South China Sea d18O and Mg/Ca Data and SST Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: South China Sea d18O and Mg/Ca Data and SST Reconstruction LAST UPDATES: 4/2006 (Addition of table 4, age model tie points) 5/2006 (Addition of age model columns in foram data tables) CONTRIBUTOR: Delia Oppo, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2005-074 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Oppo, D.W. and Y. Sun. 2005. South China Sea d18O and Mg/Ca Data and SST Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2005-074. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Oppo, D.W. and Y. Sun. 2005. Amplitude and timing of sea-surface temperature change in the northern South China Sea: Dynamic link to the East Asian monsoon. Geology, Vol. 33, No. 10, pp. 785-788, October 2005. doi: 10.1130/G21867.1 ABSTRACT: Magnesium/calcium (Mg/Ca) ratios of foraminiferal shells from a sediment core from the northern South China Sea, a semi-enclosed basin in the western tropical Pacific, document variations in sea-surface temperature (SST) during the past 145 k.y. Glacial SSTs were 4 °C colder than interglacial SSTs. During the last deglaciation, most of the warming was accomplished in a single abrupt step after continental ice-sheet decay had already begun, but warming and ice-sheet demise were nearly synchronous during the penultimate deglaciation. Abrupt SST changes of the past 15 k.y. were apparently synchronous with events in East Asian monsoon rainfall, suggesting that variations in monsoon winds and their influence on surface circulation of the western Pacific exerted a strong control on northern South China Sea SSTs. We suggest that this link persisted for the previous 130 k.y., during which time orbital-scale 2–3 °C SST changes and several small (<2 °C) abrupt SST events occurred in the northern South China Sea. The similar timing of northern South China Sea SST, on a benthic d18O time scale, to a well-dated speleothem record from eastern China suggests that the demise of ice sheets associated with the penultimate deglaciation did not precede Northern Hemisphere summer insolation increase. Our results suggest that surface waters had higher d18O values during times of strong summer monsoon than during times of weak monsoon, likely reflecting a redistribution of 18O-depleted rainfall from land during times of strong summer monsoons, to the western Pacific during times of weaker summer monsoons. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: Boyle, E.A., and L.D. Keigwin. 1985/1986. Comparison of Atlantic and Pacific paleochemical records for the last 215,000 years: changes in deep ocean circulation and chemical inventories. Earth Planetary Science Letter, v. 76, p. 135-150. Dekens, P.S., D.W. Lea, D.K., Pak, and H.J. Spero, H.J. 2002. Core top calibration of Mg/Ca in tropical foraminifera: refining paleo-temperature estimation. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, v. 3, 10.1029/2001GC000200. Ostermann, D.R., and W.B. Curry. 2000. Calibration of stable isotope data; an enriched d18O standard used for source gas mixing detection and correction. Paleoceanography, v. 15, p. 353-360. Rosenthal, Y., P. Lam, E.A. Boyle, and J. Thomson. 1995. Authigenic cadmium enrichments in suboxic sediments: Precipitation and postdepositional mobility. Earth Planetary Science Letters, v. 132, p. 99-111. Hughen, K. A. et al. 2004. MARINE04 marine radiocarbon age calibration, 0-26 cal kyr BP. Radiocarbon, v.46, p. 1059-1086. Southon, J., M. Kashgarian, M. Fontugne, B. Metivier, and W. Yim. 2002. Marine reservoir corrections for the Indian ocean and southeast Asia. Radiocarbon, v. 44, p. 167-180. Stuiver, M., P.J. Reimer, E. Bard, J.W. Beck, G.S. Burr, K.Y. Hughen, B. Kromer, F.G. McCormac, J.v.d. Plicht, and M. Spurk. 1998. INTCAL98 Radiocarbon age calibration 24,000-0 cal BP. Radiocarbon, v. 40, p. 1041-1083. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Northern South China Sea, western tropical Pacific PERIOD OF RECORD: 145 KYrBP - present DESCRIPTION: Isotope and Mg/Ca results from ODP Site 1145. Isotope measurements were made on a Finnegan MAT 253 mass spectrometer (Ostermann and Curry, 2000). The precision of the measurements is better than ±0.09‰ for d18O, as determined by replicate analyses of NBS-19 and laboratory standards. Isotope analyses of G. ruber consisted of 7-8 shells in the 212-250 µm size-fraction. One or two C. wuellerstorfi individuals were analyzed. For Mg/Ca analysis, approximately 25 shells (250-355 µm) were weighed, gently crushed, and cleaned using a multi-step reductive/oxidative procedure developed for trace element analysis (Boyle and Keigwin, 1985/6) and subsequent revision (Rosenthal et al. 1995). Mg/Ca ratios were measured with a high-resolution sector-field inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer (ICP-MS; Finnegan Element2). Mg and Ca concentrations were determined in low-resolution mode by averaging measurements from 74 scans. All ions were counted in analog mode. Based on repeated determinations of 3 different consistency standards, instrumental error of Mg/Ca is estimated to 0.04 mmol/mol. Mg/Ca ratios of foraminifera vary as a function of calcification temperature, and measured values were converted to SST using an equation developed for G. ruber in the Pacific Ocean (Mg/Ca = 0.38exp0.09[SST - 0.61{km} - 1.6 °C]; Dekens et al., 2002). This equation contains a depth-dependent adjustment to correct for the potential influence of dissolution on Mg/Ca that results from increasing water depth. AMS radiocarbon dates on G. sacculifer. Calendar ages estimated from calibration curve INTCAL98 (Stuiver et al., 1998). As these ages fell within the 2sigma-error bars as indicated by MARINE04 (Hughen et al., 2004), the age model was not revised. A 400-year reservoir age was used, appropriate for the modern SCS (Southon et al., 2002). DATA: 1. AMS 14C Ages Accession No. Sample ID/ MCD depth AMS 14C Age (Yr BP) Cal. Kyr used 2sigma-Error bars OS-27536 1H-01 50-52cm (0.7m) 5080 ± 55 5.4 5381, 5509 OS-27537 1H-01 130-132cm (1.5m) 10600 ± 75 11.8 11554, 12121 OS-27538 1H-02 11cm (1.8m) 12250 ± 80 13.7 13466, 13868 OS-27540 1H-02 11cm (1.8m) 12350 ± 65 13.7 13677, 13968 OS-27539 1H-02 50-52 (2.2m) 13550 ± 85 15.7 15187, 15966 2. Table 4. Additional tie points for published age model. Depth(mcd) Age(Cal.kyr) 0.0 0.0 6.55 30 8.85 38 10.95 48 12.45 58 18.15 79 21.45 100 23.05 110 23.85 117 24.95 127.5 26.85 137 28.25 143 3. Table DR1(a). Isotope and Mg/Ca results from site 1145. (C. wuellerstorfi d180 below) Column 1-6: ODP Leg/Site/Hole/Core/Section Column 7: Top (cm) Column 8: Bottom (cm) Column 9: Depth (mbsf) Column 10: MCD (m) Column 11: Age (Kyr) Column 12: Mg/Ca ratio Column 13: SST (deg. C) Column 14: d18O G. ruber Core/Hole/Section Top Bot. Depth MCD Age7 Mg/Ca SST d18Orub 184 1145C 1 H 1 6 8 0.06 0.26 1.94 3.38 27.8 -2.69 184 1145C 1 H 1 15 17 0.15 0.35 2.72 3.49 28.2 -2.32 184 1145C 1 H 1 25 27 0.25 0.45 3.50 3.12 26.9 -2.33 184 1145C 1 H 1 36 38 0.36 0.56 4.28 3.37 27.8 -2.46 184 1145C 1 H 1 45 47 0.45 0.65 5.05 3.08 26.8 -2.45 184 1145C 1 H 1 55 57 0.55 0.75 5.85 3.39 27.8 -2.56 184 1145C 1 H 1 66 68 0.66 0.86 6.66 3.52 28.3 -2.05 184 1145C 1 H 1 75 77 0.75 0.95 7.48 3.22 27.3 -2.39 184 1145C 1 H 1 85 87 0.85 1.05 8.29 3.34 27.7 -2.45 184 1145C 1 H 1 96 98 0.96 1.16 9.11 3.58 28.5 -1.91 184 1145C 1 H 1 105 107 1.05 1.25 9.92 3.56 28.4 -2.37 184 1145C 1 H 1 115 117 1.15 1.35 10.74 3.44 28 -1.98 184 1145C 1 H 1 126 128 1.26 1.46 11.55 2.88 26 -2.04 184 1145C 1 H 1 135 137 1.35 1.55 12.28 3.17 27.1 -2 184 1145C 1 H 2 6 8 1.56 1.76 13.55 3.36 27.8 -1.72 184 1145C 1 H 2 15 17 1.65 1.85 14.10 3.37 27.8 -1.86 184 1145C 1 H 2 25 27 1.75 1.95 14.55 3.17 27.1 -0.79 184 1145C 1 H 2 36 38 1.86 2.06 15.00 2.42 24.1 -1.46 184 1145C 1 H 2 45 47 1.95 2.15 15.44 2.39 24 -1.27 184 1145C 1 H 2 55 57 2.05 2.25 15.83 2.45 24.2 -0.77 184 1145C 1 H 2 66 68 2.16 2.36 16.16 2.92 26.2 -0.97 184 1145C 1 H 2 75 77 2.25 2.45 16.49 2.66 25.1 -1.14 184 1145C 1 H 2 85 87 2.35 2.55 16.82 2.37 23.9 -0.98 184 1145C 1 H 2 96 98 2.46 2.66 17.15 2.48 24.4 -1.29 184 1145C 1 H 2 105 107 2.55 2.75 17.48 2.39 24 -0.67 184 1145C 1 H 2 115 117 2.65 2.85 17.81 2.63 25 -0.78 184 1145C 1 H 2 126 128 2.76 2.96 18.14 2.46 24.3 -0.92 184 1145C 1 H 2 135 137 2.85 3.05 18.47 2.47 24.3 -0.6 184 1145C 1 H 2 145 147 2.95 3.15 18.80 2.41 24.1 -0.77 184 1145C 1 H 3 6 8 3.06 3.26 19.13 2.64 25.1 -0.76 184 1145C 1 H 3 15 17 3.15 3.35 19.46 2.54 24.6 -0.91 184 1145C 1 H 3 25 27 3.25 3.45 19.79 2.24 23.2 -0.85 184 1145C 1 H 3 36 38 3.36 3.56 20.12 2.5 24.5 -1.23 184 1145C 1 H 3 45 47 3.45 3.65 20.45 2.63 25 -1.08 184 1145C 1 H 3 55 57 3.55 3.75 20.78 2.73 25.5 -1.03 184 1145C 1 H 3 66 68 3.66 3.86 21.10 2.48 24.4 -1.18 184 1145C 1 H 3 75 77 3.75 3.95 21.43 2.45 24.2 -0.7 184 1145C 1 H 3 85 87 3.85 4.05 21.76 2.59 24.9 -1.22 184 1145C 1 H 3 96 98 3.96 4.16 22.09 2.47 24.3 -0.73 184 1145C 1 H 3 105 107 4.05 4.25 22.42 2.4 24 -0.63 184 1145C 1 H 3 115 117 4.15 4.35 22.75 2.58 24.8 -0.82 184 1145C 1 H 3 125 127 4.25 4.45 23.08 2.4 24 -0.79 184 1145C 1 H 3 135 137 4.35 4.55 23.41 2.23 23.2 -0.67 184 1145C 1 H 3 145 147 4.45 4.65 23.74 2.34 23.7 -0.78 184 1145C 1 H 4 6 8 4.56 4.76 24.07 2.42 24.1 -0.69 184 1145C 1 H 4 15 17 4.65 4.85 24.40 2.5 24.5 -0.74 184 1145C 1 H 4 25 27 4.75 4.95 24.73 2.42 24.1 184 1145C 1 H 4 36 38 4.86 5.06 25.06 2.59 24.9 -1.32 184 1145C 1 H 4 45 47 4.95 5.15 25.39 2.51 24.5 -0.88 184 1145C 1 H 4 55 57 5.05 5.25 25.72 2.53 24.6 -0.79 184 1145C 1 H 4 66 68 5.16 5.36 26.05 2.48 24.4 -0.79 184 1145C 1 H 4 75 77 5.25 5.45 26.38 2.36 23.8 -1 184 1145C 1 H 4 85 87 5.35 5.55 26.71 2.29 23.5 -0.85 184 1145C 1 H 4 96 98 5.46 5.66 27.03 2.27 23.4 -0.93 184 1145C 1 H 4 105 107 5.55 5.75 27.36 2.59 24.8 -1.22 184 1145C 1 H 4 115 117 5.65 5.85 27.69 2.25 23.3 -0.94 184 1145C 1 H 4 126 128 5.76 5.96 28.02 2.3 23.5 -1.05 184 1145C 1 H 4 135 137 5.85 6.05 28.35 2.64 25.1 -1.05 184 1145C 1 H 4 145 147 5.95 6.15 28.68 2.61 25 -1.23 184 1145C 1 H 5 6 8 6.06 6.26 29.01 2.57 24.8 -1.2 184 1145C 1 H 5 15 17 6.15 6.35 29.34 2.55 24.7 -1.27 184 1145C 1 H 5 25 27 6.25 6.45 29.67 2.49 24.4 -1.14 184 1145C 1 H 5 36 38 6.36 6.56 30.00 2.31 23.6 -1.1 184 1145C 1 H 5 45 47 6.45 6.65 30.35 2.63 25 -1.11 184 1145C 1 H 5 55 57 6.55 6.75 30.70 2.58 24.8 -1.08 184 1145C 1 H 5 66 68 6.66 6.86 31.04 2.75 25.5 -1.27 184 1145C 1 H 5 75 77 6.75 6.95 31.39 2.7 25.3 -1.41 184 1145C 1 H 5 85 87 6.85 7.05 31.74 2.56 24.7 -1.19 184 1145B 2 H 1 25 27 6.85 7.15 32.09 2.47 24.3 -1.43 184 1145B 2 H 1 36 38 6.96 7.26 32.43 2.54 24.6 -1.45 184 1145B 2 H 1 45 47 7.05 7.35 32.78 2.39 24 -1 184 1145B 2 H 1 55 57 7.15 7.45 33.13 2.38 23.9 -1.39 184 1145B 2 H 1 66 68 7.26 7.56 33.48 2.64 25.1 -0.94 184 1145B 2 H 1 75 77 7.35 7.65 33.83 2.57 24.8 -1.33 184 1145B 2 H 1 85 87 7.45 7.75 34.17 2.41 24.1 -1.7 184 1145B 2 H 1 96 98 7.56 7.86 34.52 2.66 25.2 -1.29 184 1145B 2 H 1 105 107 7.65 7.95 34.87 2.74 25.5 -1.11 184 1145B 2 H 1 115 117 7.75 8.05 35.22 2.42 24.1 -1.37 184 1145B 2 H 1 125 127 7.85 8.15 35.57 2.52 24.6 -1.32 184 1145B 2 H 1 135 137 7.95 8.25 35.91 2.76 25.6 -1.49 184 1145B 2 H 1 145 147 8.05 8.35 36.26 2.84 25.9 -1.53 184 1145B 2 H 2 6 8 8.16 8.46 36.61 2.58 24.8 -1.48 184 1145B 2 H 2 15 17 8.25 8.55 36.96 2.72 25.4 -1.27 184 1145B 2 H 2 25 27 8.35 8.65 37.30 2.6 24.9 -1.41 184 1145B 2 H 2 36 38 8.46 8.76 37.65 2.46 24.3 -1.6 184 1145B 2 H 2 45 47 8.55 8.85 38.00 2.41 24.1 -1.26 184 1145B 2 H 2 55 57 8.65 8.95 38.48 2.43 24.2 -1.15 184 1145B 2 H 2 65 67 8.75 9.05 38.95 2.88 26 -1.13 184 1145B 2 H 2 75 77 8.85 9.15 39.43 2.72 25.4 -1.2 184 1145B 2 H 2 85 87 8.95 9.25 39.90 2.53 24.6 -1.11 184 1145B 2 H 2 95 97 9.05 9.35 40.38 2.74 25.5 -1.32 184 1145B 2 H 2 105 107 9.15 9.45 40.86 2.43 24.2 -1.66 184 1145B 2 H 2 115 117 9.25 9.55 41.33 2.52 24.6 -1.48 184 1145B 2 H 2 125 127 9.35 9.65 41.81 2.69 25.3 -1.36 184 1145B 2 H 2 135 137 9.45 9.75 42.29 2.62 25 -1.06 184 1145B 2 H 2 145 147 9.55 9.85 42.76 2.68 25.2 -1.17 184 1145B 2 H 3 5 7 9.65 9.95 43.24 2.54 24.7 -1.18 184 1145B 2 H 3 15 17 9.75 10.05 43.71 2.59 24.9 -1.71 184 1145B 2 H 3 25 27 9.85 10.15 44.19 2.63 25 -1.21 184 1145B 2 H 3 35 37 9.95 10.25 44.67 2.59 24.9 -1.24 184 1145B 2 H 3 45 47 10.05 10.35 45.14 2.64 25.1 -0.94 184 1145B 2 H 3 55 57 10.15 10.45 45.62 2.82 25.8 -1.29 184 1145B 2 H 3 65 67 10.25 10.55 46.10 2.38 23.9 -1.5 184 1145B 2 H 3 75 77 10.35 10.65 46.57 2.4 24 -1.66 184 1145B 2 H 3 85 87 10.45 10.75 47.05 2.54 24.7 -1.27 184 1145B 2 H 3 95 97 10.55 10.85 47.52 2.5 24.5 -1.32 184 1145B 2 H 3 105 107 10.65 10.95 48.00 2.39 24 -1.5 184 1145B 2 H 3 115 117 10.75 11.05 48.67 2.51 24.5 -1.2 184 1145B 2 H 3 125 127 10.85 11.15 49.33 2.62 25 -1.2 184 1145B 2 H 3 135 137 10.95 11.25 50.00 2.4 24 -1.43 184 1145B 2 H 3 145 147 11.05 11.35 50.67 2.95 26.3 -1.66 184 1145B 2 H 4 5 7 11.15 11.45 51.33 3.07 26.8 -1.72 184 1145B 2 H 4 15 17 11.25 11.55 52.00 2.53 24.6 -1.68 184 1145B 2 H 4 25 27 11.35 11.65 52.67 2.6 24.9 -1.7 184 1145B 2 H 4 36 38 11.46 11.75 53.33 2.82 25.8 -1.57 184 1145B 2 H 4 45 47 11.55 11.85 54.00 2.59 24.9 -1.57 184 1145B 2 H 4 55 57 11.65 11.95 54.67 2.82 25.8 -1.99 184 1145B 2 H 4 65 67 11.75 12.05 55.33 3.06 26.7 -2.05 184 1145B 2 H 4 75 77 11.85 12.15 56.00 2.83 25.9 -2.12 184 1145B 2 H 4 85 87 11.95 12.25 56.67 2.62 25 -1.54 184 1145B 2 H 4 95 97 12.05 12.35 57.33 2.63 25 -1.75 184 1145B 2 H 4 105 107 12.15 12.45 58.00 2.82 25.8 -1.59 184 1145B 2 H 4 115 117 12.25 12.55 58.37 2.84 25.9 -2.08 184 1145B 2 H 4 125 127 12.35 12.65 58.74 2.46 24.3 -1.3 184 1145B 2 H 4 135 137 12.45 12.75 59.11 2.35 23.8 -1.73 184 1145B 2 H 4 145 147 12.55 12.85 59.47 2.36 23.8 -1.69 184 1145B 2 H 5 6 8 12.66 12.96 59.84 2.71 25.3 -1.59 184 1145B 2 H 5 15 17 12.75 13.05 60.21 2.71 25.4 -2.12 184 1145B 2 H 5 25 27 12.85 13.15 60.58 2.74 25.5 -2.14 184 1145B 2 H 5 36 38 12.96 13.26 60.95 2.69 25.3 -1.86 184 1145B 2 H 5 45 47 13.05 13.35 61.32 2.67 25.2 -1.98 184 1145B 2 H 5 55 57 13.15 13.45 61.68 2.55 24.7 -1.4 184 1145B 2 H 5 65 67 13.25 13.55 62.05 2.65 25.1 -1.66 184 1145B 2 H 5 75 77 13.35 13.65 62.42 2.5 24.5 -1.9 184 1145B 2 H 5 85 87 13.45 13.75 62.79 2.61 25 -1.25 184 1145B 2 H 5 96 98 13.56 13.86 63.16 2.69 25.3 -1.06 184 1145B 2 H 5 105 107 13.65 13.95 63.53 2.46 24.3 -1.15 184 1145B 2 H 5 115 117 13.75 14.05 63.89 2.4 24 -0.92 184 1145B 2 H 5 125 127 13.85 14.15 64.26 2.49 24.4 -1.12 184 1145B 2 H 5 135 137 13.95 14.25 64.63 2.33 23.7 -1.14 184 1145C 2 H 3 66 68 11.26 14.36 65.00 2.46 24.3 -1.37 184 1145C 2 H 3 75 77 11.35 14.45 65.37 2.69 25.3 -1.25 184 1145C 2 H 3 85 87 11.45 14.55 65.74 2.28 23.5 -1.31 184 1145C 2 H 3 96 98 11.56 14.66 66.11 2.42 24.1 -1.56 184 1145C 2 H 3 105 107 11.65 14.75 66.47 2.41 24.1 -1.25 184 1145C 2 H 3 115 117 11.75 14.85 66.84 2.42 24.1 -1.01 184 1145C 2 H 3 126 128 11.86 14.96 67.21 2.78 25.7 -1.54 184 1145C 2 H 3 135 137 11.95 15.05 67.58 2.72 25.4 -1.57 184 1145C 2 H 3 145 147 12.05 15.15 67.95 2.58 24.8 -1.42 184 1145C 2 H 4 6 8 12.16 15.26 68.32 2.6 24.9 -1.15 184 1145C 2 H 4 15 17 12.25 15.35 68.68 2.72 25.4 -1.25 184 1145C 2 H 4 25 27 12.35 15.45 69.05 2.62 25 -1.54 184 1145C 2 H 4 36 38 12.46 15.56 69.42 2.9 26.1 -1.24 184 1145C 2 H 4 45 47 12.55 15.65 69.79 3.03 26.6 -1.49 184 1145C 2 H 4 55 57 12.65 15.75 70.16 2.84 25.9 -1.52 184 1145C 2 H 4 66 68 12.76 15.86 70.53 2.75 25.5 -1.15 184 1145C 2 H 4 75 77 12.85 15.95 70.89 2.66 25.2 -1.93 184 1145C 2 H 4 85 87 12.95 16.05 71.26 2.65 25.1 -1.67 184 1145C 2 H 4 96 98 13.06 16.16 71.63 2.46 24.3 -1.83 184 1145C 2 H 4 105 107 13.15 16.25 72.00 2.83 25.8 -2.06 184 1145C 2 H 4 115 117 13.25 16.35 72.37 2.77 25.6 -1.46 184 1145C 2 H 4 126 128 13.36 16.46 72.74 2.65 25.1 -1.78 184 1145C 2 H 4 135 137 13.45 16.55 73.11 2.59 24.9 -1.38 184 1145C 2 H 4 145 147 13.55 16.65 73.47 2.78 25.7 -1.57 184 1145C 2 H 5 6 8 13.66 16.76 73.84 2.95 26.3 -1.05 184 1145C 2 H 5 15 17 13.75 16.85 74.21 3.07 26.8 -1.86 184 1145C 2 H 5 25 27 13.85 16.95 74.58 2.73 25.5 184 1145C 2 H 5 36 38 13.96 17.06 74.95 2.79 25.7 -1.98 184 1145C 2 H 5 45 47 14.05 17.15 75.32 3.28 27.5 -1.66 184 1145C 2 H 5 55 57 14.15 17.25 75.68 2.71 25.4 -2.06 184 1145C 2 H 5 66 68 14.26 17.36 76.05 3.15 27 -1.82 184 1145C 2 H 5 75 77 14.35 17.45 76.42 3.26 27.4 -2.23 184 1145C 2 H 5 85 87 14.45 17.55 76.79 3.38 27.8 -2.33 184 1145C 2 H 5 96 98 14.56 17.66 77.16 2.79 25.7 -2.03 184 1145C 2 H 5 105 107 14.65 17.75 77.53 2.95 26.3 -2.18 184 1145C 2 H 5 115 117 14.75 17.85 77.89 3 26.5 -2.26 184 1145C 2 H 5 126 128 14.86 17.96 78.26 2.65 25.1 -2.15 184 1145C 2 H 5 135 137 14.95 18.05 78.63 2.75 25.5 -2.37 184 1145C 2 H 5 145 147 15.05 18.15 79.00 2.89 26.1 -1.29 184 1145C 2 H 6 6 8 15.16 18.26 79.64 3.08 26.8 -1.78 184 1145C 2 H 6 15 17 15.25 18.35 80.27 3.12 26.9 -2.11 184 1145C 2 H 6 25 27 15.35 18.45 80.91 3.16 27.1 -2.31 184 1145C 2 H 6 36 38 15.46 18.56 81.55 2.97 26.4 -1.97 184 1145C 2 H 6 45 47 15.55 18.65 82.18 3.36 27.8 -1.98 184 1145C 2 H 6 55 57 15.65 18.75 82.82 3.34 27.7 -2.18 184 1145C 2 H 6 66 68 15.76 18.86 83.45 3.14 27 -1.88 184 1145C 2 H 6 75 77 15.85 18.95 84.09 2.97 26.4 -1.41 184 1145C 2 H 6 85 87 15.95 19.05 84.73 3.1 26.9 -1.54 184 1145B 3 H 2 55 57 18.15 19.15 85.36 2.8 25.7 -1.88 184 1145B 3 H 2 66 68 18.26 19.26 86.00 3.09 26.8 -1.32 184 1145B 3 H 2 75 77 18.35 19.35 86.64 2.6 24.9 -1.37 184 1145B 3 H 2 85 87 18.45 19.45 87.27 2.85 25.9 -1.83 184 1145B 3 H 2 96 98 18.56 19.56 87.91 2.63 25 -2.09 184 1145B 3 H 2 105 107 18.65 19.65 88.55 2.57 24.8 -2.23 184 1145B 3 H 2 115 117 18.75 19.75 89.18 2.64 25.1 -1.53 184 1145B 3 H 2 126 128 18.86 19.86 89.82 2.72 25.4 -1.93 184 1145B 3 H 2 135 137 18.95 19.95 90.45 3.25 27.4 -1.45 184 1145B 3 H 2 145 147 19.05 20.05 91.09 2.85 25.9 -1.51 184 1145B 3 H 3 7 9 19.17 20.17 91.73 3.13 27 -1.4 184 1145B 3 H 3 15 17 19.25 20.25 92.36 2.65 25.1 -1.53 184 1145B 3 H 3 25 27 19.35 20.35 93.00 2.63 25 -1.99 184 1145B 3 H 3 36 38 19.46 20.46 93.64 3.04 26.6 -2.11 184 1145B 3 H 3 45 47 19.55 20.55 94.27 2.71 25.4 -1.78 184 1145B 3 H 3 55 57 19.65 20.65 94.91 2.59 24.8 -2.01 184 1145B 3 H 3 66 68 19.76 20.76 95.55 3.01 26.5 -1.91 184 1145B 3 H 3 75 77 19.85 20.85 96.18 3.31 27.6 -1.98 184 1145B 3 H 3 85 87 19.95 20.95 96.82 2.77 25.6 -1.78 184 1145B 3 H 3 96 98 20.06 21.06 97.45 2.88 26 -1.95 184 1145B 3 H 3 105 107 20.15 21.15 98.09 3.03 26.6 -1.72 184 1145B 3 H 3 115 117 20.25 21.25 98.73 2.91 26.2 -1.68 184 1145B 3 H 3 126 128 20.36 21.36 99.36 3.19 27.2 -2.2 184 1145B 3 H 3 135 137 20.45 21.45 100.00 3.29 27.5 -2.01 184 1145B 3 H 3 145 147 20.55 21.55 100.63 3.43 28 -2.31 184 1145B 3 H 4 5 7 20.65 21.65 101.25 3.16 27.1 -2.13 184 1145B 3 H 4 15 17 20.75 21.75 101.88 3.27 27.5 -1.67 184 1145B 3 H 4 25 27 20.85 21.85 102.50 3.03 26.6 -2.06 184 1145B 3 H 4 35 37 20.95 21.95 103.13 3.46 28.1 -2.04 184 1145B 3 H 4 45 47 21.05 22.05 103.75 3.38 27.8 -2.05 184 1145B 3 H 4 55 57 21.15 22.15 104.38 3.28 27.5 -1.67 184 1145B 3 H 4 65 67 21.25 22.25 105.00 3.2 27.2 -2.11 184 1145B 3 H 4 75 77 21.35 22.35 105.63 3.5 28.2 -2.01 184 1145B 3 H 4 85 87 21.45 22.45 106.25 3.45 28.1 -2.54 184 1145B 3 H 4 95 97 21.55 22.55 106.88 3.18 27.1 -1.83 184 1145B 3 H 4 105 107 21.65 22.65 107.50 3.49 28.2 -2.17 184 1145B 3 H 4 115 117 21.75 22.75 108.13 3.43 28 -2.34 184 1145B 3 H 4 125 127 21.85 22.85 108.75 3.27 27.5 -2.22 184 1145B 3 H 4 135 137 21.95 22.95 109.38 3.16 27.1 -1.91 184 1145B 3 H 4 145 147 22.05 23.05 110.00 3.02 26.6 -1.65 184 1145B 3 H 5 6 8 22.16 23.16 110.88 2.85 25.9 -1.67 184 1145B 3 H 5 15 17 22.25 23.25 111.75 2.71 25.4 -1.81 184 1145B 3 H 5 25 27 22.35 23.35 112.63 2.9 26.1 -1.88 184 1145B 3 H 5 36 38 22.46 23.46 113.50 2.91 26.2 -1.8 184 1145B 3 H 5 45 47 22.55 23.55 114.38 2.87 26 -1.6 184 1145B 3 H 5 55 57 22.65 23.65 115.25 2.69 25.3 -1.57 184 1145B 3 H 5 66 68 22.76 23.76 116.13 2.98 26.4 -2.1 184 1145B 3 H 5 75 77 22.85 23.85 117.00 3.52 28.3 -1.93 184 1145B 3 H 5 85 87 22.95 23.95 117.95 3.65 28.7 -1.98 184 1145B 3 H 5 96 98 23.06 24.06 118.91 3.43 28 -2.17 184 1145B 3 H 5 105 107 23.15 24.15 119.86 3.25 27.4 -2.46 184 1145B 3 H 5 115 117 23.25 24.25 120.82 3.59 28.5 -1.73 184 1145B 3 H 5 125 127 23.35 24.35 121.77 3.81 29.1 -1.96 184 1145B 3 H 5 135 137 23.45 24.45 122.73 3.79 29.1 -2.16 184 1145B 3 H 5 145 147 23.55 24.55 123.68 3.51 28.2 -2.02 184 1145B 3 H 6 6 8 23.66 24.66 124.64 3.49 28.2 -1.9 184 1145B 3 H 6 15 17 23.75 24.75 125.59 3.74 29 -1.95 184 1145A 4 H 1 96 98 21.36 24.86 126.55 3.45 28.1 -2.17 184 1145A 4 H 1 105 107 21.45 24.95 127.50 3.59 28.5 -1.45 184 1145A 4 H 1 115 117 21.55 25.05 128.00 3.04 26.6 -1.03 184 1145A 4 H 1 126 128 21.66 25.16 128.50 3.14 27 -1.56 184 1145A 4 H 1 135 137 21.75 25.25 129.00 3.31 27.6 -1.23 184 1145A 4 H 1 145 147 21.85 25.35 129.50 3.26 27.4 -0.93 184 1145A 4 H 2 6 8 21.96 25.45 130.00 3.36 27.7 -1.17 184 1145A 4 H 2 15 17 22.05 25.55 130.50 2.95 26.3 -1.1 184 1145A 4 H 2 25 27 22.15 25.65 131.00 2.82 25.8 -0.9 184 1145A 4 H 2 36 38 22.26 25.76 131.50 2.84 25.9 -1.15 184 1145A 4 H 2 44 46 22.34 25.84 132.00 2.98 26.4 -1.33 184 1145A 4 H 2 55 57 22.45 25.95 132.50 2.81 25.8 -1.01 184 1145A 4 H 2 65 67 22.55 26.05 133.00 2.65 25.1 -0.68 184 1145A 4 H 2 75 77 22.65 26.15 133.50 2.59 24.9 -0.85 184 1145A 4 H 2 85 87 22.75 26.25 134.00 2.58 24.8 -0.72 184 1145A 4 H 2 95 97 22.85 26.35 134.50 2.54 24.7 -0.87 184 1145A 4 H 2 105 107 22.95 26.45 135.00 2.5 24.5 -1.14 184 1145A 4 H 2 115 117 23.05 26.55 135.50 2.6 24.9 -0.82 184 1145A 4 H 2 125 127 23.15 26.65 136.00 2.82 25.8 -0.79 184 1145A 4 H 2 135 137 23.25 26.75 136.50 2.81 25.8 -0.81 184 1145A 4 H 2 145 147 23.35 26.85 137.00 2.82 25.8 -0.67 184 1145A 4 H 3 5 7 23.45 26.95 137.43 2.96 26.3 -0.62 184 1145A 4 H 3 15 17 23.55 27.05 137.86 2.96 26.3 -0.87 184 1145A 4 H 3 25 27 23.65 27.15 138.29 2.87 26 -0.56 184 1145A 4 H 3 35 37 23.75 27.25 138.71 2.62 25 -0.91 184 1145A 4 H 3 44 46 23.84 27.34 139.14 2.94 26.3 -0.8 184 1145A 4 H 3 55 57 23.95 27.45 139.57 2.97 26.4 -0.93 184 1145A 4 H 3 65 67 24.05 27.55 140.00 2.56 24.7 -0.63 184 1145A 4 H 3 75 77 24.15 27.65 140.43 2.68 25.2 -0.54 184 1145A 4 H 3 85 87 24.25 27.75 140.86 2.8 25.7 -1.06 184 1145A 4 H 3 95 97 24.35 27.85 141.29 2.55 24.7 -0.72 184 1145A 4 H 3 105 107 24.45 27.95 141.71 2.55 24.7 -1 184 1145A 4 H 3 115 117 24.55 28.05 142.14 2.84 25.9 -1.14 184 1145A 4 H 3 125 127 24.65 28.15 142.57 2.72 25.4 -1.02 4. Table DR1(b). Isotope results from site 1145, C. wuellerstorfi. Column 1: Depth, MCD (m) Column 2: Age (KYr) Column 3: d18O, C. wuellerstorfi Depth Age7 d18Owuel. 0.26 1.94 2.62 0.86 6.66 2.63 1.25 9.92 2.9 1.76 13.55 3.46 2.15 15.44 3.82 2.55 16.82 3.91 2.96 18.14 4.07 3.35 19.46 4.16 3.75 20.78 4.1 4.16 22.09 3.92 4.55 23.41 4.02 4.85 24.40 3.99 5.25 25.72 3.84 5.66 27.03 3.98 6.15 28.68 3.92 6.56 30.00 3.79 6.95 31.39 3.91 7.35 32.78 3.84 7.75 34.17 3.84 8.25 35.91 3.55 8.76 37.65 3.71 9.25 39.90 3.73 9.55 41.33 3.56 9.95 43.24 3.59 10.35 45.14 3.68 10.75 47.05 3.56 11.15 49.33 3.57 11.55 52.00 3.55 11.95 54.67 3.41 12.45 58.00 3.38 12.85 59.47 3.54 13.75 62.79 3.61 14.15 64.26 3.69 14.55 65.74 3.66 14.96 67.21 3.68 15.56 69.42 3.64 16.16 71.63 3.39 16.55 73.11 2.98 16.95 74.58 3.3 17.36 76.05 3.25 18.15 79.00 3.02 18.56 81.55 2.99 18.95 84.09 3.18 19.45 87.27 3.41 19.86 89.82 3.25 20.25 92.36 3.12 20.65 94.91 3.08 21.06 97.45 3.08 21.45 100.00 2.95 21.85 102.50 3.01 22.25 105.00 3.22 22.65 107.50 3.19 23.05 110.00 3.35 23.46 113.50 3.27 23.85 117.00 2.82 24.25 120.82 2.46 24.66 124.64 2.44 25.65 131.00 3.51 26.15 133.50 3.83 26.65 136.00 3.99 27.05 137.86 3.95 27.45 139.57 4.09 27.85 141.29 3.88 28.25 143.00 3.73