# Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000003
#---------------------------------------------------------------
#           World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                             and
#                NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#         National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#---------------------------------------------------------------
#
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed.
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1004872
# Online_Resource: http://www.earth.lsa.umich.edu/climate/RECONSTRUCTION/KR-2000003.html
#
# Archive: Borehole
#
# Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction
#-------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2016-10-16
#-------------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Global Database of Borehole Temperatures and Climate Reconstructions - KR-2000003
#-------------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Huang, S.; Pollack, H.N.; Shen, P.Y.
#-------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: This project has as its goal the design, assembly, analysis and interpretation of geothermal observations on 
#      continents relevant to understanding the nature and causes of climate change over the past five centuries. The project was 
#      inititated by the Geothermal Laboratory of the University of Michigan, USA. Important collaborations have been developed 
#      with the Geophysical Institute of the Czech Academy of Sciences, and with a working group of the International Heat Flow 
#      Commission of IASPEI. Funding for this project has come from the U.S. National Science Foundation, the U.S. National 
#      Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, the International Geological Correlation Program, and the Czech - U.S. Science and 
#      Technology Program. The principal components of the database are: 
#          (1) Basic geothermal observations from field surveys and laboratory measurements, principally comprising borehole 
#      temperature logs and thermophysical properties. This section includes data only from boreholes at least 200 m deep. The 
#      data listed are restricted to the range 20-600 meters. Data above 20 m have been omitted because they include annual 
#      variability, and data below 600 m have not been included because they contain no information about the past 500 
#      years.Quality control measures have occasionally required the deletion of other data within the 20-600 m range. 
#          (2) A five-century ground surface temperature history derived for each site by a standardized inversion procedure 
#      operating on the basic observations. The derived history is presented as century-long temperature trends for each of the 
#      past five centuries. This representation emphasizes longer term variations of the climate history, and thus is 
#      complementary to high resolution proxies such as tree rings, ice cores, corals and lake sediments. 
#          (3) The name of the person who can be contacted to learn more about the data and the site. This is either the name of the 
#      original investigator who made the observations, or the name of a regional or national data compiler. Some data remain 
#      proprietary, and therefore are not accessible directly from this database. Database users desiring access to these data 
#      should request the data directly from the person listed as the data contact. A list of investigators engaged in climate 
#      studies involving geothermal data can be found at the original web site of this database at the University of Michigan. 
# 
# Updated version of dataset submitted by Huang in October 2016.
#-------------------- 
# Publication  
#       Authors: Huang, S., Pollack, H. N., and Shen, P.Y. 
#       Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-02-17 
#       Published_Title: Temperature trends over the past five centuries reconstructed from borehole temperatures 
#       Journal_Name: Nature 
#       Volume: 403 
#       Edition: 
#       Issue: 
#       Pages: 756-758 
#       DOI: 10.1038/35001556 
#       Abstract: For an accurate assessment of the relative roles of natural variability and anthropogenic influence in the Earth's climate, reconstructions of past temperatures from the pre-industrial as well as the industrial period are essential. But instrumental records are typically available for no more than the past 150 years. Therefore reconstructions of pre-industrial climate rely principally on traditional climate proxy records, each with particular strengths and limitations in representing climatic variability. Subsurface temperatures comprise an independent archive of past surface temperature changes that is complementary to both the instrumental record and the climate proxies. Here we use present-day temperatures in 616 boreholes from all continents except Antarctica to reconstruct century-long trends in temperatures over the past 500 years at global, hemispheric and continental scales. The results confirm the unusual warming of the twentieth century revealed by the instrumental record6, but suggest that the cumulative change over the past five centuries amounts to about 1 K, exceeding recent estimates from conventional climate proxies. The strength of temperature reconstructions from boreholes lies in the detection of long-term trends, complementary to conventional climate proxies, but to obtain a complete picture of past warming, the differences between the approaches need to be investigated in detail. 
#---------------------- 
# Funding_Agency  
#       Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation 
#       Grant: 1202673 
#---------------------- 
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: KR-2000003
#    Location: South Korea
#    Northernmost_Latitude: 37.6368
#    Southernmost_Latitude: 37.6368
#    Easternmost_Longitude: 127.0750
#    Westernmost_Longitude: 127.0750
#    Elevation:
#-------------------------
# Data_Collection
#    Collection_Name: KR-2000003-borehole
#    Earliest_Year: 1500
#    Most_Recent_Year: 1994
#    Time_Unit: AD
#    Core_Length:
#    Notes: Data Contact:  Hyoung-Chan Kim (KR) 
#  Pre-1500 Baseline GST (oC):  16.47
#  Date (Century)    Rate of GST Change(K/100a)
#       16th                -1.422
#       17th                -0.487
#       18th                 0.743
#       19th                 0.987
#       20th                -1.364
#  Date of logging (Year):       1993.525
#  Thermal Conductivity (W/m/K):    2.78
#  Geothermal Gradient (K/km):     18.53
#  
#-------------------------
# Chronology_Information
#       Chronology:
#-------------------------
# Variables
#
# Data variables follow (marked with '##')
# Variables list: shortname-tab- 9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, Temperature for Character or Numeric data
## depth_m    depth,,, m,,,below surface,,N
## temp_meas	temperature,,,degrees Celsius,,borehole,measured,,N
#-------------------------
# Data:
# Missing Values: NA
depth_m	temp_meas
   50.00     16.750
   52.00     16.750
   54.00     16.760
   56.00     16.820
   58.00     16.870
   60.00     16.940
   62.00     17.010
   64.00     17.040
   66.00     17.070
   68.00     17.090
   70.00     17.140
   72.00     17.180
   74.00     17.220
   76.00     17.260
   78.00     17.310
   80.00     17.360
   82.00     17.410
   84.00     17.460
   86.00     17.470
   88.00     17.530
   90.00     17.620
   92.00     17.630
   94.00     17.670
   96.00     17.710
   98.00     17.770
  100.00     17.850
  102.00     17.840
  104.00     17.880
  106.00     17.930
  108.00     18.010
  110.00     18.010
  112.00     18.050
  114.00     18.110
  116.00     18.130
  118.00     18.230
  120.00     18.240
  122.00     18.250
  124.00     18.280
  126.00     18.340
  128.00     18.390
  130.00     18.450
  132.00     18.480
  134.00     18.570
  136.00     18.570
  138.00     18.590
  140.00     18.690
  142.00     18.720
  144.00     18.760
  146.00     18.800
  148.00     18.840
  150.00     18.880
  152.00     18.890
  154.00     18.930
  156.00     19.090
  158.00     19.090
  160.00     19.080
  162.00     19.090
  164.00     19.120
  166.00     19.170
  168.00     19.200
  170.00     19.240
  172.00     19.290
  174.00     19.330
  176.00     19.360
  178.00     19.410
  180.00     19.430
  182.00     19.480
  184.00     19.490
  186.00     19.550
  188.00     19.600
  190.00     19.650
  192.00     19.670
  194.00     19.720
  196.00     19.730
  198.00     19.800
  200.00     19.850
  202.00     19.880
  204.00     20.000
  206.00     20.030
  208.00     20.030
  210.00     20.030
  212.00     20.040
  214.00     20.110
  216.00     20.160
  218.00     20.210
  220.00     20.300
  222.00     20.300
  224.00     20.320
  226.00     20.390
  228.00     20.420
  230.00     20.460
  232.00     20.540
  234.00     20.530
  238.00     20.630
  240.00     20.650
  242.00     20.700
  244.00     20.720
  246.00     20.840
  248.00     20.830
  250.00     20.840
  252.00     20.900
  254.00     20.950
  256.00     20.990
  258.00     21.050
  260.00     21.080
  262.00     21.090
  264.00     21.160
  266.00     21.210
  268.00     21.210
  270.00     21.230
  272.00     21.300
  274.00     21.340
  276.00     21.340
  278.00     21.410
  280.00     21.490
  282.00     21.510
  284.00     21.560
  286.00     21.590
  288.00     21.630
  290.00     21.700
  292.00     21.730
  294.00     21.740
  296.00     21.800
  298.00     21.830
  300.00     21.910
  302.00     22.150
  304.00     22.200
  306.00     22.200
  308.00     22.190
  310.00     22.190
  312.00     22.210
  314.00     22.250
  316.00     22.290
  318.00     22.320
  320.00     22.360
  322.00     22.420
  324.00     22.480
  326.00     22.570
  328.00     22.640
  330.00     22.690
  332.00     22.710
  334.00     22.760
  336.00     22.770
  338.00     22.780
  340.00     22.800
  342.00     22.830
  344.00     22.870
  346.00     22.870
  348.00     22.910
  350.00     22.950
  352.00     22.970
  354.00     23.000
  356.00     23.040
  358.00     23.050
  360.00     23.110
  362.00     23.140
  364.00     23.180
  366.00     23.220
  368.00     23.270
  370.00     23.290
  372.00     23.320
  374.00     23.360
  376.00     23.390
  378.00     23.420
  380.00     23.490
  382.00     23.510
  384.00     23.520
  386.00     23.580
  388.00     23.600
  390.00     23.640
  392.00     23.670
  394.00     23.750
  396.00     23.770
  398.00     23.770
  400.00     23.800
  402.00     23.840
  404.00     23.880
  406.00     23.920
  408.00     23.960
  410.00     23.980
  412.00     24.010
  414.00     24.020
  416.00     24.060
  418.00     24.080
  420.00     24.130