# Barbados Coral Oxygen Isotopes #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/1862 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-1862.xml # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/7t8t-g661 # # Science_Keywords: #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/barbados_coral18o-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Oxygen Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2001-02-05 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2024-03-07 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Barbados Coral Oxygen Isotopes #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Guilderson, T.P.; Fairbanks, R.G.; Rubenstone, J.L. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Coral-based delta18O time-series derived from measurements made on submerged or drowned coral reef sequence. The core samples used have been described elsewhere (cf. Fairbanks, 1989; Guilderson et al., 1994). # # Measurements were made on three different species of corals: the reef-crest Acropora palmata and the mixed or buttress zone species Montastrea annularis and Porites asteroides. Linear growth rates of individual corals were determined by using the low density to high-density band distance as an approximate annual chronometer. To minimize growth-rate kinetic induced effects, we only analyzed specimens with similar linear growth rates and from the same relative position within the corals. Typical linear extension rates were 5mm/year for all specimens analyzed and ranged from 3 to 7 mm/year. Two to four parallel transects encompassing 4-8 years per transect were extracted using a micro dental drill along the main vertical growth axis. To minimize the potential for skeletal inhomogeneities, we attempted to only sample theca (walls), except for the P. asteroides specimens whos e skeletal architecture is too fine for theca sampling. A. palmata specimens were only sampled along the upper growing surface as deduced from the skeletal architecture observed in x-radiographs. We used x-ray diffraction analysis of drilled and ground specimens to confirm that the aragonite was pristine as indicated by the absence of any calcite peaks (detection limit 0.5 weight percent). The sampling protocol did not convert aragonite to calcite. Living specimens collected over the last ~20 years were treated in a similar fashion to the offshore cores. # # Samples (100-200µg) were reacted at 90°C in a Carousel-48 device and analyzed on a Finnigan MAT 251 isotope ratio mass spectrometer. Calibration is through secondary standards calibrated via NBS (now NIST SRM) standards 16, 17, 19, and 20. Analytical precision of concurrently analyzed standards is better than ±0.05‰ (1-sigma) for both oxygen and carbon. Data is reported in d-notation relative to Pee Dee Belemnite using the defined values of NBS-20 (d18O -4.14‰ PDB, d13C -1.06‰ PDB). We have not corrected the absolute values of our results for the "acid-alpha" difference between aragonite (samples) and calcite (standards). # # Radiocarbon and 230Th/234U chronological control is provided by previously reported radiocarbon and Th/U TIMS measurements (Fairbanks 1989; 1990; Bard et al., 1993), supplemented by additional measurements (Fairbanks et al., in prep.). The majority of samples through the deglaciation have been dated with both techniques. M. annularis specimens older than 15.7 14C kyrs have yet to be Th/U dated. Absolute ages for these specimens are interpolated using a least squares regression through the appropriate coral data (Fairbanks et al., in prep.). Ice volume residual Dd18O is calculated in a similar fashion to Guilderson et al., (1994). In specimens older than the last glacial maximum as determined by the A. palmata Barbados sea level record, the residual is calculated using an ice volume component of 1.1‰. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Guilderson, T.P., R.G. Fairbanks, and J.L. Rubenstone # Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-01-15 # Published_Title: Tropical Atlantic coral oxygen isotopes: glacial-interglacial sea surface temperatures and climate change # Journal_Name: Marine Geology # Volume: 172 # Edition: # Issue: 1-2 # Pages: 75-89 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/S0025-3227(00)00115-8 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We have generated a detailed oxygen isotope time-series from the fossil coral reefs from offshore Barbados. The Barbados coral-based record is a unique paleoceanographic data set with an equivalent sedimentation rate in excess of 600 cm/kyr where not only is the annual signal uniquely preserved but seasonality as well. Oxygen isotope values during the late glacial and LGM (16–20 14C kyrs; 19–24 calendar kyrs) are ~2.3‰ heavier than corresponding living specimens, and indicate a regional cooling on the order of 4.5°C. There is also an isotopic expression of the Bølling-Pre-Boreal climate oscillation, with values reflecting a cooling during the Younger Dryas. Seasonality, a key diagnostic of the state of the climate system, remained the same or slightly less than present and indicates that the observed coolings were a change in the mean state of the western tropical Atlantic. Pan-tropic cooling during the last glaciation is best explained by a change in the radiative balance of the tropics. Variable tropical sea surface temperatures during climate oscillations such as the Younger Dryas challenge the paradigm that climate change only cascades from variations in North Atlantic deep water production. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Bard, E., Arnold, M., Fairbanks, R.G., and Hamelin, B. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1993 # Published_Title: 230Th-234U and 14C ages obtained by mass spectrometry on corals # Journal_Name: Radiocarbon # Volume: 35 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: 191-199 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1017/S0033822200013886 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: In 1988, Fairbanks conducted a drilling expedition off the south coast of Barbados to recover submerged corals contemporaneous with the last deglaciation. Core recovery was excellent and >30 different samples were dated by conventional β-counting techniques (Fairbanks 1989). At about the same time, we developed, at Lamont, the thermal ionization mass spectrometry (TIMS) technique to obtain precise U-Th ages (Edwards 1988), and to compare them with the 14C estimates measured on the same samples. A surprising result was that the discrepancy between 14C and U-Th ages increased through time to ca. 3000–3500 yr at ca. 15,000 14C BP (Bard et al. 1990a). Because the three youngest samples yielded U-Th ages in agreement with their calibrated 14C ages, we concluded initially that the TIMS U-Th determinations were not only precise, but also accurate, and that the 14C vs. U-Th data set could be used for a first-order 14C calibration. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Fairbanks, R.G # Published_Date_or_Year: 1989-12-07 # Published_Title: A 17,000-year glacio-eustatic sea level record; influence of glacial melting rates on the Younger Dryas event and deep-ocean circulation # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 342 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 637-642 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/342637a0 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Coral reefs drilled offshore of Barbados provide the first continuous and detailed record of sea level change during the last deglaciation. The sea level was 121 ± 5 metres below present level during the last glacial maximum. The deglacial sea level rise was not monotonic; rather, it was marked by two intervals of rapid rise. Varying rates of melt-water discharge to the North Atlantic surface ocean dramatically affected North Atlantic deep-water production and oceanic oxygen isotope chemistry. A global oxygen isotope record for ocean water has been calculated from the Barbados sea level curve, allowing separation of the ice volume component common to all oxygen isotope records measured in deep-sea cores. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Fairbanks, R.G # Published_Date_or_Year: 1990-12-01 # Published_Title: The Age and Origin of the "Younger Dryas Climate Event" in Greenland Ice Cores # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 5 # Edition: # Issue: 6 # Pages: 937-948 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/PA005i006p00937 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: 230Th/234U and 14C dating of Barbados corals has extended the calibration of 14C years B.P. to calendar years B.P. beyond the 9200 year tree ring series (Bard et al., 1990). This now permits the conversion of 14C chronozones, which delimit major climate shifts in western Europe, to calendar years. The Younger Dryas chronozone, defined as 11,000 to 10,000 14C years B.P., corresponds to 13,000 to 11,700 calendar years B.P. This calibration affects the interpretation of an intensely studied example of the "Younger Dryas climate event," the δ18O anomaly between 1785 and 1793 m in Dye 3 ice core. The end of the δ18O anomaly in Dye 3 ice core has been dated by measurements of 14C in air bubbles (Andree et al., 1984, 1986) and by annual layer counting (Hammer et al., 1986). The older 14C dates fall out of the range of the tree ring calibration series but can now be calibrated to calendar years using the Barbados 230Th/234U calibration. The 14Ccorrected age for the end of the δ18O event is 10,300 ± 400 calendar years B.P. compared to the annual layer counting age of 10,720 ± 150 years B.P. Thus, the "Younger Dryas" event in the Dye 3 ice core ends in the Preboreal chronozone (11,700 to 10,000 calendar years B.P.) and is not correlative with the end of the Younger Dryas event identified in pollen records marking European vegetation changes. The end of the Dye 3 δ18O event is, however, correlative with the end of meltwater pulse IB (Fairbanks, 1989), marking a period of intense deglaciation with meltwater discharge rates exceeding 13,000 km³/yr. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Guilderson, T.P., Fairbanks, R.G., and Rubenstone, J.L. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1994-02-04 # Published_Title: Tropical temperature variations since 20,000 years ago: modulating interhemispheric climate change # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 263 # Edition: # Issue: 5147 # Pages: 663-665 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.263.5147.663 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Tropical sea surface temperatures (SSTs), as thermodynamically recorded in Barbados corals, were 5°C colder than present values 19,000 years ago. Variable tropical SSTs may explain the interhemispheric synchroneity of global climate change as recorded in ice cores, snowline reconstructions, and vegetation records. Radiative changes due to cloud type and cloud cover are plausible mechanisms for maintaining cooler tropical SSTs in the past. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Barbados # Location: Barbados # Northernmost_Latitude: 13 # Southernmost_Latitude: 13 # Easternmost_Longitude: -60 # Westernmost_Longitude: -60 # Elevation_m: #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Barbados Guilderson2001 # Earliest_Year: 24040 # Most_Recent_Year: -40 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/PaST-thesaurus/SKOS/past-thesaurus-v1.0.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## SampleID sample identification,,,,,corals and sclerosponges,,,C, ## age_calkaBP age,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N, ## age_notes notes,,,,,corals and sclerosponges,,,C,Absolute chronologic control: * explicitly Th/U dated; I = interpolated using the Barbados 14C - Th/U data set (Fairbanks et al. in prep.); C = band counted from dated portion of continuous coral head ## d18O_ap delta 18O,Acropora palmata,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18O_pa delta 18O,Porites astreoides,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18O_oa delta 18O,Orbicella annularis,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## d18O_ap_anom delta 18O,Acropora palmata,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present ## d18O_pa_anom delta 18O,Porites astreoides,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present ## d18O_oa_anom delta 18O,Orbicella annularis,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present ## d18O_ap_ivc delta 18O,Acropora palmata,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized;corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present; corrected for ice volume ## d18O_pa_ivc delta 18O,Porites astreoides,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized;corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present; corrected for ice volume ## d18O_oa_ivc delta 18O,Orbicella annularis,,per mil PDB,,corals and sclerosponges,anomalized;corrected,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,anomalized relative to present; corrected for ice volume # #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: SampleID age_calkaBP age_notes d18O_ap d18O_pa d18O_oa d18O_ap_anom d18O_pa_anom d18O_oa_anom d18O_ap_ivc d18O_pa_ivc d18O_oa_ivc Living Aps 0.00 -3.75 0.00 0.00 Living Pasts 0.00 -3.86 0.00 0.00 Living Manns 0.00 -4.59 0.00 0.00 RGF 95ic 1-4 2.59 * -3.31 0.44 0.42 RGF 95ic 1-7 4.00 I -3.37 0.38 0.36 RGF 7-4-2 7.42 * -3.79 0.07 -0.08 RGF 7-5-5 8.45 * -3.22 0.53 0.27 RGF 7-9-6 9.10 * -3.15 0.60 0.31 RGF 7-10-2 9.15 * -3.21 0.54 0.24 RGF 7-12-2 9.26 * -2.93 0.82 0.48 RGF 7-13-1 9.55 I -3.04 0.71 0.36 RGF 7-16-2 9.73 * -3.05 0.70 0.31 RGF 7-19-3 10.06 * -2.99 0.87 0.47 RGF 7-25-2 10.84 I -3.22 0.53 0.04 RGF 7-26-2 10.95 * -3.14 0.61 0.12 RGF 7-27-4 11.09 * -2.64 1.11 0.60 RGF 16-12-6 11.40 I -2.57 1.18 0.52 RGF 16-12-7 11.41 * -2.43 1.32 0.66 RGF 9-2-5 11.89 * -2.95 1.64 1.03 RGF 15-1-2 12.00 * -2.62 1.96 1.36 RGF 12-9-3 12.19 I -2.21 1.65 0.97 RGF 12-9-5 12.26 * -2.38 1.37 0.67 RGF 15-2-4 12.75 I -2.47 2.11 1.48 RGF 15-2-5 top 12.76 C -2.42 2.17 1.53 RGF 15-2-5 lower 12.78 I -2.47 2.12 1.48 RGF 12-21-2 13.35 * -2.48 1.27 0.44 RGF 12-21-7 13.64 * -2.22 1.53 0.69 RGF 12-21-10 13.73 * -2.11 1.64 0.80 RGF 9-12-7 14.46 * -1.87 1.88 0.79 RGF 9-13-3 14.69 * -2.20 1.55 0.44 RGF 13-2-4 15.18 I -2.59 2.00 1.02 RGF 15-10-6 17.15 I -1.50 2.25 1.05 RGF 13-8-6 17.16 I -1.33 2.42 1.17 RGF 13-8-7 17.17 I -1.58 2.17 0.92 RGF 9-20-2 18.02 * -1.63 2.12 0.88 RGF 9-21-9 c 18.44 * -1.40 2.35 1.10 RGF 9-21-10 c 18.30 I -1.39 2.36 1.10 RGF 9-21-11 c 18.24 * -1.56 2.19 0.94 RGF 9-24-2 18.84 * -1.38 2.37 1.08 RGF 9-24-4 18.90 * -1.55 2.20 0.91 RGF 14-5-7 18.90 I -1.89 2.70 1.51 RGF 14-8-2 19.65 I -2.39 2.20 0.91 RGF 15-14-4 19.95 I -2.32 2.27 1.19 RGF 15-15-8 20.28 I -2.41 2.17 1.09 RGF 15-18-4 21.01 I -2.31 2.28 1.19 RGF 15-18-5 21.01 I -2.41 2.17 1.09 RGF 15-20-6 21.45 I -2.14 2.45 1.36 RGF 9-34-7 21.96 I -1.97 1.89 0.80 RGF 15-22-7 21.97 I -2.49 2.10 1.01 RGF 9-34-8 21.98 * -1.61 2.25 1.15 RGF 9-34-10 22.00 I -1.76 2.10 1.01 RGF 9-35-2 22.01 I -1.58 2.28 1.18 RGF 9-35-6 22.36 I -2.30 2.29 1.20 RGF 9-37-2 22.74 I -2.24 2.35 1.26 RGF 9-37-3 22.84 I -2.25 2.34 1.25 RGF 9-38-1 23.65 I -2.16 2.42 1.34 RGF 15-25-3 23.95 C -1.89 2.70 1.61 RGF 15-25-4 24.07 I -2.32 2.26 1.18 RGF 15-25-5 24.09 C -2.29 2.30 1.21