# Makassar Strait 14KYr Foraminiferal Mg/Ca SST and d18Osw
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. 
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# NOAA_Landing_Page:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/10420
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-ocean-10420.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Data_Type: Paleoceanography
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# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/1v6g-2z72
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# Science_Keywords: Other Hydroclimate Reconstruction, Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction, Warm Pool
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# Resource_Links
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# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/linsley2010/linsley2010-RecordsUsed_Metadata.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Records Used Metadata Table
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# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2010-08-02
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2025-06-27
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# Title
#   Study_Name: Makassar Strait 14KYr Foraminiferal Mg/Ca SST and d18Osw
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# Investigators
#   Investigators: Linsley, B.K.; Rosenthal, Y.; Oppo, D.W.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Planktonic foraminiferal Mg/Ca records of mixed-layer temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool.  Included are new Globigerinoides ruber Mg/Ca data from the southern Makassar Strait, cores 13GGC, 70GGC and 10GGC, and regional average composite sediment core SST and d18Osw reconstructions utilizing these and previously published data. LAST UPDATE: 10/2010 - Addition of raw d18O and Mg/Ca by depth for cores 13GGC, 70GGC and 10GGC, plus 14C age table. Original receipt by WDC Paleo 8/2010. 
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Linsley, B.K., Y. Rosenthal, and D.W. Oppo
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2010-08-01
#   Published_Title: Holocene evolution of the Indonesian throughflow and the western Pacific warm pool
#   Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience
#   Volume: 3
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 
#   Pages: 578-583
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1038/ngeo920
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#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: High sea surface temperatures in the western Pacific warm pool fuel atmospheric convection and influence tropical climate. This region also hosts the Indonesian throughflow, the network of currents through which surface and thermocline waters are transported from the western equatorial Pacific Ocean into the Indian Ocean. Here we show, using records of the δ18O and Mg/Ca of planktonic foraminifera from eight sediment cores, that from about 10,000 to 7,000 years ago, sea surface temperatures in the western sector of the western Pacific warm pool were about 0.5°C higher than during pre-industrial times. We also find that about 9,500 years ago, when the South China and Indonesian seas were connected by rising sea level, surface waters in the Makassar Strait became relatively fresher. We suggest that the permanent reduction of surface salinity initiated the enhanced flow at lower, thermocline depths seen in the modern Indonesian throughflow. However, the uniformly warm sea surface temperatures found upstream and downstream of the Indonesian throughflow indicate that the early Holocene warmth in this region was not directly related to reduced heat transport by the throughflow that may have resulted from surface freshening of the Makassar Strait. Instead, we propose that the elevated temperatures were the result of a westward shift or expansion of the boundaries of the western Pacific warm pool.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Levi, Camille; Labeyrie, Laurent; Bassinot, Franck; Guichard, Fran̤ois; Cortijo, Elsa; Waelbroeck, Claire; Caillon, Nicolas; Duprat, Josette; de Garidel-Thoron, Thibault; Elderfield, Harry
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2007
#   Published_Title: Low-latitude hydrological cycle and rapid climate changes during the last deglaciation
#   Journal_Name: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems
#   Volume: 8
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 5
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: Q05N12
#   DOI: 10.1029/2006GC001514
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#   Abstract: Sea surface temperature and oxygen isotopic records from two well-dated Indian Ocean cores covering the last deglaciation show the occurrence of two periods of increased salinity along the route of warm surface water transport from the Indian to the Atlantic Ocean, one between 18 and 14.5 ka and the other during the Younger Dryas. Our results imply that during these periods, salt accumulated in the tropical Atlantic, creating favorable conditions for an abrupt resumption of the thermohaline circulation and abrupt northern hemisphere warming. Furthermore, we suggest that the observed pattern of millennial climate variability during the last glacial and deglaciation resulted from the interaction between the relatively slow rhythm of expansion and decay of the northern hemisphere ice sheets, and El Niño–Southern Oscillation variability, through changes in the position of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. This interaction generated an oscillator with millennial time response that operated at times of sufficient northern hemisphere ice sheets extent.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Visser, K., Thunell, R. and Stott, L.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2003-01-09
#   Published_Title: Magnitude and timing of temperature change in the Indo-Pacific warm pool during deglaciation
#   Journal_Name: Nature
#   Volume: 42
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 
#   Pages: 152-155
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1038/nature01297
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#   Abstract: Ocean–atmosphere interactions in the tropical Pacific region have a strong influence on global heat and water vapour transport and thus constitute an important component of the climate system. Changes in sea surface temperatures and convection in the tropical Indo-Pacific region are thought to be responsible for the interannual to decadal climate variability observed in extra-tropical regions, but the role of the tropics in climate changes on millennial and orbital timescales is less clear. Here we analyse oxygen isotopes and Mg/Ca ratios of foraminiferal shells from the Makassar strait in the heart of the Indo-Pacific warm pool, to obtain synchronous estimates of sea surface temperatures and ice volume. We find that sea surface temperatures increased by 3.5–4.0°C during the last two glacial—interglacial transitions, synchronous with the global increase in atmospheric CO2 and Antarctic warming, but the temperature increase occurred 2,000–3,000 years before the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets melted. Our observations suggest that the tropical Pacific region plays an important role in driving glacial—interglacial cycles, possibly through a system similar to how El Niño/Southern Oscillation regulates the poleward flux of heat and water vapour.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Rosenthal, Y., Oppo, D.W. and Linsley, B.K.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2003-04-01
#   Published_Title: The amplitude and phasing of climate change during the last deglaciation in the Sulu Sea, western equatorial Pacific
#   Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters
#   Volume: 30
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 8
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: 1428
#   DOI: 10.1029/2002GL016612
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#   Abstract: Variations in tropical sea surface temperature patterns and the phasing relative to climate change in higher-latitudes provide insight into the mechanisms of climate change on both orbital and shorter time-scales. Here, we present well-dated, high-resolution records of planktonic foraminiferal δ18O and Mg/Ca-based SST spanning the last deglaciation from the Sulu Sea, located in the western equatorial Pacific. The results indicate that the last glacial maximum was 2.3 ± 0.5°C cooler than present in the Sulu Sea with a concomitant decrease in sea surface salinity. The similarity between variations in surface salinity in the Sulu Sea, the western and eastern equatorial Pacific, and the Greenland ice-core record suggests that the observed changes in salinity reflect large-scale rearrangement of atmospheric patterns, which were coherent and synchronous throughout the Northern Hemisphere. The results suggest that the glacial equatorial Pacific climate was strongly influenced by both tropical, and extra-tropical forcing, although it is not clear whether interannual (ENSO) variability is a good analogue of glacial-interglacial climate change.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Steinke, S., M. Kienast, J. Groeneveld, L.-C. Lin, M.-T. Chen, and R. Rendle-Bühring
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-04-01
#   Published_Title: Proxy dependence of the temporal pattern of deglacial warming in the tropical South China Sea: Toward resolving seasonality
#   Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#   Volume: 27
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 7-8
#   Pages: 688-700
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2007.12.003
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#   Abstract: Sea surface temperatures (SSTs), reconstructed from two Globigerinoides ruber (white) morphotypes (G. ruber sensu stricto, (s.s.); G. ruber sensu lato, (s.l.)) Mg/Ca and alkenones (UK'37) from core MD01-2390 from the tropical South China Sea (SCS) during the last deglaciation reveal a proxy-dependent discrepancy in the temporal pattern of the deglacial warming. Alkenone data suggest that the deglacial warming is punctuated by a decrease in temperature between ~17 and 15 ka BP, corroborating previously published alkenone UK'37 SST records from the southern SCS. Within dating uncertainties, this cooling is coeval with the Heinrich Event 1 (H1) time interval in the North Atlantic region, underscoring the imprints of northern hemisphere forcing on tropical SCS ocean temperatures. The deglacial UK'37 SST minimum is also paralleled by a maximum in G. ruber morphotype-specific d18O. G. ruber Mg/Ca SST estimates suggest a morphotype-specific record of SSTs during the time interval of H1. Whereas G. ruber s.s. imply a continuous warming starting around 18 ka BP without any marked response to H1, G. ruber s.l.-based Mg/Ca SST estimates reveal a cooling around ~17–15 ka BP similar to the H1 interval cooling seen in the alkenone SST record. Similar proxy-dependent differences in deglacial surface water warming have been recorded in the eastern equatorial Pacific, implying a common pattern on both sides of the tropical Pacific Ocean. We submit that this discrepancy could be due to differences in seasonality of planktonic foraminifera G. ruber morphotypes and alkenone-producing algae.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Stott, L.D., K.G. Cannariato, R.C. Thunell, G.H. Haug, A. Koutavas, and S.P. Lund
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2004-09-02
#   Published_Title: Decline of surface temperature and salinity in the western tropical Pacific Ocean during the Holocene Epoch
#   Journal_Name: Nature
#   Volume: 431
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 
#   Pages: 56-59
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1038/nature02903
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#   Abstract: In the present-day climate, surface water salinities are low in the western tropical Pacific Ocean and increase towards the eastern part of the basin. The salinity of surface waters in the tropical Pacific Ocean is thought to be controlled by a combination of atmospheric convection, precipitation, evaporation and ocean dynamics, and on interannual timescales significant variability is associated with the El Niņo/Southern Oscillation cycles. However, little is known about the variability of the coupled ocean-atmosphere system on timescales of centuries to millennia. Here we combine oxygen isotope and Mg/Ca data from foraminifers retrieved from three sediment cores in the western tropical Pacific Ocean to reconstruct Holocene sea surface temperatures and salinities in the region. We find a decrease in sea surface temperatures of ~0.5 °C over the past 10,000 yr, whereas sea surface salinities decreased by ~1.5 practical salinity units. Our data imply either that the Pacific basin as a whole has become progressively less salty or that the present salinity gradient along the Equator has developed relatively recently.
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# Publication 
#   Authors: Xu, J., Holbourn, A., Kuhnt, W., Jian, Z. and Kawamura, H.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-08-30
#   Published_Title: Changes in the thermocline structure of the Indonesian outflow during Terminations I and II
#   Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters
#   Volume: 273
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 1-2
#   Pages: 152-162
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2008.06.029
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#   Abstract: We present centennial records of sea surface and upper thermocline temperatures in Core MD01-2378 from the Timor Sea, which provide new insights into the variability of the Indonesian outflow across the last two glacial terminations. Mg/Ca in Globigerinoides ruber (white s. s.) indicates an overall increase of 3.2 °C in sea surface temperature (SST) over Termination I. Following an early Holocene plateau at 11.3–6.4 ka, SSTs cooled by 0.6 °C during the middle to late Holocene (6.4–0.7 ka). The early Holocene warming occurred in phase with increasing northern hemisphere summer insolation, coinciding with northward displacement of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, enhanced boreal summer monsoon and expansion of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool. Thermocline temperatures (Pulleniatina obliquiloculata Mg/Ca) gradually decreased from 24.5 to 21.5 °C since 10.3 ka, reflecting intensification of a cool thermocline throughflow. The vertical structure of the upper ocean in the Timor Sea evolved in similar fashion during the Holocene and MIS5e, although the duration of SST plateaux differed (11.3 to 6.4 ka in Termination I and from 129 to 119 ka in Termination II), which was probably due to the more intense northern hemisphere summer insolation during MIS 5e. During both terminations, SST increased simultaneously in the southern high latitudes and the tropical eastern Indian Ocean, suggesting virtually instantaneous atmospheric climate feedbacks between the high and low latitudes.
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# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: 
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# Site Information
#   Site_Name: Cores 13GGC, 70GGC, MD62, MD65, MD41, MD81, MD76, MD78
#   Location: Western Pacific Ocean
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 8.783
#   Southernmost_Latitude: -13.083
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 133.433
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 115.2
#   Elevation_m: 
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: WPWP RecordsUsed
#   First_Year: 25900
#   Last_Year: 100
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Parameter_Keywords: sea surface temperature
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Notes: 
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# Synthesis Collection Metadata Fields
# NOTE: These are the fields used to capture the metadata about data sources used in a synthesis study.
# Metadata fields that follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
## dataID	dataset ID
## FullDataSetCode	A name for the data collection
## archiveType	archive or data type of the collection
## latitude	latitude of site in decimal degrees North
## longitude	longitude of site in decimal degrees East
## elevation	elevation of site in meters
## startYear	start year in years CE
## endYear	end year in years CE
## Citation	citation text or DOI for original publication source of data
## Original_Source_Data_URL	Original Source URL or DOI(if available) for the data presented here
## variable_used	Variable from original source that is being used
## date_accessed	Date the original source data was acquired
## notes	Any additional information about the use of the record that is not covered in the fields above
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# RecordsUsed_Metadata:
# Missing_Values: 
dataID	FullDataSetCode	archiveType	latitude	longitude	elevation	startYear	endYear	Citation	Original_Source_Data_URL	variable_used	data_accessed	notes
BJ8-03-13GGC	Bali Basin, Makassar Strait		-7.4	115.2	-594			This study	https://doi.org/10.25921/1v6g-2z72			
BJ8-03-70GGC	SW Sulawesi, Makassar Strait		-3.566	119.383	-482			This study	https://doi.org/10.25921/1v6g-2z72			
MD9821-62	S. Makassar St.		-4.683	117.9	-1855			Visser et al. 2003	https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.898714			
MD9821-65	Sumba, Indonesia		-9.65	118.333	-2100			Levi et al. 2007	https://doi.org/10.25921/0znj-3e47			
MD0123-78	Timor Sea		-13.083	121.783	-1783			Xu et al. 2008	https://doi.org/10.1594/PANGAEA.831198			
MD9721-41	Sulu Sea		8.783	121.283	-3633			Rosenthal et al. 2003	https://doi.org/10.25921/hnbh-q983			
MD9821-81	W. Pacific, Mindanao		6.45	125.833	-2114			Stott et al. 2004	https://doi.org/10.25921/tgr6-7h52			
MD9821-76	Banda Sea		-5.005	133.433	-2382			Stott et al. 2004	https://doi.org/10.25921/tgr6-7h52