.713 339.00 34.748 342.00 34.787 345.00 34.830 348.00 34.869 351.00 34.912 354.00 34.955 357.00 34.998 360.00 35.033 363.00 35.076 366.00 35.115 369.00 35.159 372.00 35.194 375.00 35.246 378.00 35.289 381.00 35.325 384.00 35.373 387.00 35.413 390.00 35.453 393.00 35.501 396.00 35.537 399.00 35.581 402.00 35.625 405.00 35.666 408.00 35.706 411.00 35.746 414.00 35.791 417.00 35.827 420.00 35.872 423.00 35.917 426.00 35.958 429.00 35.990 432.00 36.035 435.00 36.081 438.00 36.113 441.00 36.188 444.00 36.233 447.00 36.266 450.00 36.303 453.00 36.341 456.00 36.386 459.00 36.432 462.00 36.461 465.00 36.503 468.00 36.549 471.00 36.583 474.00 36.620 477.00 36.667 480.00 36.709 483.00 36.751 486.00 36.793 489.00 36.836 492.00 36.865 495.00 36.904 498.00 36.946 501.00 36.980 504.00 37.023 507.00 37.066 510.00 37.109 513.00 37.147 516.00 37.186 519.00 37.246 522.00 37.277 525.00 37.324 528.00 37.372 531.00 37.420 534.00 37.463 537.00 37.502 540.00 37.555 543.00 37.594 546.00 37.633 549.00 37.673 552.00 37.713 555.00 37.761 558.00 37.814 561.00 37.858 564.00 37.885 567.00 37.934 570.00 37.991 573.00 38.027 576.00 38.058 579.00 38.103 582.00 38.143 585.00 38.179 588.00 38.242 591.00 38.278