# Benthic Foraminiferal Porosity and Isotope Data from the Arabian Sea over the Past 30,000 Years
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#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
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#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# Template Version 4.0
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# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space
# Data lines have no '#'
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# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38042
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-ocean-38042.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Data_Type: Paleoceanography
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# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/zwxy-5z84
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# Science_Keywords: 
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# Resource_Links
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# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/lu2023/lu2023-rc27-42_isotope.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; d18O and d13C Data
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# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2023-05-12
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2023-07-05
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# Title
#   Study_Name: Benthic Foraminiferal Porosity and Isotope Data from the Arabian Sea over the Past 30,000 Years
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# Investigators
#   Investigators: Lu, Wanyi
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: 
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# Publication
#   Authors: Lu, W., Costa, K.M., Oppo, D.W.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2023-06-01
#   Published_Title: Reconstructing the oxygen depth profile in the Arabian Sea during the last glacial period
#   Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
#   Volume: 38
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 6
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: e2023PA004632
#   DOI: 10.1029/2023PA004632 
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: Reconstructing the strength and depth boundary of oxygen minimum zones (OMZs) in the glacial ocean advances our understanding of how OMZs respond to climate changes. While many efforts have inferred better oxygenation of the glacial Arabian Sea OMZ from qualitative indices, oxygenation and vertical extent of the glacial OMZ is not well quantified. Here we present glacial-Holocene oxygen reconstructions in a depth transect of Arabian Sea cores ranging from 600 to 3,650 m water depths. We estimate glacial oxygen concentrations using benthic foraminiferal surface porosity and benthic carbon isotope gradient reconstructions. Compared to the modern Arabian Sea, glacial oxygen concentrations were approximately 10–15 μmol/kg higher in the shallow OMZ (<1,000 m), and 5–80 μmol/kg lower at greater depths (1,500–3,650 m). Our results suggest that the OMZ in the glacial Arabian Sea was slightly better oxygenated but remained in the upper 1,000 m. We propose that the small increase in oxygenation of the Arabian Sea OMZ during the last glacial period was due to weaker upper ocean stratification induced by stronger winter monsoon winds coupled with an increase in oxygen solubility due to lower temperatures, counteracting the effects of more oxygen consumption resulting from higher primary productivity. Large-scale changes in ocean circulation may have also contributed to better ventilation of the glacial Arabian Sea OMZ.
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# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: 
#   Grant: 
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# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Core RC27-42
#   Location: Arabian Sea
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 16.5
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 16.5
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 59.8
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 59.8
#   Elevation_m: -2020
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: RC27-42_isotope
#   First_Year: 19900
#   Last_Year: 1400
#   Time_Unit: calendar year before present
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: carbon isotopes, oxygen isotopes
#   Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
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# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
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## core 	sample identification,,,,,Paleoceanography,,,C,
## depth	depth,,,centimeter,,Paleoceanography; climate reconstructions,,,N,
## age	age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,Paleoceanography; climate reconstructions,,,N,
## d13C_C.wuellerstorfi	delta 13C,Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,,per mil,,Paleoceanography,,,N,
## d18O_C.wuellerstorfi	delta 18O,Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi,,per mil,,Paleoceanography,,,N,
## d13C_G.affinis	delta 13C,Globobulimina affinis,,per mil,,Paleoceanography,,,N, 
## d18O_G.affinis	delta 18O,Globobulimina affinis,,per mil,,Paleoceanography,,,N, 
## dd13C	delta 13C,benthic foraminifer,,per mil,,Paleoceanography,differenced,,N,benthic carbon isotope gradient between C. wuellerstorfi and G. affinis
## BWO	oxygen,sea water,,micromole per kilogram,,Paleoceanography; climate reconstructions,,,N,bottom water oxygen reconstructed from dd13C
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# Data:
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# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NA
core 	depth	age	d13C_C.wuellerstorfi	d18O_C.wuellerstorfi	d13C_G.affinis	d18O_G.affinis	dd13C	BWO	
RC27-42	4.5	1.4	0.020874	2.2	-1.2	3.3	1.207549	102.7317	
RC27-42	62.5	17.9	-0.17413	3.7	NA	NA	NA	NA	
RC27-42	72.5	18.3	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	NA	
RC27-42	82.5	18.6	-0.16103	3.7	NA	NA	NA	NA	
RC27-42	92.5	19.0	-0.23313	3.8	NA	NA	NA	NA	
RC27-42	102.5	19.3	-0.26813	3.7	-1.1	4.8	0.812527	51.56312	
RC27-42	112.5	19.6	-0.12175	3.6	-1.1	4.5	0.942637	68.41676	
RC27-42	122.5	19.9	-0.28013	3.7	-1.1	4.8	0.83889	54.97797