Deglacial Deep Ocean B/Ca Carbonate Ion Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Deglacial Deep Ocean B/Ca Carbonate Ion Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 11/2010 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Yu, J., W.S. Broecker, H. Elderfield, Z. Jin, J. McManus, F. Zhang. IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-129 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Yu, J., et al. 2010. Deglacial Deep Ocean B/Ca Carbonate Ion Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-129. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Yu, J., W.S. Broecker, H. Elderfield, Z. Jin, J. McManus, and F. Zhang. 2010. Loss of Carbon from the Deep Sea Since the Last Glacial Maximum. Science, Vol. 330, pp. 1084-1087, 19 November 2010. DOI: 10.1126/science.1193221 ABSTRACT: Deep-ocean carbonate ion concentrations ([CO3 2-]) and carbon isotopic ratios (d13C) place important constraints on past redistributions of carbon in the ocean-land-atmosphere system and hence provide clues to the causes of atmospheric CO2 concentration changes. However, existing deep-sea [CO3 2-] reconstructions conflict with one another, complicating paleoceanographic interpretations. Here, we present deep-sea [CO3 2-] for five cores from the three major oceans quantified using benthic foraminiferal boron/calcium ratios since the last glacial period. Combined benthic d13C and [CO3 2-] results indicate that deep-sea-released CO2 during the early deglacial period (17.5 to 14.5 thousand years ago) was preferentially stored in the atmosphere, whereas during the late deglacial period (14 to 10 thousand years ago), besides contributing to the contemporary atmospheric CO2 rise, a substantial portion of CO2 released from oceans was absorbed by the terrestrial biosphere. ADDITIONAL REFERENCE: Yu, J.M., G.L. Foster, H. Elderfield, W.S. Broecker, and E. Clark. 2010. An evaluation of benthic foraminiferal B/Ca and d11B for deep ocean carbonate ion and pH reconstructions. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., Vol. 293(1-2), pp. 114-120. DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2010.02.029 GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global Ocean PERIOD OF RECORD: 53 - 3 KYrBP FUNDING SOURCES: Lamont-Doherty Postdoctoral Fellowship (J.Y.), US National Science Foundation, US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, Comer Education Foundation, National Natural Science Foundation of China, and U.K. Natural Environment Research Council. DESCRIPTION: Benthic foraminiferal boron/calcium ratios and stable isotope data for five cores from the three major oceans used to reconstruct deep-sea carbonate ion [CO3 2-] since the last glacial period. Site Locations: Core MW91-9 GGC15 (Intermediate equatorial Pacific): 0°N, 158°E, 2310m water depth Core MW91-9 GGC48 (West equatorial Pacific at 3.4 km): 0°N, 161°E, 3400m water depth Core WIND 28K (Abyssal Indo-Pacific): 10.2°N, 51.8°E, 4147m water depth BOFS 8K (Deep North Atlantic): 52.5°N, 22.1°W, 4045m water depth Core VM28-122 (Intermediate North Atlantic): 12°N, 79°W, 3623m water depth DATA: Table S2. B/Ca, d18O and d13C in benthic foraminifera together with calculated deep water [CO32-] values for MW91-9 GGC15. [CO32-]downcore = [CO32-]preindustrial + (B/Cadowncore-B/Ca core-top)/1.14, where [CO32-]preindustrial = 73 mmol/kg. Data source: Yu et al. 2010 Science 330: 1084-1087 Depth Depth Mid Cal Age d18O d13C d18O d13C d18O d13C B/Ca B/Ca B/Ca [CO32-] top bottom depth cibs+cw cibs+cw avg avg sd sd C. wuel avg sd cm cm cm kyr ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/kg 2 3 2.5 3.7 2.24 0.33 2.24 0.33 181.5 181.5 73.0 4 5 4.5 4.1 176.6 176.6 68.7 6 7 6.5 4.6 3.06 0.12 3.06 0.12 177.6 177.6 69.5 8 9 8.5 5.1 2.72 0.41 2.62 0.40 0.14 0.02 177.4 177.4 69.4 8 9 8.5 5.1 2.52 0.39 10 11 10.5 5.6 180.4 180.4 72.0 12 13 12.5 6.1 3.38 0.28 3.38 0.28 182.6 182.6 73.9 14 15 14.5 6.6 180.1 180.1 71.7 16 17 16.5 7.5 2.68 0.25 2.68 0.25 179.2 179.2 70.9 18 19 18.5 8.5 3.24 0.24 3.24 0.24 181.3 184.3 4.3 75.4 18 19 18.5 8.5 187.3 20 21 20.5 9.4 2.79 0.25 2.79 0.25 176.8 174.5 3.4 66.8 20 21 20.5 9.4 172.1 22 23 22.5 10.4 182.1 182.1 73.5 24 25 24.5 11.5 3.31 -0.03 3.31 -0.03 180.7 180.7 72.2 26 27 26.5 12.5 3.96 -0.17 3.96 -0.17 182.7 182.7 74.0 28 29 28.5 13.5 3.87 -0.02 3.87 -0.02 177.9 177.9 69.8 30 31 30.5 14.5 3.94 -0.28 3.94 -0.28 178.0 178.0 69.9 32 33 32.5 15.6 3.52 0.08 3.52 0.08 177.4 177.4 69.4 34 35 34.5 16.6 4.03 -0.04 4.12 -0.04 0.13 0.00 179.8 179.8 71.5 34 35 34.5 16.6 4.22 -0.04 36 37 36.5 18.2 4.15 -0.14 4.15 -0.14 179.3 179.3 71.0 38 39 38.5 19.8 181.2 181.2 72.7 40 41 40.5 21.3 4.20 -0.05 4.20 -0.05 179.6 179.6 71.3 42 43 42.5 22.9 3.99 -0.18 3.99 -0.18 183.4 183.4 74.6 44 45 44.5 24.5 3.79 -0.06 3.92 -0.05 0.18 0.02 176.6 176.6 68.7 44 45 44.5 24.5 4.05 -0.03 46 47 46.5 26.1 4.10 0.01 4.10 0.01 175.1 178.3 3.8 70.2 46 47 46.5 26.1 182.4 46 47 46.5 26.1 177.4 48 49 48.5 27.1 4.16 -0.04 4.16 -0.04 177.3 178.5 1.1 70.3 48 49 48.5 27.1 179.4 48 49 48.5 27.1 178.8 50 51 50.5 28.1 4.07 -0.03 4.07 -0.03 176.2 176.2 68.3 52 53 52.5 29.1 3.96 0.00 3.96 0.00 181.4 181.4 72.8 54 55 54.5 30.1 3.72 0.07 3.72 0.07 180.3 180.3 71.9 56 57 56.5 31.1 3.55 0.02 3.55 0.02 181.8 181.8 73.3 58 59 58.5 32.1 3.92 0.04 3.92 0.04 181.8 181.8 73.2 60 61 60.5 33.1 3.99 0.09 3.99 0.09 178.2 173.5 4.1 65.9 60 61 60.5 33.1 171.8 60 61 60.5 33.1 170.4 64 65 64.5 35.1 3.92 0.16 3.92 0.16 187.1 181.8 4.5 73.3 64 65 64.5 35.1 176.2 64 65 64.5 35.1 181.3 64 65 64.5 35.1 182.8 68 69 68.5 37.1 3.54 0.14 3.60 0.11 0.08 0.05 181.0 180.0 1.3 71.7 68 69 68.5 37.1 3.66 0.07 179.1 72 73 72.5 39.1 3.76 0.02 3.76 0.02 175.9 175.9 68.1 76 77 76.5 41.1 3.87 0.16 3.87 0.16 180.0 180.0 71.6 80 81 80.5 43.1 3.59 0.06 3.59 0.06 182.4 182.4 73.7 84 85 84.5 45.0 3.86 0.28 3.84 0.22 0.03 0.08 181.0 181.0 72.6 84 85 84.5 45.0 3.81 0.17 88 89 88.5 47.0 3.70 0.09 3.70 0.09 180.6 176.8 3.3 68.8 88 89 88.5 47.0 175.0 88 89 88.5 47.0 174.7 92 93 92.5 49.0 3.62 0.10 3.62 0.10 180.4 180.4 72.0 96 97 96.5 51.0 3.72 0.29 3.75 0.22 0.04 0.10 185.5 185.5 76.5 96 97 96.5 51.0 3.78 0.15 100 101 100.5 53.0 3.66 -0.03 3.66 -0.03 184.1 184.1 75.2 Table S3. B/Ca, d18O and d13C in benthic foraminifera together with calculated deep water [CO32-] values for MW91-9 GGC48. [CO32-]downcore = [CO32-]preindustrial + (B/Cadowncore-B/Ca core-top)/1.14, where [CO32-]preindustrial = 78 mmol/kg. Data source: Yu et al. 2010 Science 330: 1084-1087 Depth Depth Mid Cal Age d18O d13C d18O d13C d18O d13C B/Ca B/Ca B/Ca [CO32-] top bottom depth cibs+cw cibs+cw avg avg sd sd C. wuel avg sd cm cm cm kyr ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB ‰-PDB mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/kg 0 1 0.5 4.16 2.65 0.11 2 3 2.5 4.57 2.58 0.46 157.0 78.0 4 5 4.5 4.97 2.75 0.11 159.9 80.5 6 7 6.5 5.37 2.56 0.16 156.0 77.1 8 9 8.5 5.78 2.56 0.33 2.64 0.34 0.12 0.01 159.0 79.7 8 9 8.5 5.78 2.73 0.34 10 11 10.5 6.18 3.06 0.02 160.4 80.9 12 13 12.5 7.35 2.64 0.31 159.2 79.9 14 15 14.5 8.52 2.71 0.27 2.82 0.21 0.15 0.08 157.7 78.6 14 15 14.5 8.52 2.92 0.15 16 17 16.5 9.25 160.5 81.0 18 19 18.5 9.99 3.04 0.07 18 21 19.5 10.36 165.4 85.3 20 21 20.5 10.72 3.33 -0.10 22 23 22.5 11.35 3.52 -0.12 161.7 82.1 24 25 24.5 11.98 3.36 -0.18 3.29 -0.16 0.10 0.03 161.0 162.6 2.3 81.5 24 25 24.5 11.98 3.22 -0.14 164.3 84.4 26 27 26.5 12.99 4.29 -0.16 4.01 -0.16 0.40 0.01 165.4 165.0 0.6 85.3 26 27 26.5 12.99 3.73 -0.15 164.6 84.6 28 29 28.5 13.99 3.66 -0.36 164.1 84.2 29 30 29.5 14.80 159.5 160.5 1.5 80.1 29 30 29.5 14.80 161.6 82.0 30 31 30.5 15.60 3.94 -0.24 159.4 80.1 32 33 32.5 17.22 4.41 -0.18 153.7 75.0 33 34 33.5 18.02 151.7 73.4 34 35 34.5 18.83 4.51 -0.29 4.46 -0.21 0.08 0.11 150.5 72.3 34 35 34.5 18.83 4.40 -0.13 36 37 36.5 19.57 4.34 -0.26 153.4 74.8 38 39 38.5 20.31 4.08 -0.22 149.5 151.8 3.3 71.4 38 39 38.5 20.31 154.2 75.5 40 41 40.5 21.05 4.14 -0.26 42 43 42.5 21.79 4.21 -0.24 44 45 44.5 23.35 4.24 -0.29 147.1 69.3 46 47 46.5 24.92 4.01 -0.31 152.4 73.9 48 49 48.5 26.48 3.92 -0.24 147.9 70.0 50 51 50.5 28.05 4.25 -0.10 146.8 69.0 52 53 52.5 28.56 4.04 -0.09 149.2 148.3 1.3 71.1 52 53 52.5 28.56 147.4 69.5 54 55 54.5 29.07 3.93 -0.01 149.0 71.0 56 57 56.5 29.58 3.61 -0.30 150.8 72.5 58 59 58.5 30.09 3.86 -0.28 150.4 72.2 60 61 60.5 30.60 152.4 73.9 62 63 62.5 31.11 4.01 -0.07 149.2 71.1 64 65 64.5 31.62 3.72 -0.04 152.7 74.2 66 67 66.5 32.18 3.84 -0.16 157.6 78.5 68 69 68.5 32.92 156.3 77.4 70 71 70.5 33.66 3.83 0.16 72 73 72.5 34.40 158.8 79.6 74 75 74.5 35.14 4.05 0.09 162.3 82.6 76 77 76.5 35.88 3.87 -0.05 159.6 80.3 78 79 78.5 36.61 3.64 -0.09 163.2 83.4 80 81 80.5 37.35 3.84 -0.08 81 82 81.5 37.72 158.3 79.1 82 83 82.5 38.09 3.66 -0.01 3.52 -0.19 0.19 0.25 82 83 82.5 38.09 3.38 -0.37 84 85 84.5 38.83 3.52 -0.16 153.6 75.0 86 87 86.5 39.57 3.70 -0.07 153.1 74.5 88 89 88.5 40.30 3.91 0.00 3.91 -0.01 0.01 0.00 152.7 74.2 88 89 88.5 40.30 3.90 -0.01 90 91 90.5 41.04 3.69 -0.08 157.2 78.1 92 93 92.5 41.78 4.38 0.32 153.7 75.1 94 95 94.5 42.52 3.95 0.13 159.1 79.8 96 97 96.5 43.26 4.19 -0.28 157.7 78.6 98 99 98.5 43.99 3.72 0.01 158.5 79.2 100 101 100.5 44.73 3.79 0.05 154.3 75.6 104 105 104.5 46.21 3.57 0.03 106 107 106.5 46.95 3.88 0.10 108 109 108.5 47.68 3.78 0.11 156.7 77.7 112 113 112.5 49.16 3.72 0.07 152.9 74.3 114 115 114.5 49.90 3.91 -0.13 155.1 76.3 116 117 116.5 50.64 160.0 80.6 120 121 120.5 52.11 3.67 -0.35 160.5 81.0 Table S4. B/Ca in benthic foraminifera together with calculated deep water [CO32-] values for WIND 28K. [CO32-]downcore = [CO32-]preindustrial + (B/Cadowncore-B/Ca core-top)/1.14, where [CO32-]preindustrial = 82 mmol/kg. Data source: Yu et al. 2010 Science 330: 1084-1087 Depth Depth Cal Age B/Ca [CO32-] top bottom C. wuel cm cm kyr mmol/mol mmol/kg 0 1 3.9 152.0 81.7 1 2 4.0 156.4 85.6 3 4 4.4 155.7 85.0 5 6 4.9 153.6 83.1 6 7 5.1 153.5 83.0 7 8 5.4 152.1 81.8 8 9 5.6 153.9 83.3 9 10 5.8 149.2 79.3 11 12 6.2 147.4 77.7 12 13 6.4 158.4 87.3 13 14 6.7 161.1 89.6 14 15 7.0 150.7 80.6 15 16 7.1 161.0 89.6 17 18 7.5 161.4 89.9 19 20 7.9 161.5 90.0 21 22 8.3 155.5 84.8 23 24 8.7 158.9 87.7 25 26 9.1 159.9 88.7 27 28 9.5 174.9 101.8 29 30 9.8 164.4 92.6 31 32 10.2 174.8 101.7 33 34 10.6 167.7 95.5 35 36 11.1 170.8 98.2 36 37 11.4 170.0 97.5 37 38 11.6 174.6 101.6 39 40 12.1 168.7 96.3 41 42 12.4 171.8 99.0 43 44 12.7 168.3 96.0 45 46 13.1 171.4 98.8 47 48 13.4 173.4 100.5 49 50 13.8 176.6 103.3 51 52 14.2 167.5 95.3 53 54 14.7 162.9 91.2 53 54 14.7 164.5 92.7 55 56 15.2 175.1 102.0 57 58 15.7 168.4 96.1 59 60 16.3 160.1 88.8 61 62 16.9 165.3 93.3 63 64 17.4 160.7 89.4 65 66 17.9 154.5 83.9 67 68 18.2 162.8 91.2 69 70 18.6 159.0 87.8 71 72 18.9 158.9 87.7 73 74 19.3 164.8 92.9 75 76 19.6 158.5 87.4 79 80 20.3 163.1 91.4 81 82 20.6 161.7 90.2 83 84 21.0 158.6 87.5 85 86 21.4 160.8 89.4 87 88 21.8 153.9 83.4 89 90 22.1 159.9 88.6 91 92 22.5 157.0 86.1 93 94 22.9 166.8 94.7 95 96 23.3 164.6 92.7 97 98 23.7 156.3 85.5 99 100 24.3 157.4 86.4 101 102 24.8 158.1 87.0 103 104 25.4 157.3 86.4 105 106 25.9 158.4 87.4 107 108 26.4 159.4 88.2 109 110 27.0 165.0 93.1 111 112 27.5 163.3 91.6 113 114 28.1 157.6 86.6 115 116 28.6 152.2 81.9 117 118 29.2 167.7 95.5 119 120 29.7 165.7 93.8 121 122 30.2 157.2 86.2 123 124 30.7 169.6 97.1 125 126 31.2 161.2 89.8 127 128 31.5 171.6 98.9 129 130 31.9 163.6 91.8 131 132 32.3 170.4 97.9 133 134 32.7 170.7 98.1 135 136 33.1 164.7 92.8 137 138 33.5 166.3 94.2 139 140 33.9 158.0 87.0 141 142 34.3 163.5 91.8 143 144 34.6 168.7 96.4 145 146 35.0 166.4 94.4 147 148 35.4 167.5 95.3 149 150 35.8 161.8 90.3 151 152 36.2 173.4 100.5 153 154 36.6 166.5 94.4 155 156 37.0 169.2 96.8 157 158 37.4 172.7 99.8 159 160 37.8 171.0 98.4 161 162 38.1 160.8 89.4 163 164 38.5 157.9 86.9 165 166 38.9 160.4 89.1 167 168 39.3 160.8 89.4 169 170 39.7 162.3 90.7 171 172 40.1 165.8 93.8 173 174 40.5 162.0 90.5 175 176 40.9 165.8 93.8 177 178 41.3 164.1 92.3 179 180 41.6 165.8 93.8 181 182 42.0 170.9 98.3 183 184 42.4 166.4 94.3 185 186 42.8 170.2 97.7 187 188 43.2 160.5 89.2 189 190 43.6 168.6 96.2 191 192 44.0 165.2 93.3 193 194 44.4 159.2 88.0 195 196 44.8 164.0 92.2 197 198 45.1 164.9 93.0 199 200 45.5 166.2 94.2 Table S5. CaCO3% for WIND 28K. Data source: Yu et al. 2010 Science 330: 1084-1087 Depth Depth Cal Age CaCO3 top bottom cm cm kyr % 0 1 3.9 40.07 2 3 4.1 47.45 4 5 4.7 44.07 6 7 5.1 45.05 8 9 5.6 45.49 10 11 6.0 47.84 12 13 6.4 47.75 14 15 7.0 51.01 16 17 7.2 51.13 20 21 8.1 55.46 24 25 8.9 56.22 26 27 9.3 57.58 28 29 9.7 57.83 32 33 10.4 60.53 36 37 11.4 63.82 38 39 11.8 62.16 40 41 12.3 61.62 44 45 12.9 59.35 48 49 13.5 63.06 50 51 14.0 60.46 51 52 14.2 61.28 52 53 14.5 62.17 53 54 14.7 58.83 54 55 14.9 57.31 55 56 15.2 53.81 56 57 15.4 55.49 57 58 15.7 57.09 58 59 16.0 55.77 59 60 16.3 53.23 60 61 16.6 53.98 61 62 16.9 48.78 62 63 17.1 48.31 63 64 17.4 52.38 64 65 17.7 49.20 65 66 17.9 50.81 66 67 18.1 47.99 67 68 18.2 41.75 68 69 18.4 49.71 69 70 18.6 50.43 70 71 18.7 41.51 71 72 18.9 49.84 72 73 19.1 47.26 73 74 19.3 48.92 74 75 19.4 48.36 75 76 19.6 51.76 76 77 19.8 55.07 77 78 19.9 53.36 78 79 20.1 53.73 79 80 20.3 52.49 80 81 20.4 51.35 81 82 20.6 54.11 82 83 20.8 53.50 83 84 21.0 50.73 84 85 21.2 52.07 85 86 21.4 48.91 86 87 21.6 52.36 87 88 21.8 53.18 88 89 21.9 49.46 89 90 22.1 52.49 90 91 22.3 49.17 91 92 22.5 51.12 92 93 22.7 51.70 93 94 22.9 52.28 94 95 23.1 49.12 95 96 23.3 50.69 96 97 23.4 49.62 97 98 23.7 41.40 98 99 24.0 41.65 99 100 24.3 48.26 100 101 24.5 50.02 101 102 24.8 52.77 102 103 25.1 52.23 103 104 25.4 55.83 104 105 25.6 55.94 105 106 25.9 52.10 106 107 26.2 53.26 107 108 26.4 53.23 108 109 26.7 53.19 109 110 27.0 52.16 110 111 27.3 52.72 111 112 27.5 52.69 112 113 27.8 51.86 113 114 28.1 52.32 114 115 28.4 51.30 115 116 28.6 53.06 116 117 28.9 55.12 117 118 29.2 53.98 118 119 29.4 51.92 119 120 29.7 54.41 120 121 30.0 53.67 121 122 30.2 51.74 122 123 30.5 51.18 123 124 30.7 51.91 124 125 31.0 55.52 125 126 31.2 56.30 126 127 31.3 51.71 127 128 31.5 49.94 128 129 31.7 59.48 129 130 31.9 58.12 130 131 32.1 55.90 131 132 32.3 57.01 133 134 32.7 61.52 135 136 33.1 61.26 136 137 33.3 60.81 137 138 33.5 62.80 138 139 33.7 60.03 139 140 33.9 58.29 140 141 34.1 63.50 141 142 34.3 58.85 142 143 34.5 59.60 143 144 34.6 60.23 144 145 34.8 60.48 145 146 35.0 61.86 146 147 35.2 60.52 147 148 35.4 61.40 148 149 35.6 59.69 149 150 35.8 61.92 150 151 36.0 62.09 151 152 36.2 60.47 152 153 36.4 59.49 153 154 36.6 59.22 154 155 36.8 57.09 155 156 37.0 58.79 156 157 37.2 57.78 157 158 37.4 59.43 158 159 37.6 60.69 159 160 37.8 59.46 160 161 38.0 59.94 161 162 38.1 59.18 162 163 38.3 58.93 163 164 38.5 61.58 164 165 38.7 58.43 165 166 38.9 57.90 166 167 39.1 58.27 167 168 39.3 58.55 168 169 39.5 57.82 169 170 39.7 59.82 170 171 39.9 61.83 171 172 40.1 60.87 172 173 40.3 61.51 173 174 40.5 59.26 174 175 40.7 57.78 175 176 40.9 56.85 176 177 41.1 63.27 177 178 41.3 62.04 178 179 41.5 59.50 179 180 41.6 60.07 180 181 41.8 58.61 181 182 42.0 56.66 182 183 42.2 56.61 183 184 42.4 55.38 184 185 42.6 60.72 185 186 42.8 58.67 186 187 43.0 61.76 187 188 43.2 60.36 188 189 43.4 60.12 189 190 43.6 62.41 190 191 43.8 61.51 191 192 44.0 61.18 192 193 44.2 61.59 193 194 44.4 58.59 194 195 44.6 63.31 195 196 44.8 62.67 196 197 45.0 63.57 197 198 45.1 64.12 198 199 45.3 63.79 199 200 45.5 63.55 200 201 45.7 66.82 Table S6. B/Ca in benthic foraminifera together with calculated deep water [CO32-] values for VM28-122. Data sources: Yu et al. 2010 Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 293:114. Yu et al. 2010 Science 330: 1084-1087 Depth Cal Age B/Ca B/Ca B/Ca [CO32-] C. wuel avg sd cm kyr mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/mol mmol/kg 4 3.06 209.5 209.5 114.4 10 4.06 203.4 202.4 1.5 108.2 10 4.06 201.3 21 5.89 206.8 208.7 2.7 113.7 21 5.89 210.6 31 7.45 217.1 217.1 121.1 41 8.96 211.9 214.6 3.8 118.9 41 8.96 217.3 51 10.43 220.1 220.1 123.7 59 11.52 213.2 211.3 2.6 116.0 59 11.52 209.5 69 12.89 219.0 215.5 4.0 119.7 69 12.89 209.8 69 12.89 217.4 69 12.89 215.6 79 14.26 216.9 218.5 1.4 122.3 79 14.26 219.3 79 14.26 219.3 89 15.64 209.0 209.0 114.0 92 16.05 209.9 114.8 94 16.33 220.8 124.3 100 17.16 228.2 130.8 103 17.57 242.6 242.7 4.4 143.6 103 17.57 238.3 103 17.57 247.2 108 18.27 241.0 238.9 3.0 140.2 108 18.27 236.7 109 18.40 244.5 244.5 145.1 121 20.01 243.0 243.0 143.8 139 23.12 251.0 249.0 1.9 149.0 139 23.12 247.4 139 23.12 248.5 149 24.98 247.5 246.7 1.1 147.1 149 24.98 245.9 165 27.94 242.3 242.3 143.2 179 30.54 240.9 240.9 142.0 189 32.40 238.2 238.2 139.6 208 35.92 227.4 224.0 4.9 127.1 208 35.92 220.5 219 37.96 229.8 233.1 4.7 135.1 219 37.96 236.4 229 39.81 227.2 227.2 130.0 239 40.75 244.5 244.5 145.2 249 41.58 245.0 245.0 145.6 258 42.33 226.8 226.8 129.6 269 43.25 235.4 235.4 137.1 280 44.17 235.2 235.2 137.0 289 44.92 246.8 242.3 6.4 143.2 289 44.92 237.7 301 45.92 236.9 233.8 4.4 135.7 301 45.92 230.7 311 46.75 236.2 237.5 1.8 139.0 311 46.75 238.8 321 47.58 235.5 235.5 137.2 330 48.33 232.4 232.4 134.6 331 48.42 225.2 225.2 128.2 341 49.25 229.1 229.1 131.6 349 49.92 224.3 225.8 2.1 128.7 349 49.92 227.3 351 50.08 227.6 227.6 130.3