# Equatorial Pacific Coretop and Downcore Foraminifera Radiocarbon Data 
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
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#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22190 
#       Description: 
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/mekik2014/mekik2014.txt
#       Description:
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# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Paleoceanography
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# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: age control 
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# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2017-05-26
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2017-05-26
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# Title
#	Study_Name: Equatorial Pacific Coretop and Downcore Foraminifera Radiocarbon Data 
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# Investigators
#	Investigators: Mekik, F.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords 
#	Description: Coretop and downcore foraminifera radiocarbon and d13C data from the Equatorial Pacific.
#	Tables 1 through 4 below include surface and downcore location information, fossil species information, 
#	and the coretop and downcore D14C, raw radiocarbon age and d13C data. 
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# Table 1: Core information for all samples used in this study. OJP = Ontong Java Plateau; 						
# RIO = Rio Grande Rise; WEP: Western Equatorial Pacific; EEP = Eastern Equatorial Pacific						
# A. Core Tops						
# 				Water Depth 		Bottom Water
# 						 DCO3=
# Region	Core	Latitude	Longitude	(m)	MFI	(umol/kg)
# OJP	ERDC 90	-0.865	157.48	1903	0.42	11.5
# OJP	ERDC 121	-0.183	158.713	2245	0.33	5.17
# OJP	ERDC 127	-0.003	161.418	3724	0.83	-13.24
# RIO	AII 107-9 69	-31.658	-36.023	2158	0.08	42.81
# RIO	AII 107-9 66	-31.945	-36.205	2716	0.22	37.59
# RIO	AII107-9 132	-30.838	-38.283	3343	0.16	25.32
# RIO	CHN 115-6 92	-30.428	-38.838	3934	0.24	-4.88
# RIO	AII 107-9 142	-30.947	-39	4148	0.6	-14.67
# RIO	AII 107-9 133	-30.85	-38.402	3454	0.28	18.41
# RIO	AII 107-9 149	-30.89	-38.563	3744	0.21	-1.37
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# B. Down Core						
# 	Core			Water Depth 		Ave. Sed. 
# Region/Core	 Depth (cm)	Latitude	Longitude	(m)	MFI	Rate (cm/kyr)
# OJP/ MW91-9-56	2.5	0	158	4041	0.898	1.01
# 	26.5				0.73	1.82
# 	38.5				0.61	1.73
# 						
# WEP/ MD98-2177	6	1.403	119.078	968	0.25	12
# 	345				0.27	55.67
# 	475					50.1
# 						
# EEP/ ME-27	0.5	-1.853	-82.787	2203	0.71	0.91
# 	10.5				0.68	26.3
# 	80.5				0.31	7.12
# 	125.5				0.15	7.09
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# Table 2: Information for fossilized organisms used in this study. (DCM = Deep Chlorophyll Maximum)								
# 	Habitat			Habitat		Whole		D14C in core
# 	Designation		Shell	Depth	References for	Shells	Frags	 top or down
# Organism	 in Text	Species 	Type	(m)	Habitat Depth	Dated?	Dated?	 core sample?
# Planktonic 	Surface 	Globigerinoides	porous/	0-80	Bijma, 1991	yes	no	core top/
# Foraminifer	Dweller	 sacculifer	fragile		Spero and Lea, 1993			down core
# 					Anand et al., 2003			
# Planktonic 	Surface	Globigerinoides	porous/	0-50	Anand et al., 2003	yes	no	core top
# Foraminifer	Dweller	 ruber	fragile		 Sadekov et al., 2009			
# Planktonic 	Deep 	Globorotalia 	sturdy	75	Be et al., 1960	yes	yes	core top/
# Foraminifer	Dweller	menardii						
# 	 Thermocline				Farmer et al., 2007			down core
# Planktonic 	Deep 	Globorotalia 	sturdy	200-500	Anand et al., 2003	yes	no	core top
# Foraminifer	Dweller	truncatulinoides						
# 	 Thermocline							
# Planktonic 	Deep 	Pulleniatina 	sturdy	50-125	Anand et al., 2003	yes	yes	core top/
# Foraminifer	Dweller	obliquiloculata			Sadekov et al., 2009			down core
# 	Thermocline				Farmer et al., 2007			
# Planktonic 	Deep 	Neogloboquadrina 	sturdy	50-100	Anand et al., 2003	yes	no	core top/
# Foraminifer	Dweller	dutertrei		 (DCM)	 Fairbanks et al. 1982			down core
# 	Thermocline				Fairbanks and Wiebe, 1980			
# 					Loubere et al., 2001			
# Pteropod	Deep 	variable	---	50-650	Jasper and Deuser 1993	no	yes	core top/
# 	Dweller				Juranek et al., 2003			down core
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# Table 3: Core top D14C, raw radiocarbon age and d13C data. 								
# A. 	G. sacculifer	G. ruber	G. menardii	G. trunc	P. obliqui.	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.
#  D14C  (per mil)	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments	fragments
# Core								
# ERDC 90	-410.3 ± 1.81		-378.7 ± 1.4		-426.7 ± 1.12			
# ERDC 121	-365.4 ± 1.5		-198.1 ± 0.64		-395 ± 1.76		-449.5 ± 1.96	-444.7 ± 1.68
# ERDC 127			-381 ± 3.08		-440.9 ± 1.73		-390.3 ± 2.11	-412.2 ± 1.89
# AII 107-9 69		-348.5 ± 2.19	-371.7 ± 2.07			-468.6 ± 1.85		
# AII 107-9 66		-443.9 ± 2.31	-452.1 ± 1.98	-407.9 ± 1.93		-509.9 ± 3.43	-475.7 ± 2.81	
# AII107-9 132		-568.4 ± 3.42	-451.1 ± 1.56	-386.2 ± 1.38			-536.5 ± 3.13	
# CHN 115-6 92		-551.9 ± 2.71	-510 ± 1.77	-422.8 ± 1.47			-621.5 ± 3.78	
# AII 107-9 142			-598.4 ± 3.28	-618.6 ± 4.87			-518.9 ± 3.24	
# AII 107-9 133		-875.9 ± 7.76	-892 ± 8.26	-874.8 ± 6.29			-932.4 ± 13.79	
# AII 107-9 149		-900 ± 12.6	-908.3 ± 7.92	-905.4 ± 7.66			-933.8 ± 9.87	
# 								
# B. 	G. sacculifer	G. ruber	G. menardii	G. trunc	P. obliqui.	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.
# Raw Radiocarbon Age	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments	fragments
# Core								
# ERDC 90	4240  ± 35		3820 ± 30		4470 ±  20			
# ERDC 121	3650 ±  35		1770 ± 25		4040 ±  35		4800 ± 35	4720 ± 30
# ERDC 127					4670 ± 30		3970 ± 45	4270 ± 35
# AII 107-9 69		3440 ± 50	3730  ± 45			5080 ± 30		
# AII 107-9 66		4710 ± 40	4830 ± 35	4210 ± 35		5730 ± 55	5190 ± 45	
# AII107-9 132		6750  ± 50	4820 ± 25	3920 ± 30			6180 ± 45	
# CHN 115-6 92		6450 ± 40	5730 ± 30	4410 ± 25			7800 ± 50	
# AII 107-9 142			7330 ± 45	7740 ± 60			5880 ± 50	
# AII 107-9 133		16750  ±  70	17900 ± 75	16700 ± 60			21600 ± 120	
# AII 107-9 149		18500 ± 110	19200 ± 70	18950 ± 70			21800 ± 85	
# 								
# C. 	G. sacculifer	G. ruber	G. menardii	G. trunc	P. obliqui.	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.
#  d13C  (per mil)	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments	fragments
# Core								
# ERDC 90	1.94		1.75		1.15			
# ERDC 121	1.88		1.62		1.18		1.3	1.03
# ERDC 127					1.17		1.94	1.38
# AII 107-9 69		0.75	1.35			2.2		
# AII 107-9 66		1.29	1.61	1.47		1.74	0.81	
# AII107-9 132		1.08	1.64	1.39			0.51	
# CHN 115-6 92		1.06	1.49	1.55			1.59	
# AII 107-9 142			1.41	0.71			1.26	
# AII 107-9 133		0.94	1.18	1.02			1.13	
# AII 107-9 149		0.85	1.36	1.01			1.39	
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# Table 4: Down core D14C, raw radiocarbon age and d13C data.								
# A. 	Core	G. sacculifer	N. dutertrei	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.	G. menardii	P. obiqui
#  D14C (per mil)	 Depth	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments
# Core	(cm)							
# MW91-9 56	2.5				-340.4 ± 1.55	-475.4 ± 2.08	-505.1 ± 1.55	-446.6 ± 2.82
# MW91-9 56	26.5	-803.8  ± 10.65			-845.4 ± 5.47	-819.7 ± 5	-866.8 ± 7.16	-840.5 ± 10.01
# MW91-9 56	38.5				-926.7 ± 7.59	-926.2 ± 8.79	-932.6 ± 12.45	-935 ± 17.26
# 								
# MD98-2177	6	-66.2  ± 0.38			-86.5 ± 0.35			
# MD98-2177	345	-648.1 ±3.68		-668.3 ± 5.04	-628.5 ± 3.05	-656.9 ±4.02	-657.8 ± 6.92	
# MD98-2177	475	-737.3  ± 6.17		-760.7 ± 3.81	-739.6 ± 4.26	-738 ± 6.76	-733.8 ± 6.62	
# 								
# ME-27	0.5		-249 ± 1.06				-319.6 ± 3.24	
# ME-27	10.5				-321.2 ± 1.85		-376 ± 3.19	
# ME-27	80.5		-781.4 ± 5.36		-783.7 ± 9.78		-795.9 ± 7.02	
# ME-27	125.5		-885.2 ± 7.71		-882.2 ± 11.23			
# 								
# B. 	Core	G. sacculifer	N. dutertrei	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.	G. menardii	P. obiqui
# Raw Radiocarbon Age	 Depth	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments
# Core	(cm)							
# MW91-9 56	2.5				3340 ± 35	5180 ± 35	5650 ± 35	4750 ± 50
# MW91-9 56	26.5	13100 ± 100			15000 ± 55	13750 ± 45	16200 ± 65	14750 ± 95
# MW91-9 56	38.5				21000 ± 70	20900 ± 70	21700 ±  100	22000 ± 150
# 								
# MD98-2177	6	550 ± 45			725 ± 30			
# MD98-2177	345	8390 ± 45		8860 ± 60	7950 ± 40	8590 ± 50	8610 ± 85	
# MD98-2177	475	10750 ± 70		11500 ± 40	10800 ± 45	10750 ±  70	10650 ± 75	
# 								
# ME-27	0.5		2300 ± 35					
# ME-27	10.5						3790 ± 70	
# ME-27	80.5		12200 ± 55		12300 ± 100		12750 ±  70	
# ME-27	125.5		17400 ± 70		17200 ± 100			
# 								
# C. 	Core	G. sacculifer	N. dutertrei	Pteropod	G. menardii	P. obliqui.	G. menardii	P. obiqui
# d13C  (per mil)	 Depth	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	whole shells	whole shells	fragments	fragments
# Core	(cm)							
# MW91-9 56	2.5				1.86	1.23	1	1
# MW91-9 56	26.5	1.5			1.78	1.15	1.99	-0.18
# MW91-9 56	38.5				1.99	1.43	2.1	1.28
# 								
# MD98-2177	6	1.8			1.45			
# MD98-2177	345	1.61		0.4	1.11	0.35	0.5	
# MD98-2177	475	1.51		0.16	1.24	0.05	0.72	
# 								
# ME-27	0.5		1.32					
# ME-27	10.5						1.03	
# ME-27	80.5		1.05		0.87		0.5	
# ME-27	125.5		1.42		1.63			
# 
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Figen Mekik
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2014-01-15     
#	Published_Title: Radiocarbon dating of planktonic foraminifer shells: A cautionary tale
#	Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#	Volume: 29
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 1
#	Pages: 13-29
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1002/2013PA002532
#	Online_Resource: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2013PA002532/full
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Sedimentation rate, bioturbation, winnowing, and calcite dissolution produce significant radiocarbon age offsets among multiple species of coexisting planktonic foraminifers and pteropod fragments. We compare the radiocarbon age of foraminifer species and pteropod fragments with estimates of percent calcite dissolved made with a sedimentary proxy (Globorotalia menardii fragmentation index-MFI) to delineate the effect of dissolution on radiocarbon age of foraminifers. Data from two core top transects on the Rio Grande Rise (RIO) and Ontong Java Plateau (OJP) and from down core sediments of varying sedimentation rates in the tropical Pacific (ME-27, MD98 2177, and MW91-9 56GGC) reveal that sediments with the greatest accumulation rates produce the least age offsets among coexisting species. Age offsets among coexisting foraminifers are about 3500 years on RIO, and 1000 years on OJP. Two core tops from RIO yield an age of the Last Glacial Maximum possibly due to mass displacement of younger sediments downslope. Foraminifer age increases with increasing dissolution and there is a consistent pattern of older foraminifer fragments coexisting with younger whole shells of the same species. The only exception is sediments which have experienced high dissolution where fragments are younger than whole shells. The age offset between fragments of G. menardii and its coexisting whole shells does not exceed the age offset among other coexisting foraminifer species in the same core tops.
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation 
#	Grant: OCE0825280, OCE1219739 
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# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Equatorial Pacific
#	Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean
#	Country:  
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 1.5
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: -31.0
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 162.0
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: -83.0
# 	Elevation:  
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Mekik2014
#	Earliest_Year: 22000
#	Most_Recent_Year: 0
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
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