# Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Benthic d13C Stacks Over the Last 800 ka
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#              World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                       NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
#  Online_Resource: http://www.hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:15694
# 
# Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/lisiecki2010-cp/lisiecki2010-cp-ncw.txt
#
# Archive: Paleoceanography
#
#--------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
# Date: 2013-12-12
#--------------------------------
# Title:     Atlantic and Pacific Ocean Benthic d13C Stacks Over the Last 800 ka
#--------------------------------
# Investigators: Lisiecki, L.E.
#--------------------
# Description and Notes 
#    Description: Changes in the d13C of Northern Component Water (NCW), Southern Component Water (SCW), and Pacific Deep Water (PDW) over the last 800 kyr are estimated by stacking (averaging) d13C records of Cibicidoides benthic foraminifera from each region. The stacks include all of the continuous records for each water mass spanning 0-800 ka with a temporal resolution of 5 kyr (see table). The age model for each d13C record is produced by aligning the cores benthic d18O record to the LR04 benthic 18O stack (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005).
#   List of cores used in the study:
#   Stack, Core, Lat, Long, Depth(m), Reference (see paper for full citations)
#   NCW, DSDP552, 56.0, -23.2, 2301, Shackleton and Hall (1984)
#   NCW, ODP658, 20.8, -18.7, 2264, Tiedemann (1991)
#   NCW, ODP980, 55.5, -14.7, 2169, Oppo et al. (1998); McManus et al. (1999); Flower et al. (2000)
#   NCW, ODP982, 57.5, -15.9, 1145, Venz et al. (1999); Venz and Hodell (2002)
#   NCW, ODP983, 60.4, -23.6, 1983, McIntyre et al. (1999); Raymo et al. (2004)
#   NCW, ODP984, 61, -24, 1650, Raymo et al. (2004)
#   SCW, ODP1089, -40.9, 9.9, 4621, Hodell et al. (2001)
#   SCW, ODP1090, -42.9, 8.9, 3702, Venz and Hodell (2002)
#   SCW, GeoB1211, -24.5, 7.5, 4085, Bickert and Wefer (1996)
#   PDW, ODP677, 4.2, -83.7, 3461, Shackleton et al. (1990)
#   PDW, ODP806B, 0.3, 159.4, 2520, Berger et al. (1996); Bickert et al. (1993)
#   PDW, ODP846, -3.1, -90.8, 3307, Mix et al. (1995a); Shackleton et al. (1995)
#   PDW, ODP849, 0.2, -110.5, 3851, Mix et al. (1995b)
# 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#   Authors: Lisiecki, L.E.
#   Journal_Name: Climate of the Past
#   Published_Title: A simple mixing explanation for late Pleistocene changes in the Pacific-South Atlantic benthic d13C gradient
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2010
#   Volume: 6
#   Pages:  305-314
#   DOI: 10.5194/cp-6-305-2010
# Abstract: The fact that the deep-ocean benthic δ13C minimum shifted from the North Pacific to the South Atlantic during the Last Glacial Maximum is often interpretted as evidence of a change in deep water circulation, such as the development of deep water ventilation in the North Pacific or a decrease in Southern Ocean overturning. This study re-evaluates the implications of changes in benthic δ13C gradients by comparing Pacific Deep Water (PDW) δ13C measurements with the values expected for the null hypothesis that PDW ventilation sources remained unchanged throughout the Late Pleistocene. The δ13C compositions of PDW, Northern Component Water (NCW) and Southern Component Water (SCW) are estimated from regional benthic δ13C stacks of 3–6 sites. Changes in PDW δ13C and PDW-SCW δ13C gradients over the past 800 kyr are found to be well described by a constant mixture of 60% NCW and 40% SCW plus a constant Pacific remineralization offset of −0.5‰. Thus, a change in PDW ventilation cannot be inferred solely on the basis of changes in the Pacific-South Atlantic benthic δ13C gradient.
#--------------------------------
# Funding_Agency: 
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#    Grant: MGG-0926735
#--------------------------------
# Site Information: 
# Site_Name: Northeast Atlantic	Ocean
# Location: North Atlantic Ocean
#	Northernmost_Latitude:  61
# 	Southernmost_Latitude:  20
# 	Easternmost_Longitude:  -14.7
# 	Westernmost_Longitude:  -24
# 	Elevation:
#--------------------------------
# Data Collection 
# Collection_Name: d13C NCW Lisiecki10
# Oldest_Year: 800000
# Most_Recent_Year: 0
# Time_Unit: cal yr BP
# Core_Length:
# Notes: 
#   Stack, Core, Lat, Long, Depth(m), Reference (see paper for full citations)
#   NCW, DSDP552, 56.0, -23.2, 2301, Shackleton and Hall (1984)
#   NCW, ODP658, 20.8, -18.7, 2264, Tiedemann (1991)
#   NCW, ODP980, 55.5, -14.7, 2169, Oppo et al. (1998); McManus et al. (1999); Flower et al. (2000)
#   NCW, ODP982, 57.5, -15.9, 1145, Venz et al. (1999); Venz and Hodell (2002)
#   NCW, ODP983, 60.4, -23.6, 1983, McIntyre et al. (1999); Raymo et al. (2004)
#   NCW, ODP984, 61, -24, 1650, Raymo et al. (2004)
#--------------------------------
# Chronology    
#     The age model for each d13C record is produced by aligning the cores benthic d18O record to the LR04 benthic 18O stack (Lisiecki and Raymo, 2005).
#--------------------------------
# Variables    
# 
# Data variables follow (have no #)
# Data line variables format:  Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) 
age_calkaBP	Age, , ,  cal ka BP, , , , , N
d13C-forams-b	delta 13C,benthic foraminifera,,per mil PDB,,paleoceanography,,,N
# Data:
 Age_calkaBP	d13C-forams-b
   0      	1.04
   2      	1.04
   4      	0.91
   6      	1.06
   8      	0.98
  10      	0.92
  12      	0.76
  14      	0.94
  16      	1.09
  18      	1.13
  20      	1.1
  22      	1.18
  24      	1.15
  26      	1.15
  28      	1.13
  30      	0.97
  32      	1.09
  34      	1.09
  36      	0.87
  38      	1
  40      	1.17
  42      	1.04
  44      	1.13
  46      	1.15
  48      	1.12
  50      	1.11
  52      	1.04
  54      	1.1
  56      	0.98
  58      	1.02
  60      	1
  62      	1
  64      	1
  66      	1.05
  68      	1.2
  70      	1.18
  72      	1.21
  74      	1.2
  76      	1.15
  78      	1.27
  80      	1.19
  82      	1.12
  84      	1.06
  86      	1.02
  88      	1.03
  90      	1.03
  92      	1.11
  94      	1.09
  96      	1.07
  98      	1.05
 100      	1.04
 102      	1
 104      	0.98
 106      	0.96
 108      	1.02
 110      	1.01
 112      	1.09
 114      	1.05
 116      	0.82
 118      	0.97
 120      	0.87
 122      	0.83
 124      	0.76
 126      	0.76
 128      	0.65
 130      	0.63
 132      	0.7
 134      	0.91
 136      	0.84
 138      	0.74
 140      	0.89
 142      	0.92
 144      	0.83
 146      	0.85
 148      	0.75
 150      	0.72
 152      	0.53
 154      	0.61
 156      	0.75
 158      	0.79
 160      	0.85
 162      	0.86
 164      	0.78
 166      	0.73
 168      	0.7
 170      	0.69
 172      	0.63
 174      	0.62
 176      	0.66
 178      	0.63
 180      	0.69
 182      	0.69
 184      	0.7
 186      	0.7
 188      	0.7
 190      	0.73
 192      	0.73
 194      	0.7
 196      	0.9
 198      	0.9
 200      	0.8
 202      	0.83
 204      	0.85
 206      	0.82
 208      	0.8
 210      	0.81
 212      	0.83
 214      	0.73
 216      	0.72
 218      	0.57
 220      	0.44
 222      	0.63
 224      	0.57
 226      	0.61
 228      	0.62
 230      	0.74
 232      	0.83
 234      	0.81
 236      	0.87
 238      	0.75
 240      	0.62
 242      	0.52
 244      	0.6
 246      	0.56
 248      	0.64
 250      	0.68
 252      	0.61
 254      	0.74
 256      	0.74
 258      	0.72
 260      	0.7
 262      	0.61
 264      	0.62
 266      	0.66
 268      	0.47
 270      	0.62
 272      	0.56
 274      	0.56
 276      	0.64
 278      	0.74
 280      	0.78
 282      	0.86
 284      	0.84
 286      	0.8
 288      	0.75
 290      	0.7
 292      	0.67
 294      	0.71
 296      	0.74
 298      	0.81
 300      	0.76
 302      	0.71
 304      	0.8
 306      	0.9
 308      	0.93
 310      	0.81
 312      	0.72
 314      	0.74
 316      	0.84
 318      	0.84
 320      	0.79
 322      	0.81
 324      	0.88
 326      	0.83
 328      	0.82
 330      	0.64
 332      	0.63
 334      	0.58
 336      	0.72
 338      	0.68
 340      	0.63
 342      	0.67
 344      	0.66
 346      	0.7
 348      	0.7
 350      	0.77
 352      	0.83
 354      	0.6
 356      	0.83
 358      	0.9
 360      	0.93
 362      	1.05
 364      	1.13
 366      	1.07
 368      	1.08
 370      	1.1
 372      	1.01
 374      	0.96
 376      	0.91
 378      	0.89
 380      	0.94
 382      	0.65
 384      	0.84
 386      	0.78
 388      	0.69
 390      	0.9
 392      	0.86
 394      	0.83
 396      	0.84
 398      	0.78
 400      	0.82
 402      	0.87
 404      	0.87
 406      	0.91
 408      	0.9
 410      	0.69
 412      	0.71
 414      	0.65
 416      	0.72
 418      	0.52
 420      	0.46
 422      	0.44
 424      	0.36
 426      	0.29
 428      	0.26
 430      	0.5
 432      	0.71
 434      	0.65
 436      	0.61
 438      	0.73
 440      	0.87
 442      	0.98
 444      	0.97
 446      	0.8
 448      	0.8
 450      	0.79
 452      	0.9
 454      	0.86
 456      	0.91
 458      	0.99
 460      	0.96
 462      	1.01
 464      	0.95
 466      	1.04
 468      	1.02
 470      	1.03
 472      	0.97
 474      	1.12
 476      	1.13
 478      	1.25
 480      	1.21
 482      	1.1
 484      	1.31
 486      	1.39
 488      	1.42
 490      	1.34
 492      	1.24
 494      	1.29
 496      	1.29
 498      	1.27
 500      	1.11
 502      	1.22
 504      	1.22
 506      	1.26
 508      	1.32
 510      	1.21
 512      	1.17
 514      	1.33
 516      	1.33
 518      	1.32
 520      	1.32
 522      	1.25
 524      	1.22
 526      	1.12
 528      	1.11
 530      	1.13
 532      	1.11
 534      	0.99
 536      	1.1
 538      	1.02
 540      	1.05
 542      	1.08
 544      	1.01
 546      	1.02
 548      	0.94
 550      	0.95
 552      	0.89
 554      	0.89
 556      	0.87
 558      	0.94
 560      	0.87
 562      	0.88
 564      	0.93
 566      	0.85
 568      	0.82
 570      	0.8
 572      	0.7
 574      	0.71
 576      	0.67
 578      	0.6
 580      	0.41
 582      	0.6
 584      	0.74
 586      	0.79
 588      	0.64
 590      	0.71
 592      	0.86
 594      	0.71
 596      	0.56
 598      	0.6
 600      	0.84
 602      	0.84
 604      	0.75
 606      	0.74
 608      	0.79
 610      	0.76
 612      	0.73
 614      	0.75
 616      	0.64
 618      	0.54
 620      	0.46
 622      	0.47
 624      	0.58
 626      	0.56
 628      	0.58
 630      	0.53
 632      	0.61
 634      	0.53
 636      	0.48
 638      	0.55
 640      	0.74
 642      	0.7
 644      	0.73
 646      	0.7
 648      	0.65
 650      	0.6
 652      	0.67
 654      	0.63
 656      	0.65
 658      	0.63
 660      	0.67
 662      	0.62
 664      	0.47
 666      	0.5
 668      	0.46
 670      	0.39
 672      	0.43
 674      	0.54
 676      	0.54
 678      	0.68
 680      	0.63
 682      	0.72
 684      	0.75
 686      	0.88
 688      	0.89
 690      	1.01
 692      	1.07
 694      	1.06
 696      	1.03
 698      	0.95
 700      	0.85
 702      	0.78
 704      	0.58
 706      	0.6
 708      	0.51
 710      	0.41
 712      	0.26
 714      	0.26
 716      	0.33
 718      	0.62
 720      	0.67
 722      	0.66
 724      	0.79
 726      	0.69
 728      	0.73
 730      	0.69
 732      	0.64
 734      	0.67
 736      	0.62
 738      	0.63
 740      	0.5
 742      	0.53
 744      	0.55
 746      	0.68
 748      	0.74
 750      	0.69
 752      	0.8
 754      	0.67
 756      	0.64
 758      	0.39
 760      	0.62
 762      	0.63
 764      	0.51
 766      	0.46
 768      	0.5
 770      	0.78
 772      	0.7
 774      	0.59
 776      	0.59
 778      	0.53
 780      	0.49
 782      	0.35
 784      	0.21
 786      	0.26
 788      	0.11
 790      	-0.17
 792      	-0.28
 794      	0.18
 796      	0.26
 798      	0.32
 800      	0.4
 802      	0.58