# Western North America LGM Ensemble Hydroclimatic Reconstructions #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18015 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/oster2015/oster2015refs.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2015-02-23 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Western North America LGM Ensemble Hydroclimatic Reconstructions #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Oster, J.L.; Ibarra, D.E.; Winnick, M.J.; Maher, K. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Synthesis of hydoclimatic proxy records for western North America at the Last Glacial Maximum, # indicating wet or dry hydroclimatic conditions relative to today from proxy reconstructions. Proxies table # contains the locations and hydroclimate state at the LGM from a collection of proxy records. The "category" # column indicates whether the proxy captured drier (d)/unchanged(u)/wetter(w)/or unclear (u) at the LGM # relative to modern conditions. The "proxies" column describes the methods used to determine hydroclimatic # response at each location. The "approx. chronological error column provides the uncertainty on chronology # for each record. References are numbered and are given in the Reference table. The "Ensemble Averages" table # provides the average percent change in annual precipitation, precipitation minus evapotranspiration (P-ET), # and temperature between the LGM and the preindustrial simulation. See Oster et al., (2015) for more details. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Jessica L. Oster, Daniel E. Ibarra, Matthew J. Winnick and Katharine Maher # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015-02-23 # Published_Title: Steering of westerly storms over western North America at the Last Glacial Maximum # Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: 10.1038/ngeo2365 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The hydroclimate history of North America includes the formation and desiccation of large inland lakes and the growth and ablation of glaciers throughout the Quaternary period. At the Last Glacial Maximum, expanded pluvial lakes in the south and aridity in the northwest suggest that the winter westerly storm track was displaced southwards and migrated northwards as the Laurentide Ice Sheet waned. However, lake highstands do not occur synchronously along zonal bands, in conflict with this hypothesis. Here we compile a network of precipitation proxy reconstructions from lakes, speleothems, groundwater deposits, pack rat middens and glaciers from the western and southwestern US, which we compare with an ensemble of climate simulations to identify the controls of regional hydroclimatic change. The proxy records suggest a precipitation dipole during the Last Glacial Maximum, with wetter than modern conditions in the southwest and drier conditions near the ice sheet, and a northwest-southeast trending transition zone across the northern Great Basin. The models that simulate a weaker and south-shifted Aleutian low-pressure system, a strong North Pacific high-pressure system, and a high above the ice sheet best reproduce this regional variation. We therefore conclude that rather than a uniformly south-shifted storm track, a stronger jet that is squeezed and steered across the continent by high-pressure systems best explains the observed regional hydroclimate patterns of the Last Glacial Maximum. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: AGS1203701, EAR0921134 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Western North America # Location: North America # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 47.61 # Southernmost_Latitude: 31.30 # Easternmost_Longitude: -105.14 # Westernmost_Longitude: -124.07 # Elevation: m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Oster2015refs # Earliest_Year: 23000 # Most_Recent_Year: 19000 # Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP # Core_Length: m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # # # # # # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##refnum Reference number, , , , , , , ,N ##reference Reference,,,,,,,,C # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # Refnum reference 1 "Matsubara, Y. & Howard, A.D. A spatially explicit model of runoff, evaporation, and lake extent: Application to modern and late Pleistocene lakes in the Great Basin region, western United States. Water Resour Res. 45, W06425, doi:10.1029/2007WR005953 (2009)." 2 "Munroe, J. S. & Laabs, B.C. Temporal correspondence between pluvial lake highstands in the southwestern US and Heinrich Event 1. J. Quaternary Sci. 28, 49 - 58 (2013)." 3 "Ibarra, D.E. et al. The latest Pleistocene history of Lake Surprise, California: Quantifying controls on the water cycle during the last deglaciation. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 11-12, 1387-1415 (2014)." 4 "Oerlemans, J. Extracting a climate signal from 169 glacier records. Science 308, 675-677 (2005)." 5 "Anderson, B. & Mackintosh, A. Controls on mass balance sensitivity of maritime glaciers in the Southern Alps, New Zealand: The role of debris cover. J. Geophys. Res. 117, F01003 (2012)." 6 "Thackray, G.D. Extensive Early and Middle Wisconsin glaciation on the western Olympic Peninsula, Washington, and the variability of Pacific moisture delivery to the northwestern United States. Quat. Res. 55, 257 - 270 (2001)." 7 "Licciardi, J.M. et al. Variable responses of western U.S. glaciers during the last deglaciation. Geology 32, 81 - 84 (2004)." 8 "Porter, S.C. & Swanson, T.W. Radiocarbon age constraints on rates of advance and retreat of the Puget Lobe of the Cordilleran Ice Sheet during the last glaciation. Quat. Res. 50, 205 - 213 (1998)." 9 "Laabs, B.J.C., Plummer, M.A., & Mickelson, D.M. Climate during the last glacial maximum in the Wasatch and southern Uinta Mountains inferred from glacier modeling. Geomorphology 75, 300 - 317 (2006)." 10 "Hostetler, S. & Benson, L.V. Paleoclimatic implications of the high stand of Lake Lahontan derived from models of evaporation and lake level. Clim. Dyn. 4, 207 - 217 (1990)." 11 "Asmerom, Y., Polyak, V.J. & Burns, S.J. Variable winter moisture in the southwestern United States linked to rapid glacial climate shifts. Nat. Geosci. 3, 114 - 117 (2010)." 12 "Voldoire, A. et al. The CNRM-CM5.1 global climate model: description and basic evaluation. Clim. Dyn. 40, 2091 - 2121 (2013)." 13 "Kageyama, M. et al. Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum climate simulations with the IPSL model - part 1: comparing IPSL_CM5A to IPSL_CM4. Clim. Dyn. 40, 2447 - 2468 (2013)." 14 "Gent, P.R. et al. The Community Climate System Model Version 4. J. Clim. 24, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI4083.1 (2011)." 15 "Wagner, J.D.M. et al. Moisture variability in the southwestern United States linked to abrupt glacial climate change. Nat. Geosci. 3, 110 - 113 (2010)." 16 "Nakamura, H. Midwinter suppression of baroclinic wave activity in the Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1629-1642 (1992)." 17 "Trenberth, K.E. Storm tracks in the Southern Hemisphere. J. Atmos. Sci. 48, 2159-2178 (1991)." 18 "Lee, S. & Kim, H.-K. The dynamical relationship between subtropical and eddy-driven jets. J. Atmos. Sci. 60, 1490-1503 (2003)." 19 "Nakamura, H. Midwinter suppression of baroclinic wave activity in the Pacific. J. Atmos. Sci. 49, 1629-1642 (1992)." 20 "Braconnot, P. et al. Results of PMIP2 coupled simulations of the Mid-Holocene and Last Glacial Maximum - Part 1: experiments and large-scale features. Clim. Past 3, 261 - 277 (2007)." 21 "DiNezio, P.N. & Tierney, J.E. The effect of sea level on glacial Indo-Pacific climate. Nat. Geosci. 6, 485 - 491 (2013)." 22 "Ullman, D.J. et al. Assessing the impact of Laurentide Ice Sheet topography on glacial climate. Clim. Past 10, 487 - 507 (2014)." 23 "Peltier, W.R. Global glacial isostasy and the surface of the Ice-Age Earth: The ICE-5G (VM2) Model and GRACE. Ann. Rev. Earth Planet. Sci. 32, 111-49 (2004)." 24 "Toscano, M.A. et al. ICE-5G and ICE-6G models of postglacial relative sea-level history applied to the Holocene coral reef record of northeastern St. Croix, U.S.V.I.: investigating the influence of rotational feedback on GIA processes at tropical latitudes. Quat. Sci. Rev. 30, 3032 - 3042 (2011)." 25 "Tarasov, L. et al. A data-calibrated distribution of deglacial chronologies for the North American ice complex from glaciological modeling. Earth and Planet. Sci. Lett. 315-316, 30 - 40 (2012)." 26 "Lambeck, K. Glacial Isostasy. In Gornitz, V. (ed.) Encyclopedia of Paleoclimatology and Ancient Environments, Springer, p. 374 - 380 (2008)." 27 "Kutzbach, J.E. & Wright Jr., H.E. Simulation of the climate of 18,000 years BP: Results for the North American/North Atlantic/European sector and comparison with the geologic record of North America. Quat. Sci. Rev. 4, 147 - 187 (1985)." 28 "Kim, S.-J. et al. High-resolution climate simulation of the last glacial maximum. Clim. Dyn. 31, 1 - 16 (2008)." 29 "Lyle, M. et al. Out of the tropics: The Pacific, Great Basin Lakes, and Late Pleistocene water cycle in the western United States. Science 337, 1629-1633 (2012)." 30 "Hostetler, S.W. et al. Lake-atmosphere feedbacks associated with paleolakes Bonneville and Lahontan. Science 263, 665 - 668 (1994)." 31 "Ingraham, N.L. & Taylor, B.E. Light stable isotope systematics of large-scale hydrologic regimes in California and Nevada. Water Resour. Res. 27, 77-90 (1991)." 32 "Winnick, M.J. et al. Quantifying the isotopic 'continental effect'. Earth Planet Sci. Lett. 406, 123-133 (2014)." 33 "Burrough, S.L. et al. Late Quaternary hydrological dynamics in the Middle Kalahari: Forcing and feedbacks. Earth-Sci. Rev. 96, 313-326 (2009)." 34 "Krinner, G. et al. A reassessment of lake and wetland feedbacks on the North African Holocene climate. Geophys. Res. Lett. 39, L07701, doi:10.1029/2012GL050992 (2012)." 35 "Pound, M.J. et al., Late Pliocene lakes and soils: a global data set for the analysis of climate feedbacks in a warmer world. Clim. Past 10, 167 - 180 (2014)." 36 "Reheis, M.C., et al. Pluvial lakes in the Great Basin of the western United States - a view from the outcrop. Quat. Sci. Rev. 97, 1 - 25 (2014)." 37 "Locke, W.W. Late Pleistocene glaciers and the climate of western Montana, U.S.A. Arctic Alpine Res. 22, 1 - 13 (1990)." 38 "Whitlock, C. & Bartlein, P.J. Vegetation and climate change in northwest America during the past 125 kyr. Nature 388, 57 - 61 (1997)." 39 "Licciardi, J.M. & Pierce, K.L. Cosmogenic exposure-age chronologies of Pinedale and Bull Lake glaciations in greater Yellowstone and the Teton Range, USA. Quat. Sci. Rev. 27, 814 - 831 (2008)." 40 "Sturchio, N.C. et al. Uranium-series ages of travertines and timing of the last glaciation in the northern Yellowstone area, Wyoming-Montana. Quat. Res. 41, 265 - 277 (1994)." 41 "Bevis, K.A. Reconstruction of late Pleistocene paleoclimatic characteristics of the Great Basin and adjacent areas. PhD. Thesis, Oregon State University (1995)." 42 "Worona, M.A. & Whitlock, C. Late Quaternary vegetation and climate history near Little Lake, central Coast Range, Oregon. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 107, 867 - 876 (1995)." 43 "Thackray, G.D., Lundeen, K.A., & Borgert, J.A. Late Pleistocene alpine glacier advances in the Sawtooth Mountains, Idaho, USA: Reflections of midlatitude moisture transport at the close of the last glaciation. Geology 32, 225 - 228 (2004)." 44 "Gosse, J.C. et al. Beryllium-10 dating of the duration and retreat of the last Pinedale glacial sequence. Science 268, 1329 - 1333 (1995)." 45 "Birkel, S.D. et al. Climate inferences from a glaciological reconstruction of the Late Pleistocene Wind River ice cap, Wind River Range, Wyomig. Arctic Alpine Res. 44, 265 - 276 (2012)." 46 "Amundson, R. et al. Isotopic evidence for shifts in atmospheric circulation patterns during the late Quaternary in mid-North America. Geology 24, 23 - 26 (1996)." 47 "Sharp, W.D. et al. Dating fluvial terraces by 230Th/U on pedogenic carbonate, Wind River Basin, Wyoming. Quat. Res. 59, 139 - 150 (2003)." 48 "Maher, K. et al. Uranium isotopes in soils as a proxy for past infiltration and precipitation across the western United States. Am. J. Sci. 314, 821 - 857 (2014)." 49 "Freidel, D.E. Chronology and climatic controls of the late Quaternary lake-level fluctuations in Chewaucan, Fort Rock, and Alkali basins, south-central Oregon, PhD. Thesis, University of Oregon (1993)." 50 "Beiswenger, J.M. Late Quaternary vegetational history of Grays Lake, Idaho. Ecological Monographs 61, 165 - 182 (1991)." 51 "Licciardi, J.M. Chronology of the latest Pleistocene lake-level fluctuation in the pluvial lake Chewaucan basin, Oregon, USA. J. Quaternary Sci. 16, 545 - 553 (2001)." 52 "Allison, I.S. Geology of pluvial lake Chewaucan, Lake County, Oregon. Oregon State Monographs, Studies in Geology 11, Oregon State University Press: Corvallis, 79 pp. (1982)." 53 "Wigand, P.E. & Rhode, D. Great Basin vegetation history and aquatic systems: the last 150,000 years. In. Hershler, R., Curry, D., Madsen, D. (eds) Great Basin Aquatic System History. Smithsonian Press (2002)." 54 "Oldow, J.S. & Singleton, E.S. Application of terrestrial laser scanning in determining pattern of late Pleistocene and Holocene fault displacement from the offset of pluvial lake shorelines in the Alvord extensional basin, northern Great Basin, USA. Geosphere 4, 536 - 563 (2008)." 55 "Personius, S.F. et al. Late Quaternary paleoseismology of the southern Steens fault zone, northern Nevada. Seismological Society of America Bulletin 97, 1662 - 1678 (2007)." 56 "JimŽnez-Moreno, G., Anderson, R.S., & Fawcett, P.J. Orbital- and millennial-scale vegetation and climate changes of the past 225 ka from Bear Lake, Utah-Idaho (USA). Quat. Sci. Rev. 26, 1713 - 1724 (2007)." 57 "Bradbury, J.P. The late Cenozoic diatom stratigraphy and paleolimnology of Tule Lake, Siskiyou Co. California. J. Paleolimnol. 6, 205 - 255 (1991)." 58 "Oviatt, C.G., Currey, D.R., & Sack, D. Radiocarbon chronology of Lake Bonneville, eastern Great Basin, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 99, 225 - 241 (1992)." 59 "Lemons, D.R., Milligan, M.R., & Chan, M.A. Paleoclimatic implications of the late Pleistocene sediment yield rates for the Bonneville Basin, northern Utah. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 123, 147 - 159 (1996)." 60 "Benson, L.V. et al. The rise and fall of Lake Bonneville between 45 and 10.5 ka. Quat. Int. 235, 57 - 59 (2011)." 61 "McGee, D. et al. Lacustrine cave carbonates: novel archives of paelohydrologic change in the Bonneville Basin (Utah, USA). Earth Planet. Sci. Lett. 351, 182 - 194 (2012)." 62 "Kaufman, D.S. Amino acid paleothermometry of Quaternary ostracodes form the Bonneville Basin, Utah. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 899 - 914 (2003)." 63 "Davis, O.K. Late Neogene environmental history of the northern Bonneville Basin: a review of palynological studies. In. Hershler, R., Curry, D., Madsen, D. (eds) Great Basin Aquatic System History. Smithsonian Press (2002)." 64 "Munroe, J.S. & Mickelson, D.M. Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitudes and paleoclimate, northern Uinta Mountains, Utah, U.S.A. J. Glaciol. 48, 257 - 266 (2002)." 65 "Refsnider, K.A. et al. Last glacial maximum climate inferences from cosmogenic dating and glacier modeling of the western Uinta ice field, Uinta Mountains, Utah. Quat. Res. 69, 130 - 144 (2008)." 66 "Lilquist, K.D. Late Quaternary Lake Franklin: lacustrine chronology, coastal geomorphology, and hydro-isostatic deflection in Ruby Valley and northern Butte Valley, Nevada. PhD. Thesis, University of Utah (1994)." 67 "Thompson, R.S. Late Quaternary environments in Ruby Valley, Nevada. Quat. Res. 37, 1 - 15 (1992)." 68 "Mifflin, M.D. & Wheat, M.M. Pluvial lakes and estimated pluvial climates of Nevada. Nevada Bureau of Mines and Geology Bulletin 94, 1 - 57 (1979)." 69 "Benson, L.V. et al. Response of North American Great Basin lakes to Dansgaard-Oeschger oscillations. Quat. Sci. Rev. 22, 2239 - 2251 (2003)." 70 "Benson, L.V. et al. Insights from a synthesis of old and new climate-proxy data from the Pyramid and Winnemucca lake basins for the period 48 to 11.5 cal ka. Quat. Int. 310, 62 - 82 (2013)." 71 "Adams, K.D. et al. Late Pleistocene and Early Holocene lake-level fluctuations in the Lahontan Basin, Nevada: implications for the distribution of archaeological sites. Geoarchaeology 23, 608 - 643 (2008)." 72 "Benson, L. & Peterman, Z. Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 3, The use of 87Sr values in carbonate deposits (tufas) to determine the hydrologic state of paleolake systems. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 119, 201 - 213 (1996)." 73 "Benson, L., White, L.D. & Rye, R. Carbonate deposition, Pyramid Lake subbasin, Nevada: 4. Comparison of the stable isotope values of carbonate deposits (tufas) and the Lahontan lake-level record. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 122, 45 - 76 (1996)." 74 "Benson, L.V. et al. Chronology of expansion and contraction of four Great Basin lake systems during the past 35,000 years. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 78, 241-248 (1990)." 75 "Kurth, G. et al. Cosmogenic nuclide and uranium-series dating of old, high shorelines in the western Great Basin, USA. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 124, 744-768 (2011)." 76 "Snyder, C.T. & Langbein, W.B. The Pleistocene lake in Spring Valley, Nevada, and its climatic implications. J. Geophys. Res. 67, 2385 - 2394 (1962)." 77 "Leonard, E.M. Climatic change in the Colorado Rocky Mountains: estimates based on modern climate at Late Pleistocene equilibrium lines. Arctic Alpine Res. 21, 245 - 255 (1989)." 78 "Newton, M.S. & Grossman, E.L. Late Quaternary chronology of tufa deposits, Walker Lake, Nevada. J. Geol. 96, 417 - 433 (1988)." 79 "Brugger, K.A. Late Pleistocene climate inferred from the reconstruction of the Taylor River glacier complex southern Sawatch Range, Colorado. Geomorphology 75, 318-329." 80 "Brugger, K.A. Climate in the southern Sawatch Range and Elk Mountains, Colorado, U.S.A., during the Last Glacial Maximum: inferences using a simple degree-day model. Arctic Alpine Res. 42, 164 - 178 (2010)." 81 "Marchetti, D.W. et al. Timing of glaciation and last glacial maximum paleoclimate estimates from the Fish Lake Plateau, Utah. Quat. Res. 75, 183 - 195 (2011)." 82 "Marchetti, D.W., Cerling, T.E., & Lips, E.W. A glacial chronology for the Fish Creek drainage of Boulder Mountain, Utah, USA. Quat. Res. 64, 264 - 271 (2005)." 83 "Refsnider, K.A. et al. Last Glacial Maximum equilibrium-line altitude trends and precipitation patterns in the Sangre de Cristo Mountains, southern Colorado, USA. Boreas doi:10.1111/j.1502-3885.2009.00097 (2009)." 84 "Benson, L.V. et al. Correlation of late-Pleistocene lake-level oscillations in Mono Lake, California, with North Atlantic climate events. Quat. Res. 49, 1 - 10 (1998)." 85 "Zimmerman, S.R.H. et al. High-resolution chemostratigraphic record of late Pleistocene lake-level variability, Mono Lake, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 123, 2320 - 2334 (2011)." 86 "Jennings, S.A. & Elliott-Fisk, D.L. Packrat midden evidence of Late Quaternary vegetation change in the White Mountains, California-Nevada. Quat. Res. 39, 214 - 221 (1993)." 87 "Phillips, F.M. et al. Chronology for fluctuations in late Pleistocene Sierra Nevada glaciers and lakes. Science 274, 749 - 751 (1996)." 88 "Phillips, F.M. et al. Glacial geology and chronology of Bishop Creek and vicinity, easther Sierra Nevada, California. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 121, 1013 - 1033 (2009)." 89 "Spaulding, W.G. Vegetation and climates of the last 45,000 years in the vicinity of the Nevada Test Site, South-Central Nevada. USGS Professional Paper 1329, 83p. (1985)." 90 "Thompson, R.S., Anderson, K.H., & Bartlein, P.J. Quantitative paleoclimate reconstructions from Late Pleistocene plant macrofossils of the Yucca Mountain region. USGS Open-File Report 99-338 (1999)." 91 "Bacon, S.N. et al. Last glacial maximum and Holocene lake levels of Owens Lake, eastern California, USA. Quat. Sci. Rev. 25, 1264 - 1282 (2006)." 92 "Koehler, P.A. & Anderson, R.S. Thirty thousand years of vegetation changes in the Alabama Hills, Owens Valley, California. Quat. Res. 43, 238 - 248 (1995)." 93 "Woodcock, D. The Late Pleistocene of Death Valley: A climatic reconstruction based on macrofossil data. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 57, 273-283 (1986)." 94 "Quade, J., Forester, R.M., & Whelan, J.F. Late Quaternary paleohydrologic and paleotemperature change in southern Nevada. In. Enzel, R., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. (eds) Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and Southern Great Basin Deserts. Geological Society of America Special Paper 368 (2003)." 95 "Szabo, B.J. et al. Paleoclimatic inferences from a 120,000-yr calcite record of water-table fluctuation in Browns Room of Devils Hole, Nevada. Quat. Res. 41, 59 - 69 (1994)." 96 "Winograd, I.J. et al. Devils Hole, Nevada ´18O record extended to the mid-Holocene. Quat. Res. 66, 202-212." 97 "Landwehr, J.M. et al. The chronology for the ´18O record for Devils Hole, Nevada, extended into the Mid-Holocene. USGS Open File Report 2011-1082 (2011)." 98 "Lowenstein, T.K., Li, J., & Brown, C.B. Paleotemperatures from fluid inclusions in halite: Method verification and 100,000 year paleotemperature record, Death Valley, California. Chem. Geol. 150, 223 - 245 (1998)." 99 "Lowenstein, T.K. et al. 200 k.y. paleoclimate record from Death Valley salt core. Geology 27, 3 - 6 (1999)." 100 "Yang, W. et al. A 200,000-year ´18O record of closed-basin lacustrine calcite, Death Valley, California. Chem. Geol. 216, 99 - 111 (2005)." 101 "Reheis, M.C. et al. A half-million-year record of paleoclimate from the Lake Manix core, Mojave Desert, California. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 365, 11-37 (2012)." 102 "Smith, G.I. Paleohydrologic regimes in the southwestern Great Basin 0-3.2 my ago, compared with other long records of ÒglobalÓ climate. Quat. Res. 22, 1-17 (1984)." 103 "Lin, J.C. et al. A reassessment of U-Th and 14C ages for Late-Glacial high frequency hydrological events at Searles Lake, California. Quat. Res. 49, 11 - 23 (1998)." 104 "Allen, B.D. & Anderson, R.Y. A continuous, high-resolution record of late Pleistocene climate variability form the Estancia basin, New Mexico. Geol. Soc. Am. Bull. 112, 1444 - 1458 (2000)." 105 "Menking, K.M. et al. Wetter or colder during the Last Glacial Maximum? Revisiting the pluvial lake question in southwestern North America. Quat. Res. 62, 280 - 288 (2004)." 106 "Orme, A.R. Lake Thompson, Mojave Desert, California; the late Pleistocene lake system and its Holocene desiccation. Geological Society of America Special Paper 439, 261 - 278 (2008). " 107 "Kirby, M.E., Lund, S.P., & Bird, B.W. Mid-Wisconsin sediment record from Baldwin Lake reveals hemisphere climate dynamics (Southern CA, USA). Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 242, 267-283 (2006)." 108 "Owen, L.A. et al. Extreme southwestern margin of late Quaternary glaciation in North America: Timing and controls. Geology 31, 729 - 732 (2003)." 109 "Enzel, Y., Wells, S.G., & Lancaster, N. Late Pleistocene lakes along the Mojave River, southeast California. In. Enzel, R., Wells, S.G., and Lancaster, N. (eds) Paleoenvironments and Paleohydrology of the Mojave and Southern Great Basin Deserts. Geological Society of America Special Paper 368 (2003)." 110 "Markgraf, V. et al. San Agustin plains, New Mexico: age and paleoenvironmental potential reassessed. Quat. Res. 22, 336 - 343 (1984)." 111 "Phillips, F.M. et al. A reconstruction of the response of the water balance in Western United States lake basins to climatic change. New Mexico Water Resources Research Institute Report No. 269 (1992)." 112 "Holmgren, C.A., Betancourt, J.L., & Rylander, K.A. A 36,000-yr vegetation history from the Peloncillo Mountains, southeastern Arizona, USA. Palaeogeogr. Palaeocl. 240, 405-422 (2006)." 113 "Waters, M.R. Late Quaternary lacustrine history and paleoclimatic significance of pluvial Lake Cochise, southeastern Arizona. Quat. Res. 32, 1 - 11 (1989)." 114 "Krider, P.R. Paleoclimatic significance of Late Quaternary lacustrine and alluvial stratigraphy, Animas Valley, New Mexico. Quat. Res. 50, 283 - 289 (1998)."