# Master Shell Growth Chronology from the Gulf of Maine 1761-2013 C.E. #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/19563 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/contributions_by_author/wanamaker2015/wanamaker2019-update.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # # Data_Type: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: physical properties #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-06-22 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-06-22 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Master Shell Growth Chronology from the Gulf of Maine 1761-2013 C.E. #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Wanamaker, Alan D.; Griffin, Shelly M.; Ummenhofer, Caroline C.; Whitney, Nina M.; Black, Bryan; Parfitt, Rhys; Lower-Spies, Erin E.; Introne, Douglas; Kreutz, Karl J. #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Updated 22-Jun-2019 with publication information and new data table. Live and dead Arctica islandica shells were collected in 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2014. All shell material is archived and stored at Iowa State University. A cross section of shell along the maximum growth axis was embedded in clear epoxy (Beulher Epoxicure resin and hardener) before sectioning the embedded shell along the maximum growth axis. One of the two mirrored surface shell cross sectioned blocks was used for crossdating chronology work while the other was saved for later geochemical analysis. To obtain the clearest view of the growth increments, the cross sectioned shell surface was polished with five silicon carbide grinding paper levels (120, 400, 600, 800, 1200). Photographs of acetate peels and measurements of shell increments were completed at Iowa State University using a uEye camera and Buelher's OmniMet v9.5. Prior to measuring the thickness of annual increments, individual shell increments were visually inspected and temporally aligned using several visual crossdating techniques (marker years, modified list method, and skeleton plots). Visual crossdating was statistically verified using SHELLCORR and COFECHA. If either program flagged a potential problem, the increments in question were visually inspected. Measurement series were only changed if an error from measuring or visual crossdating was clearly visible upon reinspection. Applying these techniques of crossdating sclerochronological archives resulted in precisely dated and a highly replicated master shell chronology (average expressed population signal = 0.94; series intercorrelation =0.76) from a site within the central Gulf of Maine (northwestern Atlantic Ocean). Arctica islandica growth-increment chronologies were developed with program ARSTAN: http://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/res/fac/trl/public/publicSoftware.html and detrended using appropriate standardization for each data set Authors (Exactly as written in the publication citation) (cubic splines, negative exponential, or linear regression with negative or 0 slope). The "standard" chronology from ARSTAN is reported. # Provided Keywords: Gulf of Maine, crossdating, age control, Arctica islandica, growth chronology #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Wanamaker, Alan D., Shelly M. Griffin, Caroline C. Ummenhofer, Nina M. Whitney, Bryan Black, Rhys Parfitt, Erin E. Lower-Spies, Douglas Introne, and Karl J. Kreutz # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019 # Published_Title: Pacific climate influences on ocean conditions and extreme shell growth events in the Northwestern Atlantic (Gulf of Maine) # Journal_Name: Climate Dynamics # Volume: 52 # Edition: # Issue: 11 # Pages: 6339-6356 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1007/s00382-018-4513-8 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The Gulf of Maine is undergoing rapid environmental and ecological changes, yet our spatial and temporal understanding of the climatic and hydrographic variability in this region, including extreme events, is limited and biased to recent decades. In this study, we utilize a highly replicated, multi-century master shell growth chronology derived from the annual increments formed in the shells of the long-lived bivalve Arctica islandica collected in 38 m from the central coastal region in the Gulf of Maine. Our results indicate that shell growth is highly synchronous and inversely related to local seawater temperatures. Using composite analyses of extreme shell growth events from CE 1900 to 2013, we extend our understanding of the fac- tors driving oceanic variability and shell growth in the Northwestern Atlantic back to CE 1761. We suggest that extreme shell growth events are primarily controlled by Gulf of Maine sea surface temperature (SST) and stratification conditions, which in turn appear to be largely influenced by SST patterns in the Pacific Ocean through their influence on mid-latitude atmospheric circulation patterns and the location of the eddy-driven jet. The large-scale jet dynamics during these extreme years manifest as precipitation and moisture transport anomalies and regional SST conditions in the Gulf of Maine that either enhance or inhibit shell growth. Pacific climate variability is thus an important, yet understudied, influence on Gulf of Maine ocean conditions. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: OCE-1003438, OCE-1003423 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Seguin Island # Location: Gulf of Maine # Northernmost_Latitude: 43.714151 # Southernmost_Latitude: 43.714151 # Easternmost_Longitude: -69.751652 # Westernmost_Longitude: -69.751652 # Elevation: -38 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Seguin Island Shell Growth Wanamaker15 # First_Year: 1761 # Last_Year: 2013 # Time_Unit: year Common Era # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #--------------------------------------- # Variables # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) ## year age,,,year Common Era,,paleoceanography,,,N, ## std_index growth rate,bivalve,,standard deviation unit,,paleoceanography,detrended;averaged,,N,detrended growth increment width of Arctica islandica; measured each increment width; detrended using appropriate standardization; averaged individual and detrended shell measurements together using a biweighted average ## shell_depth number of samples,bivalve,,count,,paleoceanography,,,N,number of Arctica islandica shells included in std index calculation for given year #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: year std_index shell_depth 1761 1.516791667 6 1762 1.009325 6 1763 0.580583333 6 1764 1.53945 6 1765 1.134091667 6 1766 0.808641667 6 1767 0.859058333 6 1768 0.868725 6 1769 1.0155 6 1770 1.059157143 7 1771 0.84368125 8 1772 0.996864286 7 1773 1.251771429 7 1774 1.245514286 7 1775 0.6448 7 1776 1.0935 7 1777 1.1081 7 1778 1.09015 7 1779 1.005564286 7 1780 1.487321429 7 1781 1.033871429 7 1782 0.90885625 8 1783 1.09535 8 1784 0.759755 10 1785 0.97288 10 1786 0.639185 10 1787 0.756715 10 1788 1.127545 10 1789 1.00403 10 1790 0.97389 10 1791 0.630259091 11 1792 1.177486364 11 1793 0.941509091 11 1794 1.030563636 11 1795 0.691395455 11 1796 0.91915 11 1797 0.678445455 11 1798 0.8875 11 1799 0.673136364 11 1800 0.669922727 11 1801 0.409559091 11 1802 0.554468182 11 1803 0.702181818 11 1804 0.9441125 12 1805 0.782466667 12 1806 1.14605 12 1807 0.93895 12 1808 0.61995 12 1809 1.4619125 12 1810 1.521679167 12 1811 0.949845833 12 1812 0.848179167 12 1813 1.780266667 12 1814 1.3197 12 1815 1.350233333 12 1816 2.128875 12 1817 1.880516667 12 1818 0.8161 12 1819 0.749316667 12 1820 1.931775 12 1821 1.525404545 11 1822 1.363986364 11 1823 1.085477273 11 1824 1.516872727 11 1825 0.626277273 11 1826 1.52413 10 1827 1.106125 10 1828 0.57634 10 1829 1.125035 10 1830 1.144145 10 1831 0.599665 10 1832 0.992772222 9 1833 1.209561111 9 1834 1.402016667 9 1835 0.934477778 9 1836 1.032333333 9 1837 0.986261111 9 1838 0.633605556 9 1839 1.028533333 9 1840 0.461194444 9 1841 0.670038889 9 1842 0.721416667 9 1843 0.3839625 8 1844 0.9816625 8 1845 0.83160625 8 1846 0.901144444 9 1847 0.73439375 8 1848 1.203975 8 1849 1.27148125 8 1850 0.5817625 8 1851 1.352925 8 1852 1.29745 8 1853 0.9893375 8 1854 0.9841625 8 1855 0.95148125 8 1856 1.037475 8 1857 0.52190625 8 1858 1.719838889 9 1859 1.066572222 9 1860 1.2545 10 1861 0.619977273 11 1862 1.279813636 11 1863 0.557968182 11 1864 0.586545455 11 1865 0.671095455 11 1866 0.494890909 11 1867 0.529745455 11 1868 1.710386364 11 1869 0.884040909 11 1870 0.640718182 11 1871 0.405845455 11 1872 0.93955 11 1873 1.187977273 11 1874 0.793936364 11 1875 0.577425 10 1876 0.70924 10 1877 0.90265 9 1878 0.49015625 8 1879 0.8597125 8 1880 1.257425 8 1881 0.625475 8 1882 1.46319375 8 1883 1.2541125 8 1884 0.946675 6 1885 1.1873 5 1886 0.76341 5 1887 0.94629 5 1888 1.68434 5 1889 1.32888 5 1890 1.37083 5 1891 0.66677 5 1892 1.185583333 6 1893 1.220683333 6 1894 0.735983333 6 1895 0.420658333 6 1896 1.370358333 6 1897 0.894933333 6 1898 0.720891667 6 1899 0.653175 6 1900 1.063675 6 1901 0.65642 5 1902 0.93839 5 1903 0.8026 5 1904 0.5445 5 1905 0.57322 5 1906 1.26554 5 1907 0.67315 5 1908 0.96089 5 1909 1.205583333 6 1910 1.39878 5 1911 0.9135 5 1912 1.76099 5 1913 1.47175 5 1914 1.08901 5 1915 0.94374 5 1916 1.09115 5 1917 1.002 5 1918 1.03536 5 1919 1.06064 5 1920 1.085833333 6 1921 0.569783333 6 1922 1.01356 5 1923 0.76452 5 1924 0.89638 5 1925 0.80904 5 1926 1.5467 5 1927 0.79157 5 1928 1.05512 5 1929 0.51938 5 1930 1.142858333 6 1931 0.588864286 7 1932 1.274207143 7 1933 0.957278571 7 1934 0.431035714 7 1935 1.1505375 8 1936 1.29025 9 1937 0.551538889 9 1938 1.391366667 9 1939 1.286411111 9 1940 0.91667 10 1941 0.798525 10 1942 1.349605 10 1943 1.81131 10 1944 1.11335 10 1945 0.82729 10 1946 0.64902 10 1947 0.442991667 12 1948 0.772442857 14 1949 0.955053333 15 1950 0.625713333 15 1951 0.90362 15 1952 0.78444 15 1953 1.27372 15 1954 1.169306667 15 1955 0.458643333 15 1956 1.02345 15 1957 1.49394 15 1958 0.537026667 15 1959 2.151875 14 1960 1.129357692 13 1961 0.791392308 13 1962 0.847642308 13 1963 1.537969231 13 1964 1.264584615 13 1965 1.400615385 13 1966 1.118392308 13 1967 0.767826923 13 1968 1.105130769 13 1969 0.502603846 13 1970 1.273261538 13 1971 0.798042308 13 1972 0.432630769 13 1973 0.366592308 13 1974 0.7769 13 1975 0.406903846 13 1976 0.423011538 13 1977 0.842384615 13 1978 1.208984615 13 1979 1.165984615 13 1980 1.212588462 13 1981 1.234826923 13 1982 1.050392308 13 1983 1.316480769 13 1984 0.681676923 13 1985 1.226896154 13 1986 1.244238462 13 1987 2.608692308 13 1988 1.317511538 13 1989 1.713561538 13 1990 1.457992308 13 1991 0.66585 13 1992 0.795696154 13 1993 1.276534615 13 1994 1.052726923 13 1995 1.094610714 14 1996 0.959185714 14 1997 0.973928571 14 1998 0.855225 14 1999 0.812607143 14 2000 0.852464286 14 2001 1.032510714 14 2002 0.799739286 14 2003 0.957297059 17 2004 0.363608824 17 2005 1.556779412 17 2006 0.485832353 17 2007 1.385017647 17 2008 0.728041176 17 2009 0.717729412 17 2010 0.6464375 4 2011 1.0581625 4 2012 0.9537125 4 2013 1.1496 4