Eocene Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Carbon Cycle Data ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE CONTRIBUTORS WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Eocene Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Carbon Cycle Data LAST UPDATE: 8/2005 (Extend Carbonate percent series to 41MMYrBP for DSDP1218 and to 54MMYrBP for DSDP1219) CONTRIBUTOR: Aradhna Tripati, University of Cambridge IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2005-056 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Tripati, A. et al. 2005. Eocene Greenhouse-Icehouse Transition Carbon Cycle Data. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2005-056. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Tripati, A., J. Backman, H. Elderfield, and P. Ferretti. 2005. Eocene bipolar glaciation associated with global carbon cycle changes. Nature, Vol. 436, 21 July 2005. doi:10.1038/nature03874. ABSTRACT: The transition from the extreme global warmth of the early Eocene 'greenhouse' climate, ~55 million years ago to the present glaciated state is one of the most prominent changes in Earth's climatic evolution. It is widely accepted that large ice sheets first appeared on Antarctica ~34 million years ago, coincident with decreasing atmospheric carbon dioxide concentrations and a deepening of the calcite compensation depth in the world’s oceans, and that glaciation in the Northern Hemisphere began much later, between 10 and 6 million years ago. Here we present records of sediment and foraminiferal geochemistry covering the greenhouse–icehouse climate transition. We report evidence for synchronous deepening and subsequent oscillations in the calcite compensation depth in the tropical Pacific and South Atlantic oceans from ~42 million years ago, with a permanent deepening 34 million years ago. The most prominent variations in the calcite compensation depth coincide with changes in seawater oxygen isotope ratios of up to 1.5 per mil, suggesting a lowering of global sea level through significant storage of ice in both hemispheres by at least 100 to 125 metres. Variations in benthic carbon isotope ratios of up to ~1.4 per mil occurred at the same time, indicating large changes in carbon cycling. We suggest that the greenhouse–icehouse transition was closely coupled to the evolution of atmospheric carbon dioxide, and that negative carbon cycle feedbacks may have prevented the permanent establishment of large ice sheets earlier than 34 million years ago. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Tropical Pacific Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 55 - 0 MMYrBP DESCRIPTION: Carbonate and stable isotope data across the Eocene "Greenhouse-Icehouse" climate transition, from tropical Pacific ODP cores 1218 and 1219, and calculated Calcite Compensation Depth and 0% isopleth depth. ODP1218: 8° 53.3667'N 135°22.0002'W 4826m water depth ODP1219: 7° 48.0097'N 142° 0.9390'W 5063m water depth DATA: 1. Reconstructed Equatorial Pacific carbonate compensation depth from Tripati et al (2005). Age Depth MMYr km 33.75 4.5 33.85 4.32 33.87 4.2 33.9 3.86 34 3.75 34.1 3.75 34.2 3.76 34.3 3.73 34.4 3.73 34.5 3.73 34.6 3.71 34.7 3.71 34.8 3.71 34.9 3.72 35 3.71 35.1 3.69 35.2 3.69 35.3 3.73 35.4 3.73 35.5 3.66 35.6 3.64 35.7 3.63 35.8 3.63 35.9 3.63 36 3.64 36.1 3.77 36.2 3.82 36.3 3.78 36.4 3.7 36.5 3.64 36.6 3.62 36.7 3.62 36.8 3.6 36.9 3.57 37 3.56 37.1 3.58 37.2 3.55 37.3 3.55 37.4 3.56 37.5 3.6 37.6 3.68 37.7 3.61 37.8 3.54 37.9 3.53 38 3.52 38.1 3.51 38.2 3.48 38.3 3.51 38.4 3.62 38.5 3.6 38.6 4.06 38.7 4.1 38.8 4.12 38.9 4.07 39 4.08 39.1 4.14 39.2 4.13 39.3 4.06 39.4 4.05 39.5 3.38 39.6 3.36 39.7 3.35 39.8 3.34 39.9 3.31 40 3.27 40.1 3.26 40.2 3.25 40.3 3.25 40.4 3.26 40.5 3.26 40.6 3.34 40.7 4.01 40.8 4.12 40.9 4.32 41 4.4 41.1 4.17 41.2 4.15 41.3 4.13 41.4 4.17 41.5 4.12 41.6 3.97 41.7 3.97 41.8 3.97 41.9 3.97 42 3.95 42.1 3.95 42.2 3.94 42.3 3.92 42.4 3.93 42.5 3.93 42.6 3.91 42.7 3.91 42.8 3.91 42.9 3.91 43 3.9 43.1 3.9 43.2 3.89 43.3 3.88 43.4 3.87 43.6 3.86 43.7 3.86 43.8 3.86 43.9 3.85 44 3.85 44.2 3.85 44.3 3.88 44.4 3.9 44.5 3.89 44.6 3.9 44.7 3.85 44.8 3.82 44.9 3.81 45 3.82 45.1 3.82 45.2 3.84 45.3 3.85 45.4 3.85 45.5 3.8 45.6 3.77 45.7 3.77 45.8 3.77 45.9 3.76 46.6 3.71 46.9 3.69 47 3.7 47.1 3.7 47.2 3.69 47.3 3.67 47.4 3.67 47.5 3.66 47.6 3.66 47.7 3.65 47.8 3.64 47.9 3.63 2. Reconstructed 0% isopleth depth for the equatorial Pacific and South Atlantic from Tripati et al (2005). 2a. Pacific Age Depth MMYr km 0 4.49 10.2 4.55 20.1 4.58 25.2 4.59 29.4 4.58 31.3 4.52 32.4 4.45 32.7 4.4 33.1 4.35 33.2 4.2 33.4 3.77 33.4 3.73 33.8 3.64 33.9 3.55 34.1 3.5 34.6 3.44 35 3.44 35.9 3.55 36.2 3.64 36.4 3.64 36.7 3.66 37.3 3.6 37.3 3.48 37.3 3.19 37.4 3.14 37.6 3.09 38 3.08 38.7 3.11 39 3.15 39.3 3.31 39.5 3.47 39.7 3.55 40 3.7 40.4 3.78 40.7 3.86 41.1 3.89 41.8 3.81 42 3.58 42.5 3.24 42.7 3.19 43.7 3.19 44.9 3.25 45.1 3.28 45.5 3.51 45.5 3.57 46 3.63 46.3 3.63 48.6 3.5 53.3 3.19 54 3.17 55.2 3.07 56.1 3.05 57.7 3.04 60 3.02 2b. Atlantic Age Depth MMYr km 0.5 4.99 0.6 4.95 0.8 4.89 1.1 4.91 1.4 4.95 7.7 4.98 7.8 4.91 8.2 4.86 8.8 4.83 9.4 4.86 10 4.9 10.7 4.86 10.9 4.81 11 4.74 11.8 4.74 12.3 4.81 13.2 4.75 13.8 4.72 14.1 4.67 14.4 4.56 14.6 4.32 14.7 4.07 14.8 3.89 15.1 3.79 15.3 3.81 15.5 3.86 15.6 4 15.7 4.16 15.9 4.37 16 4.56 16.5 4.68 17.3 4.76 18.4 4.75 19.3 4.71 19.8 4.59 20.5 4.49 20.6 4.31 20.6 4.4 20.7 4.17 20.8 3.86 20.8 3.97 21 3.81 21.3 3.9 21.4 4.33 21.4 4.22 21.4 4.06 21.5 4.47 21.7 4.54 22.1 4.59 22.5 4.63 23.1 4.62 23.4 4.52 23.6 4.23 23.6 4.38 23.6 4.45 23.8 3.97 23.9 3.85 24 3.77 24.2 3.89 24.3 4.02 24.4 4.15 24.4 4.43 24.4 4.33 24.4 4.28 24.7 4.51 25 4.58 25.5 4.58 26 4.56 26.4 4.47 26.6 4.37 26.7 4.03 26.7 4.12 26.7 4.21 26.8 3.94 26.9 3.77 26.9 3.85 27.2 3.69 27.4 3.66 27.6 3.68 28 3.72 28.1 3.79 28.4 3.92 28.5 4.16 28.5 4.36 28.5 4.26 28.5 4.05 28.9 4.4 29.2 4.44 29.4 4.33 29.4 4.43 29.6 4.25 29.9 4.25 30 4.44 30 4.26 30 4.33 30.3 4.48 30.7 4.53 31.5 4.56 32.1 4.56 32.7 4.56 33.3 4.52 33.6 4.44 34 4.38 34.6 4.38 34.8 4.44 35.2 4.47 35.9 4.49 36.7 4.46 37.5 4.4 37.7 4.18 37.7 4.33 37.8 3.99 38.1 3.82 38.5 3.76 38.9 3.79 39.1 3.86 39.3 4.01 39.4 4.17 39.9 4.23 40.5 4.24 41.4 4.24 42.1 4.2 42.5 4.09 42.6 3.7 42.7 3.21 42.8 2.94 43 2.75 43 2.83 43.3 2.7 44 2.75 44.7 2.7 45 2.78 45.1 2.91 45.2 3.08 45.3 3.3 45.5 3.46 45.7 3.67 46 3.77 46.3 3.75 46.6 3.67 47.1 3.58 47.6 3.69 48.1 3.82 48.3 3.97 48.5 4.22 48.5 4.1 49.2 4.29 50.1 4.26 51.7 4.23 52.4 4.21 53.5 4.17 54 4.09 54.3 3.99 54.7 2.97 54.7 3.64 54.7 3.89 54.8 2.83 54.9 2.67 55 2.51 55.1 2.72 55.1 2.64 55.2 2.83 55.5 3.07 55.6 3.72 3. Reconstructed bottom water temperatures and seawater oxygen isotope values from Tripati et al (2005). Age Temp. SeaWater d18O MMYr degC per mil V-SMOW 40.307 8.5 -1.1 40.35 10.8 -0.5 40.355 9.1 -0.8 40.361 6 -1.5 40.367 8.8 -0.8 40.376 7.3 -1.4 40.381 8 -1.3 40.387 8.7 -1.4 40.393 2.9 -2.4 40.398 5.3 -1.7 40.405 7.8 -1.1 40.426 8.5 -1 40.436 9.2 -1.2 40.474 5.2 -1.9 40.502 9.1 -0.8 40.545 10.7 -0.4 40.553 8.5 -0.9 40.56 8.5 -0.9 40.577 8.8 -0.8 40.595 8.5 -0.8 40.596 10 -0.4 40.6 11 -0.3 40.626 9.5 -0.6 40.629 9.2 -0.7 40.643 9 -1 40.647 10 -0.4 40.661 11.8 0.1 40.667 10.5 -0.3 40.682 9.7 -0.4 40.686 11.1 -0.1 40.691 10.8 -0.2 40.699 11.9 0.1 40.708 9.2 -0.5 40.718 12.5 0.3 40.725 12.2 0.1 40.73 11.9 0.1 40.734 11.7 -0.1 40.743 11.4 -0.1 40.747 10.9 -0.2 40.753 10.7 -0.1 40.768 10.1 -0.3 40.771 10.1 -0.3 40.778 10.6 -0.2 40.781 12 0.1 40.785 11.7 0.1 40.791 11.5 0.1 40.796 12.7 0.4 40.802 10.2 -0.1 40.809 12.7 0.5 40.81 12.6 0.4 40.815 12 0.3 40.821 11.3 0.1 40.824 13.4 0.4 40.828 9.9 -0.4 40.833 11 -0.1 40.838 11.6 -0.1 40.84 12 0 40.846 12.3 0.2 40.851 9.4 -0.6 40.852 15.2 0.8 40.856 12.4 0.2 40.861 8.5 -0.9 40.863 9.4 -0.5 40.866 10.4 -0.2 40.869 8.5 -0.7 40.87 8.3 -0.7 40.872 11 -0.2 40.873 11.1 -0.1 40.875 9.8 -0.4 40.878 9.7 -0.3 40.879 9.7 -0.6 40.883 10.7 -0.3 40.886 14.9 0.7 40.888 12.6 0.2 40.89 10.2 -0.4 40.894 11.2 -0.2 40.901 12.8 0.3 40.91 9.7 -0.5 40.916 10.6 -0.2 40.921 11.5 -0.1 40.923 11.3 -0.2 40.926 10.8 -0.3 40.933 10.8 -0.2 40.949 8.5 -0.9 40.96 10.8 -0.1 40.982 13.2 0.4 41.001 10.6 -0.3 41.009 10.9 -0.2 41.022 11 -0.1 41.034 11.7 0.1 41.046 8.7 -0.6 41.05 9.2 -0.5 41.055 6.7 -1.2 41.06 9.6 -0.3 41.063 12 0.2 41.064 6 -1.3 41.068 8.2 -0.8 41.072 6 -1.7 41.075 9.5 -0.6 41.076 10.4 -0.7 41.079 9 -0.8 41.081 7.9 -1.4 41.085 8.7 -0.8 41.086 8.2 -0.9 41.09 7.8 -1 41.093 6.5 -1.3 41.096 7.1 -1.2 41.099 7.6 -1 4. Carbonate percent data for Site 1218 from Tripati et al (2005). Age CaCO3 MMYr % 32 85 32.2 70 32.4 75 32.6 60 32.8 65 33 80 33.2 75 33.4 80 33.6 85 33.8 70 33.81 61.2 33.83 63.9 33.85 53.9 33.87 35.9 33.9 16.7 33.92 5.3 33.94 3.3 33.97 2.5 33.99 1.3 34.01 1.1 34.03 4.1 34.06 10.2 34.11 16.8 34.16 21.3 34.22 17.3 34.27 12.1 34.33 8.1 34.37 11.9 34.42 14.8 34.46 14.8 34.52 8.9 34.57 10 34.64 8.4 34.7 14.4 34.78 10.9 34.84 13.6 34.89 17.7 34.95 20.4 35.01 16.9 35.07 8.6 35.12 11.4 35.17 14.4 35.21 12.9 35.248 2.6 35.25 6.9 35.26 7.3 35.28 14.9 35.281 12 35.289 25.5 35.29 21.1 35.29 17.1 35.3 19.9 35.31 25.3 35.316 24.1 35.317 28.1 35.32 24.7 35.33 29.5 35.33 27.6 35.34 36 35.35 39.8 35.351 42.1 35.352 43.5 35.36 40 35.37 33.2 35.37 37.6 35.38 31.9 35.384 29 35.386 30.5 35.39 29.4 35.4 28 35.41 23.5 35.41 24.9 35.416 20.9 35.42 21.3 35.42 24.8 35.43 19.6 35.432 18.1 35.44 15.1 35.448 11.4 35.45 12.9 35.46 9.9 35.47 6.2 35.475 11.5 35.48 3 35.483 0.3 35.49 0.9 35.5 0.9 35.518 0.2 35.52 3.2 35.53 3.1 35.537 9 35.54 3.2 35.55 0.3 35.57 0.4 35.574 0.2 35.6 0.2 35.61 2 35.629 0.2 35.63 0.3 35.65 0.2 35.67 0.2 35.684 0.2 35.69 0.2 35.71 0.2 35.734 0.2 35.74 0.2 35.74 0.2 35.77 0.4 35.795 0.7 35.8 5.5 35.82 7.7 35.85 7.9 35.851 6.6 35.88 2.9 35.9 0.9 35.905 0.7 35.92 1.2 35.922 0.3 35.94 3.6 35.957 7.8 35.96 3.9 35.97 5.5 35.99 5.8 35.991 7.4 36.01 7.9 36.026 7.6 36.03 9.2 36.04 8.9 36.06 10.6 36.061 7.9 36.08 19.2 36.09 31.7 36.099 36.9 36.11 43.9 36.13 49.4 36.13 52.7 36.15 52.9 36.162 46.1 36.17 50.5 36.19 35.6 36.217 18.8 36.22 29 36.23 23.7 36.25 32.8 36.252 26.2 36.27 37.5 36.285 40.6 36.29 43 36.31 39.7 36.33 40.1 36.356 41.9 36.36 34 36.37 33.2 36.39 29.8 36.391 33.2 36.41 25.7 36.426 11.9 36.43 19.8 36.44 14.4 36.443 15.6 36.46 21.6 36.47 20.8 36.478 33.7 36.48 16.6 36.5 6.3 36.51 7 36.513 2.8 36.53 10.6 36.547 13.7 36.55 14.9 36.57 18 36.584 24.8 36.59 16.6 36.61 16.7 36.63 19.6 36.633 16.1 36.66 29 36.7 37.7 36.729 42.3 36.73 35.7 36.75 26.5 36.754 27.2 36.78 20.4 36.8 18.3 36.802 24 36.83 19.4 36.85 16.6 36.85 13.2 36.87 14.3 36.899 13.9 36.9 10.2 36.92 5.8 36.947 2.4 36.95 4.1 36.97 6.4 36.99 8.9 36.995 7.9 37.01 11.3 37.02 12.5 37.024 15.8 37.05 17.5 37.07 25.5 37.072 25.3 37.1 31.8 37.12 26.5 37.121 30.5 37.14 14.2 37.169 2.7 37.17 4.2 37.19 1.3 37.217 0.7 37.22 2.7 37.24 4.8 37.266 7 37.27 7.9 37.29 12 37.314 19 37.32 17.6 37.34 23.9 37.343 23.9 37.37 26.4 37.386 29.3 37.41 23.7 37.435 10.7 37.45 20.4 37.464 12.1 37.48 24.4 37.493 33.3 37.51 34.6 37.522 38.7 37.525 37.6 37.53 38.2 37.55 28.8 37.552 45.7 37.56 25 37.57 19.3 37.58 34.6 37.581 56 37.6 34.1 37.609 56.8 37.61 46.8 37.62 40.8 37.63 42.2 37.637 48.3 37.64 44.9 37.64 40.6 37.66 51.1 37.665 59.2 37.67 51.5 37.69 53.2 37.72 46.2 37.721 52.2 37.74 46.7 37.78 47.5 37.781 25.7 37.81 48.1 37.811 27.5 37.84 49.3 37.86 40.6 37.861 36 37.89 36.9 37.91 28.2 37.912 30.5 37.93 26.4 37.94 22.9 37.947 21.8 37.95 26.2 37.98 27.2 37.984 15.6 37.99 30.7 38.01 28.3 38.02 25.4 38.03 24.9 38.033 38.6 38.05 21.5 38.05 20.5 38.06 25.2 38.06 21.7 38.07 30.6 38.07 29.8 38.077 24 38.081 31.7 38.09 34.1 38.09 29.6 38.1 31.2 38.11 23.8 38.111 26 38.12 19.8 38.13 18.1 38.13 26.8 38.146 27.2 38.15 18.1 38.154 18.4 38.16 18.2 38.163 14.2 38.17 15.3 38.17 15.4 38.18 12.7 38.19 13.2 38.201 8.3 38.21 11.3 38.213 13.5 38.22 13.3 38.22 15.8 38.24 16.6 38.246 20.1 38.248 16.1 38.25 15.6 38.26 18.3 38.27 16.8 38.27 17.7 38.28 18 38.28 15.6 38.295 17.2 38.3 13.2 38.3 15.7 38.31 18.3 38.313 16.6 38.32 19.7 38.33 19.4 38.34 26.1 38.342 41.3 38.346 15.6 38.35 35.4 38.36 47.8 38.37 52.9 38.38 56.3 38.39 61.4 38.4 64.4 38.403 68.2 38.419 65.5 38.42 64.3 38.43 61.9 38.44 58.6 38.45 55.5 38.45 56 38.46 52.7 38.47 47.8 38.48 40.5 38.482 29.4 38.486 40.9 38.49 37.9 38.49 34.6 38.5 43.7 38.5 33.4 38.508 46.6 38.51 47 38.516 43.5 38.52 45.4 38.52 43.7 38.53 44.6 38.531 46.1 38.533 46 38.54 41 38.54 38.1 38.55 29.6 38.55 31.6 38.56 26.1 38.561 32.8 38.57 20.9 38.57 11 38.58 16.9 38.59 22.3 38.59 31.2 38.595 33.2 38.6 47 38.61 52.3 38.62 56.2 38.62 62.2 38.62 59 38.63 68.7 38.64 65.7 38.642 77.3 38.65 69.6 38.66 74.6 38.66 75 38.66 78.9 38.663 62.5 38.67 75.9 38.68 71 38.682 81.7 38.684 71 38.69 71.3 38.7 67.7 38.707 79.3 38.71 66.8 38.715 79.9 38.73 63.2 38.732 61.7 38.74 66 38.749 60.6 38.75 72.7 38.75 68.6 38.77 45.3 38.77 58.1 38.771 49.5 38.78 52.1 38.798 45.4 38.8 52.9 38.81 54.5 38.826 42.4 38.83 54.2 38.85 51.1 38.853 38.4 38.88 48.5 38.884 43.4 38.9 44.8 38.905 43.1 38.92 49.5 38.93 55.6 38.934 62.9 38.95 54.2 38.962 68.1 38.97 57.7 38.99 56.5 38.993 75 39 55.5 39.02 51.7 39.023 59.6 39.04 44.6 39.053 47.7 39.06 46.4 39.08 43.2 39.099 54.8 39.11 51 39.12 54.9 39.13 60.8 39.14 54.6 39.146 60 39.15 55.3 39.16 56.1 39.169 67.7 39.17 64.1 39.18 66.6 39.19 66.1 39.2 58.7 39.2 56.6 39.21 47.1 39.21 46.1 39.211 52.2 39.22 41.2 39.23 46 39.23 46.4 39.24 53.5 39.24 47.1 39.25 59.9 39.25 59.7 39.26 41.8 39.26 48.8 39.27 55.5 39.27 42.4 39.28 59.5 39.28 61.7 39.28 53.7 39.29 49.8 39.29 53.4 39.293 48.4 39.3 52.4 39.3 52.7 39.31 52.9 39.31 50.5 39.32 51.6 39.32 52.5 39.32 52.3 39.33 48.5 39.33 50.7 39.34 52.4 39.34 47.6 39.35 57.9 39.358 66.5 39.37 49 39.37 58.8 39.38 45.9 39.39 42.3 39.39 42.7 39.4 36.8 39.405 43.9 39.41 35.3 39.42 44.1 39.43 41.7 39.44 40.2 39.45 39.3 39.45 27.2 39.46 32.7 39.47 31.1 39.48 16.5 39.49 21.6 39.5 21.5 39.5 30.9 39.51 21.3 39.51 33.9 39.51 29.8 39.52 17.7 39.52 20.7 39.524 19.9 39.525 15.7 39.53 31.1 39.53 29.7 39.54 32.8 39.54 25.3 39.54 22.7 39.55 19.8 39.56 22.8 39.56 22.6 39.56 24.3 39.57 16.3 39.58 12 39.58 21.4 39.59 18.1 39.59 19.4 39.59 5.5 39.6 8.1 39.61 23.2 39.61 24.5 39.62 22.3 39.62 8 39.63 13.8 39.63 34.6 39.64 30.3 39.64 37.7 39.65 10.1 39.65 6.6 39.66 19.4 39.66 18.8 39.67 12.2 39.67 16.5 39.68 11.1 39.68 11.1 39.69 7.8 39.69 14.9 39.7 21.8 39.7 21.3 39.71 19.2 39.71 14.8 39.72 12.7 39.73 21 39.73 16.2 39.74 20.7 39.74 23.8 39.75 18.5 39.76 15.4 39.76 12.9 39.77 11.2 39.77 11.2 39.78 10.4 39.78 11.4 39.79 12.8 39.8 16.1 39.81 18.7 39.82 17.6 39.82 16.1 39.83 13.2 39.84 11.6 39.84 12.2 39.85 13.1 39.85 12.7 39.86 14.1 39.86 12.8 39.87 12.6 39.88 13 39.89 13.4 39.9 14 39.91 14.4 39.92 11.8 39.92 13.7 39.93 7.2 39.94 3.4 39.95 0.9 39.96 0.1 39.97 0.1 39.97 0 39.98 0.2 39.99 0.2 40 0.1 40 0.1 40.01 0.1 40.01 0.1 40.02 0.1 40.03 0.1 40.03 0.2 40.04 0.1 40.05 0.1 40.06 0 40.06 0.2 40.07 0.2 40.08 0.2 40.08 0.1 40.09 0.2 40.1 0.2 40.1 0.1 40.11 0.2 40.12 0.2 40.13 0.2 40.14 0.2 40.15 0.1 40.15 0.2 40.16 0.1 40.17 0.1 40.18 0.2 40.19 0.2 40.2 0.2 40.21 0.2 40.22 0.2 40.23 0.2 40.24 0.2 40.25 0.2 40.26 0.3 40.26 2.1 40.27 6 40.28 9.8 40.29 11.4 40.3 7.9 40.31 11.1 40.32 15 40.33 17.4 40.33 13.1 40.33 18.4 40.34 11.5 40.34 15.3 40.35 11.8 40.35 10.7 40.36 13.2 40.36 11 40.37 12.8 40.37 13.8 40.37 15.1 40.38 10.4 40.38 9.5 40.39 9.7 40.39 25.9 40.39 13.9 40.4 43.5 40.4 41.5 40.4 35.6 40.4 35.1 40.41 26.9 40.41 18.6 40.41 18 40.42 20.6 40.42 23.5 40.42 23.3 40.43 23.6 40.43 23.9 40.43 25.2 40.44 17 40.45 11.4 40.45 4.4 40.46 3.4 40.47 6.7 40.48 9.5 40.49 12 40.5 13.2 40.52 19.2 40.53 21.4 40.54 22.3 40.54 24.1 40.55 29.9 40.56 26.6 40.56 31.9 40.57 20.9 40.58 19.8 40.58 23.3 40.59 19.3 40.59 22.3 40.59 23.4 40.6 18.1 40.6 16.9 40.61 18.7 40.61 22.6 40.61 28.3 40.62 29.6 40.62 30.2 40.63 35.3 40.63 31.7 40.64 37.9 40.64 40.2 40.65 46.2 40.65 51.8 40.65 54.7 40.66 56.7 40.66 56 40.67 56 40.67 51.9 40.68 50.7 40.68 49.1 40.68 49.2 40.69 48.2 40.69 45.8 40.7 44.5 40.7 45.5 40.71 55.4 40.71 51.8 40.72 57.8 40.72 54.7 40.72 54.8 40.73 56 40.73 55.3 40.74 54.6 40.74 55.2 40.74 57.2 40.75 59.1 40.75 55.8 40.76 45.9 40.76 50.4 40.76 44.2 40.76 49.4 40.77 55 40.77 57.7 40.77 51 40.78 37.7 40.78 37.1 40.78 41.7 40.79 45.8 40.79 52.7 40.79 55.7 40.79 41.3 40.8 52.7 40.8 44.9 40.8 37.9 40.81 30.7 40.81 26.6 40.81 26.1 40.82 34.3 40.82 44.8 40.82 55.7 40.83 62.2 40.83 63.9 40.83 64.7 40.83 62.4 40.84 60.3 40.84 58.5 40.84 55 40.85 52.8 40.85 52 40.85 52.7 40.86 61.6 40.86 53.8 40.86 53.4 40.86 55.8 40.86 53.6 40.87 72.9 40.87 68 40.87 71.8 40.87 73.7 40.88 61.9 40.88 63 40.88 64.9 40.88 68.8 40.89 66.6 40.89 70.4 40.89 76.4 40.89 62.7 40.9 79.8 40.9 80.8 40.9 78.8 40.9 79.9 40.9 78.6 40.91 77.2 40.91 78.7 40.91 75.6 40.91 72.5 40.91 73 40.91 78.5 40.91 79 40.92 62.1 40.92 65.2 40.92 59.3 40.92 61.9 40.92 60.1 40.92 69.9 40.92 67.7 40.93 56.7 40.93 57.1 40.93 58 40.93 56.1 40.93 57.8 40.94 59.4 40.94 62.2 40.94 62.7 40.95 68.8 40.95 71 40.95 71.7 40.95 66 40.96 71.1 40.96 70.8 40.96 69.8 40.97 68.9 40.97 67.1 40.97 65.8 40.98 60.3 40.98 63.6 40.98 63.7 40.98 60.1 40.98 65.4 40.99 58.2 40.99 58.3 41 57 41 57.4 41 58 41.01 65.9 41.01 62.1 41.01 59.2 41.02 70.9 41.02 71.7 41.02 71 41.02 69.3 41.03 57.1 41.03 65.9 41.03 65 41.03 61.6 41.03 69.4 41.04 46.9 41.04 44.6 41.04 48 41.04 50.4 41.05 47.9 41.05 49.8 41.05 50 41.05 47.1 41.05 48.5 41.06 63.9 41.06 59.7 41.06 67.1 41.06 71.9 41.06 70.2 41.06 52.2 41.06 57.1 41.07 69.2 41.07 70.4 41.07 72.1 41.07 66.5 41.07 66.5 41.07 64.4 41.07 72.8 41.07 73.4 41.07 72.9 41.08 61.9 41.08 62.1 41.08 61.7 41.08 66.4 41.08 62.6 41.08 64.1 41.08 61.9 41.09 71.2 41.09 72.5 41.09 68.8 41.09 69.2 41.09 70.6 41.1 67.6 41.1 69.2 41.1 65.3 41.1 66.1 41.1 69.2 41.11 72.7 41.11 69 41.11 73.4 41.11 75.1 41.11 65.9 41.12 63.3 41.12 65.7 41.12 59.8 41.12 61.4 41.12 69.9 41.13 57.4 41.13 56.4 41.13 67.8 41.13 61.5 41.13 58 41.14 65.5 41.14 73.3 41.14 71.4 41.14 66.1 41.14 72.4 41.15 71.8 41.15 73.5 41.15 71.3 41.15 66.2 41.16 65.6 41.16 67.2 41.16 68.5 41.16 66.7 41.16 69.9 41.17 61.6 41.17 61.6 41.17 66.6 41.17 63.2 41.17 63.4 41.18 68.2 41.18 68.6 41.18 70.8 41.18 69.4 41.18 68.1 41.19 79.4 41.19 74.2 41.19 84 41.19 81.3 41.19 73.5 41.2 70.3 41.2 69.3 41.2 75.3 41.2 72.6 41.2 73 41.2 78.1 41.21 74.3 41.21 76.2 41.21 72.4 41.21 73.7 41.21 76.3 41.22 68.6 41.22 70 41.22 70.6 41.22 71.7 41.23 70 41.25 70.4 41.26 69.3 41.26 71.4 41.27 70.1 41.27 72.7 41.28 75.3 41.28 75.1 41.29 71.5 41.29 69.2 41.29 68.3 41.3 68.9 41.3 69.9 41.31 70.6 41.31 72.5 41.31 71.2 41.32 69.5 41.32 64.2 41.33 61 41.33 61.5 41.33 59.1 41.34 62.2 41.34 62.6 41.35 61 41.35 71.2 41.35 63.4 41.36 80.3 41.36 80.3 41.37 77.6 41.37 72.1 41.38 68.1 41.38 71.2 41.39 66.1 41.39 67.9 41.4 72.2 41.4 77.7 41.41 79.4 41.42 76.2 41.42 75 41.43 71.8 41.44 70.1 41.45 72.6 41.45 67.5 41.46 78.6 41.47 81.3 41.48 76.8 41.48 75.1 41.49 77.4 41.5 78.9 41.51 80.3 41.52 79.5 41.54 83 41.56 85.8 41.58 87.8 41.6 89 41.61 88.7 5. Carbonate percent data for Site 1219 from Tripati et al (2005). Age CaCO3 MMYr wt % 33.042 79.978 33.564 1.0669 34.371 3.2017 38.252 0.18 38.29 0.18 38.325 0.16 38.363 0.16 38.398 0.13 38.437 0.14 38.502 0.14 38.523 0.15 38.544 0.18 38.58 0.15 38.615 0.13 38.651 0.17 38.638 0.14 38.661 0.15 38.684 6.93 38.705 11.72 38.716 30.56 38.887 1.95 38.928 3.66 38.953 1.15 38.984 4.59 39.014 0.57 39.04 12.57 39.064 29.25 39.089 9.74 39.103 16.22 39.132 6.31 39.157 13.14 39.222 6.56 39.253 5.7 39.285 6.06 39.317 2.27 39.348 3.83 39.364 7.83 39.344 0.57 39.368 0.64 39.396 0.5 39.422 0.33 39.452 0.13 39.455 0.13 39.532 0.32 39.556 0.33 39.581 0.12 39.607 0.12 39.631 0.11 39.657 0.1 39.681 0.11 39.702 0.1 39.729 0.08 39.711 0.07 39.731 0.08 39.752 0.12 39.778 0.09 39.79 0.08 39.813 0.14 39.838 0.09 39.863 0.33 39.887 0.1 39.902 0.15 39.937 0.21 39.974 0.1 40.001 0.11 40.028 0.09 40.034 0.1 40.062 0.1 40.091 0.09 40.12 0.09 40.133 0.1 40.163 0.07 40.414 0.09 40.427 0.58 40.456 0.08 40.467 0.09 40.468 0.09 40.476 0.1 40.501 0.09 40.507 0.08 40.548 0.09 40.552 0.1 40.575 0.1 40.58 0.1 40.593 0.1 40.598 0.11 40.609 0.13 40.623 0.1 40.629 0.11 40.643 0.07 40.647 0.09 40.662 0.08 40.667 0.09 40.683 0.89 40.687 0.96 40.703 1.05 40.707 1.34 40.721 6.24 40.728 7.67 40.741 5.38 40.747 4.51 40.747 3.39 40.757 3.5 40.76 2.32 40.769 15.97 40.771 24.2 40.78 7.47 40.783 1.53 40.793 15.7 40.796 21.62 40.796 20.52 40.805 7.58 40.808 2.56 40.816 2.72 40.82 0.32 40.828 1.48 40.831 2.63 40.84 18.06 40.843 33.9 40.853 28.54 40.855 27.81 40.851 16.86 40.853 22.87 40.854 21.88 40.862 23.7 40.866 28.9 40.874 61.24 40.877 55.86 40.886 40.77 40.889 35.5 40.899 23.3 40.903 26.19 40.92 73.07 40.925 70.77 40.939 60.07 40.945 54.34 40.96 20.12 40.965 21.79 40.936 26.78 40.951 41.91 40.959 46.78 40.975 22.66 40.982 24.86 41.025 32.56 41.029 24.15 41.04 14.33 41.043 8.39 41.045 8.73 41.064 17.9 41.067 11.3 41.078 32.09 41.083 26.68 41.094 40.39 41.097 25.83 41.106 46.53 41.117 32.24 41.121 31.37 41.132 58.74 41.136 46.97 41.148 31.29 41.152 32.99 41.133 17.72 41.135 14.27 41.144 27.64 41.147 28.64 41.147 24.79 41.154 38.54 41.158 42.86 41.165 15.86 41.168 21.26 41.182 16.44 41.187 19.08 41.284 15.55 41.307 32.29 41.329 35.14 41.349 31.75 41.359 7.95 41.37 10.63 41.377 48.56 41.39 27.85 41.397 39.47 41.418 28.16 41.432 35.78 41.445 24.69 41.459 35.35 41.502 15.17 41.532 3.74 41.584 13.6 41.665 8 41.749 16.53 41.828 16.31 41.89 20.69 41.928 8.98 41.969 17.74 42.008 6.66 42.045 11.39 42.067 6.43 42.106 12.39 42.143 15.15 42.182 6.01 42.221 5.73 42.261 1.46 42.3 1.81 42.337 0.23 42.359 3.19 42.398 6.18 42.435 3.77 42.474 10.91 42.513 10.72 42.554 7.69 42.593 3.67 42.63 7.11 42.651 3.04 42.69 1.81 42.727 3.37 42.766 0.88 42.805 7.99 42.846 4.69 42.885 4.71 42.922 3.07 42.943 3.53 42.982 9.91 43.019 7.19 43.235 1.52 43.235 0.12 43.274 1.93 43.35 1.83 43.389 1.6 43.43 0.93 43.469 0.97 43.506 1.22 43.527 0.39 43.566 0.85 43.603 1.64 43.642 2.15 43.681 3.12 43.722 3.02 43.761 2.89 43.798 2.06 43.819 1.92 43.856 2.54 43.895 2.75 43.934 2.67 43.973 2.38 44.012 0.31 44.051 0.45 44.09 0.16 44.109 0.11 44.148 0.75 44.187 0.11 44.226 2.79 44.265 24.98 44.306 9.97 44.345 27.32 44.382 40.84 44.404 29.74 44.442 13.27 44.479 30.4 44.518 29.01 44.557 31.99 44.598 41.67 44.637 11.86 44.674 0.88 44.696 20.29 44.735 18.17 44.772 20.96 44.811 12.38 44.849 16.56 44.89 8.06 44.929 4.83 44.966 18.36 44.988 15.52 45.027 0.11 45.347 28.95 45.424 19.58 45.494 18.84 45.567 5.14 45.64 0.17 45.718 12.66 45.791 5.24 45.861 13.44 45.901 2.7 45.974 0.54 46.044 0.18 46.118 0.36 46.191 0.59 46.268 0.14 46.342 0.98 46.411 1.7 46.452 0.14 46.525 0.96 46.595 2.15 46.668 0.6 46.742 0.75 46.819 1.27 46.892 1.68 46.962 4.8 47.002 7.82 47.076 8.35 47.145 13.17 47.219 5.59 47.292 1 47.369 4.23 47.443 5.07 47.512 2.82 47.571 4.22 47.645 5.43 47.718 4.22 47.788 4.55 47.861 1.88 47.935 1.12 48.012 0.54 48.085 0.18 48.122 0.16 48.195 0.15 48.269 0.33 48.338 0.36 48.412 0.23 48.485 0.4 48.562 0.35 48.636 0.22 48.672 0.12 48.746 0.16 48.819 0.11 48.889 0.17 49.201 0.12 49.278 0.15 49.348 0.18 49.421 0.17 49.495 0.14 49.572 0.16 49.645 0.14 49.718 0.13 49.751 0.14 49.829 0.12 49.902 0.12 53.095 0.42 53.095 92.61 53.169 23.06 53.238 73.55 53.316 86.64 53.389 82.72 53.408 87.06 53.419 61.22 53.429 87.04 53.444 91.93 53.454 93.38 53.465 95.48 53.475 93.88 53.485 93.49 53.495 95.75 53.505 96.68 53.51 94.7 53.521 95.53 53.53 96.28 53.541 96.47 54.318 96.52 54.36 92.22 54.397 90.82 54.478 90.33 6. Bulk carbonate oxygen isotope data for Site 1218 from Tripati et al (2005). Age d18O bulk CaCO3 MMYr per mil VPDB 40.331 -1.73 40.34 -1.63 40.35 -1.59 40.359 -1.63 40.361 -1.76 40.367 -1.61 40.376 -1.77 40.383 -1.57 40.39 -1.44 40.395 -1.26 40.398 -1.21 40.401 -1.26 40.408 -1.32 40.414 -1.43 40.421 -1.37 40.427 -1.41 40.433 -1.67 40.44 -1.76 40.444 -1.69 40.452 -1.83 40.467 -1.59 40.479 -1.57 40.49 -1.52 40.504 -1.55 40.516 -1.52 40.527 -1.21 40.537 -1.15 40.542 -1.08 40.545 -0.98 40.55 -1.15 40.556 -1.15 40.563 -1.19 40.57 -1.03 40.576 -1.16 40.577 -1.01 40.581 -1.22 40.585 -1.16 40.59 -1.17 40.594 -1.2 40.594 -1.32 40.597 -1.35 40.603 -1.27 40.606 -1.29 40.61 -1.25 40.615 -1.28 40.615 -1.33 40.619 -1.39 40.624 -1.26 40.629 -1.16 40.633 -1 40.634 -1.08 40.637 -0.94 40.641 -0.78 40.646 -0.92 40.65 -1.06 40.651 -1.02 40.654 -1.03 40.659 -1.02 40.667 -0.95 40.667 -0.85 40.672 -0.95 40.676 -0.96 40.68 -0.94 40.684 -0.94 40.687 -0.97 40.689 -0.87 40.692 -0.88 40.697 -0.73 40.701 -0.77 40.705 -0.82 40.705 -0.92 40.711 -0.84 40.715 -0.75 40.718 -1.02 40.719 -0.75 40.724 -0.77 40.727 -0.81 40.732 -0.72 40.736 -0.75 40.74 -0.77 40.744 -0.9 40.748 -0.79 40.748 -1.02 40.752 -0.76 40.755 -0.71 40.758 -0.87 40.761 -0.96 40.761 -0.86 40.763 -0.85 40.767 -0.95 40.77 -1 40.771 -0.91 40.773 -0.95 40.776 -0.88 40.783 -0.8 40.786 -0.78 40.789 -0.97 40.792 -0.68 40.796 -0.8 40.804 -0.78 40.807 -0.85 40.81 -0.98 40.813 -0.83 40.817 -0.96 40.82 -0.79 40.823 -0.87 40.825 -0.84 40.829 -0.85 40.831 -0.77 40.835 -0.6 40.838 -0.72 40.838 -0.72 40.841 -0.86 40.844 -0.73 40.848 -0.72 40.85 -0.69 40.851 -0.96 40.853 -0.77 40.855 -0.68 40.858 -0.48 40.86 -0.54 40.862 -0.77 40.864 -0.86 40.867 -0.78 40.87 -0.79 40.872 -0.8 40.874 -0.78 40.877 -0.7 40.879 -0.66 40.881 -0.75 40.883 -0.68 40.886 -0.59 40.888 -0.62 40.89 -0.8 40.893 -0.72 40.896 -0.67 40.899 -0.7 40.903 -0.81 40.907 -0.79 40.91 -0.82 40.914 -0.72 40.918 -0.63 40.921 -0.63 40.925 -0.56 40.928 -0.55 40.937 -0.64 40.944 -0.81 40.95 -0.87 40.951 -0.81 40.959 -0.89 40.967 -0.8 40.974 -0.86 40.975 -0.54 40.979 -0.91 40.984 -0.99 40.997 -0.85 41.013 -0.95 41.019 -0.88 41.025 -0.9 41.03 -0.93 41.034 -0.99 41.036 -0.99 41.041 -1.18 41.048 -1.06 41.053 -1.19 41.058 -0.99 41.059 -1.15 41.061 -0.94 41.064 -1.04 41.066 -1.1 41.069 -1.03 41.069 -0.95 41.071 -0.96 41.073 -0.82 41.076 -0.93 41.077 -0.81 41.078 -1 7. Bulk carbonate oxygen isotope data for Site 1219 from Tripati et al (2005) Age d18O MMYr per mil VPDB 38.72 0.58 39.049 -0.61 39.075 -0.87 39.103 -1.04 39.144 -0.62 39.208 -0.85 40 40.766 -1.13 40.773 -1.02 40.798 -1.1 40.835 -1.69 40.838 -1.77 40.846 -1.19 40.85 -1.05 40.856 -1.47 40.859 -1.24 40.861 -1.33 40.868 -0.92 40.871 -1.18 40.88 -1 40.884 -1.09 40.892 -1.12 40.896 -1.18 40.908 -1.18 40.929 -1.15 40.931 -0.97 40.94 -1.01 40.95 -0.97 40.964 -1.06 41.016 -1.11 41.033 -1.12 41.07 -1.57 41.087 -1.26 41.102 -1.13 41.109 -1.04 41.125 -0.96 41.138 -1.01 41.139 -1.06 41.149 -1.3 41.156 -1.09 41.16 -1.36 41.17 -1.35 41.295 -1.61 41.317 -1.39 41.342 -1.35 41.355 -1.36 41.374 -1.55 41.383 -1.27 41.397 -1.46 41.403 -1.25 41.425 -1.17 41.44 -1.11 41.453 -1.42 41.492 -1.38 41.553 -1.83 41.665 -1.8 41.702 -1.82 41.786 -1.9 41.872 -1.8 41.948 -1.89 41.987 -2.05 42.123 -2.35 42.164 -2.26 42.456 -2.16 42.495 -2.2 42.824 -1.98 43.04 -1.8 44 44.285 -1.93 44.324 -1.71 44.363 -1.28 44.404 -1.43 44.421 -1.57 44.501 -1.53 44.54 -1.23 44.577 -1.31 44.616 -1 44.655 -1.41 44.696 -1.81 44.988 -1.72 45.005 -1.57 45.384 -1.2 45.457 -1.48 46 47.109 -1.42 48 53.205 -1.23 53.275 -1.47 53.352 -1.39 53.403 -1.35 53.414 -1.23 53.424 -1.43 53.439 -1.21 53.449 -1.18 53.459 -0.87 53.47 -0.48 53.479 -0.42 53.49 -0.55 53.5 -0.61 53.51 -0.61 53.516 -0.52 53.526 -0.56 53.536 -0.57 53.546 -0.34 54.34 -1.27 54.377 -1.01 54.419 -1.27 54.458 -1.61