Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and d18O Data and SST Reconstruction ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and Oxygen Isotope Data and SST Reconstruction LAST UPDATE: 10/2008 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Nathalie F. Goodkin, Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2008-097 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Goodkin, N. F., et al. 2008. Bermuda Coral Sr/Ca and Oxygen Isotope Data and SST Reconstruction. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2008-097. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, W.B. Curry, S.C. Doney, and D.R. Ostermann. 2008. Sea surface temperature and salinity variability at Bermuda during the end of the Little Ice Age. Paleoceanography, 23, PA3203, doi:10.1029/2007PA001532. ABSTRACT: We use geochemical and isotope measurements on a 225-year old brain coral (Diploria labyrinthiformis) from the south shore of Bermuda (64°W, 32°N) to construct a record of decadal-to-centennial-scale climate variability. The coral was collected alive, and annual density bands visible in X radiographs delineate cold and warm seasons allowing for precise dating. Coral skeletons incorporate strontium (Sr) and calcium (Ca) in relative proportions inversely to the sea surface temperature (SST) in which the skeleton is secreted. Previous studies on this and other coral colonies from this region document the ability to reconstruct mean annual and wintertime SST using Sr/Ca measurements (Goodkin et al., 2007, 2005). The coral-based records of SST for the past 2 centuries show abrupt shifts at both decadal and centennial timescales and suggest that SST at the end of the Little Ice Age (between 1840 and 1860) was 1.5° ± 0.4°C colder than today (1990s). Coral-reconstructed SST has a greater magnitude change than does a gridded instrumental SST record from this region. This may result from several physical processes including high rates of mesoscale eddy propagation in this region. Oxygen isotope values (d18O) of the coral skeleton reflect changes in both temperature and the d18O of seawater (dOw), where dOw is proportional to sea surface salinity (SSS). We show in this study that mean annual and wintertime d18O of the carbonate (dOc) are correlated to both SST and SSS, but a robust, quantitative measure of SSS is not found with present calibration data. In combination, however, the Sr/Ca and dOc qualitatively reconstruct lower salinities at the end of the Little Ice Age relative to modern day. Temperature changes agree with other records from the Bermuda region. Radiative and atmospheric forcing may explain some of the SST variability, but the scales of implied changes in SST and SSS indicate large-scale ocean circulation impacts as well. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Bermuda, North Atlantic PERIOD OF RECORD: 1781 - 1998 AD FUNDING SOURCES: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution OCCI Fellowship (N.F.G.), US National Science Foundation grant OCE-0402728, and Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution grants to N.F.G., K.A.H., A.L.C., and M.S.M. DESCRIPTION: Coral Sr/Ca and d18O data from a 225-year old Diploria labyrinthiformis colony collected on the south shore of Bermuda (64°W, 32°N), on the southeastern edge of the Bermuda platform, at 16 m water depth. DATA: 1. Mean-annual Records Column 1: Year Column 2: Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) Column 3: 3 year Smoothed Growth (mm.yr) Column 4: Reconstructed SST (deg C) Column 5: del Oc (permil) Year Sr/Ca 3YrGrwth Recon.SST del Oc 1998 9.288 3.464 23.251 -3.619 1997 9.280 3.333 23.413 -3.482 1996 9.291 2.898 23.344 -3.405 1995 9.309 3.103 23.010 -3.588 1994 9.281 3.028 23.475 -3.593 1993 9.306 3.287 23.022 -3.533 1992 9.310 3.179 22.981 -3.491 1991 9.298 3.279 23.145 -3.632 1990 9.254 3.333 23.816 -3.507 1989 9.291 3.647 23.160 -3.484 1988 9.354 3.700 22.176 -3.515 1987 9.281 3.809 23.278 -3.643 1986 9.277 3.834 23.334 -3.599 1985 9.280 3.855 23.278 -3.597 1984 9.281 3.858 23.265 -3.568 1983 9.295 3.888 23.043 -3.575 1982 9.286 3.991 23.144 -3.587 1981 9.386 3.948 21.614 -3.488 1980 9.320 3.899 22.654 -3.649 1979 9.266 3.939 23.478 -3.984 1978 9.327 4.170 22.475 -3.923 1977 9.275 4.101 23.293 -3.899 1976 9.263 4.037 23.491 -3.685 1975 9.279 3.851 23.289 -3.635 1974 9.251 3.880 23.715 -3.818 1973 9.322 4.079 22.568 -3.525 1972 9.259 3.960 23.582 -3.716 1971 9.268 4.017 23.423 -3.740 1970 9.256 4.043 23.601 -3.733 1969 9.236 4.327 23.839 -3.638 1968 9.248 4.067 23.721 -3.777 1967 9.276 4.087 23.274 -3.808 1966 9.160 3.887 25.120 -4.022 1965 9.236 4.185 23.863 -3.689 1964 9.223 4.018 24.110 -3.740 1963 9.246 3.520 23.881 -3.842 1962 9.189 3.422 24.797 -3.835 1961 9.196 3.515 24.655 -3.881 1960 9.234 3.948 23.957 -3.922 1959 9.259 4.023 23.557 -3.406 1958 9.157 3.820 25.187 -3.936 1957 9.241 3.722 23.917 -3.295 1956 9.259 3.532 23.687 -3.387 1955 9.222 3.933 24.143 -3.765 1954 9.159 3.955 25.118 -3.709 1953 9.189 4.123 24.609 -3.672 1952 9.221 3.817 24.195 -3.707 1951 9.239 4.000 23.871 -3.672 1950 9.296 3.820 23.038 -3.529 1949 9.342 3.970 22.289 -3.574 1948 9.358 3.975 22.050 -3.402 1947 9.385 4.110 21.601 -3.571 1946 9.303 4.213 22.837 -3.693 1945 9.346 4.388 22.130 -3.500 1944 9.329 4.253 22.424 -3.655 1943 9.340 4.093 22.302 -3.622 1942 9.273 4.015 23.347 -3.785 1941 9.266 4.150 23.424 -3.513 1940 9.264 4.127 23.456 -3.799 1939 9.228 3.845 24.088 -3.818 1938 9.228 3.867 24.071 -3.709 1937 9.245 3.662 23.861 -3.686 1936 9.278 3.822 23.318 -3.697 1935 9.276 3.287 23.487 -3.750 1934 9.262 3.297 23.695 -3.792 1933 9.287 3.002 23.376 -3.740 1932 9.340 3.283 22.487 -3.669 1931 9.260 3.138 23.761 -3.672 1930 9.287 3.357 23.301 -3.736 1929 9.297 3.300 23.157 -3.814 1928 9.249 3.057 23.955 -3.801 1927 9.243 2.885 24.095 -3.609 1926 9.278 3.112 23.501 -3.638 1925 9.286 3.598 23.243 -3.647 1924 9.263 4.100 23.480 -3.767 1923 9.302 4.335 22.821 -3.763 1922 9.282 4.512 23.089 -3.780 1921 9.253 4.138 23.616 -3.729 1920 9.346 3.692 22.306 -3.607 1919 9.381 3.263 21.858 -3.653 1918 9.374 3.278 21.965 -3.628 1917 9.392 3.267 21.690 -3.555 1916 9.321 3.293 22.780 -3.706 1915 9.351 3.370 22.301 -3.580 1914 9.339 3.525 22.446 -3.652 1913 9.343 3.555 22.382 -3.852 1912 9.373 3.967 21.810 -3.628 1911 9.291 3.985 23.078 -4.028 1910 9.246 4.252 23.697 -3.926 1909 9.245 4.030 23.771 -3.906 1908 9.303 4.048 22.870 -3.676 1907 9.306 3.975 22.839 -3.865 1906 9.393 3.680 21.583 -3.603 1905 9.276 3.790 23.356 -3.904 1904 9.341 3.428 22.444 -3.776 1903 9.362 3.017 22.210 -3.645 1902 9.315 2.598 23.049 -3.992 1901 9.378 2.848 22.000 -3.767 1900 9.436 3.230 21.019 -3.370 1899 9.302 3.257 23.081 -3.668 1898 9.288 3.608 23.211 -3.659 1897 9.280 3.650 23.325 -3.722 1896 9.314 3.205 22.919 -3.691 1895 9.407 2.472 21.635 -3.207 1894 9.421 2.475 21.428 -3.371 1893 9.313 3.188 22.931 -3.385 1892 9.221 3.837 24.192 -3.741 1891 9.184 3.807 24.770 -3.848 1890 9.169 3.858 24.980 -3.855 1889 9.212 3.662 24.373 -3.852 1888 9.211 3.997 24.299 -3.752 1887 9.232 4.142 23.945 -3.725 1886 9.304 4.373 22.787 -3.715 1885 9.297 4.227 22.923 -3.712 1884 9.325 4.545 22.411 -3.547 1883 9.313 4.572 22.597 -3.673 1882 9.331 4.657 22.298 -3.498 1881 9.360 4.840 21.812 -3.440 1880 9.307 4.862 22.620 -3.553 1879 9.321 4.543 22.475 -3.608 1878 9.263 3.893 23.534 -3.712 1877 9.318 3.748 22.714 -3.809 1876 9.262 3.965 23.534 -3.703 1875 9.320 3.773 22.682 -3.746 1874 9.302 3.760 22.961 -3.826 1873 9.263 3.817 23.548 -3.770 1872 9.272 3.737 23.425 -3.813 1871 9.227 3.628 24.159 -4.026 1870 9.351 3.377 22.292 -3.673 1869 9.413 3.348 21.344 -3.649 1868 9.328 2.913 22.771 -3.660 1867 9.389 2.605 21.888 -3.545 1866 9.424 2.357 21.403 -3.592 1865 9.331 2.213 22.889 -3.660 1864 9.439 2.255 21.184 -3.312 1863 9.406 2.408 21.668 -3.662 1862 9.340 2.780 22.618 -3.588 1861 9.480 2.988 20.376 -3.167 1860 9.436 2.718 21.136 -3.455 1859 9.418 2.932 21.368 -3.349 1858 9.461 2.680 20.754 -3.371 1857 9.337 3.060 22.591 -3.861 1856 9.417 2.607 21.446 -3.579 1855 9.454 2.355 20.932 -3.344 1854 9.386 2.068 22.064 -3.170 1853 9.446 2.533 21.018 -3.176 1852 9.385 3.015 21.858 -3.560 1851 9.413 2.910 21.437 -3.869 1850 9.396 2.380 21.834 -3.774 1849 9.489 1.713 20.531 -3.290 1848 9.502 1.918 20.273 -3.619 1847 9.408 1.880 21.772 -3.707 1846 9.493 2.528 20.287 -3.418 1845 9.434 2.640 21.187 -3.555 1844 9.364 2.888 22.218 -3.605 1843 9.333 2.830 22.713 -3.430 1842 9.317 2.683 23.000 -3.528 1841 9.350 2.627 22.493 -3.545 1840 9.430 2.488 21.281 -3.485 1839 9.425 2.540 21.339 -3.624 1838 9.340 2.627 22.649 -3.536 1837 9.329 2.487 22.855 -3.759 1836 9.381 2.418 22.068 -3.533 1835 9.414 2.305 21.570 -3.344 1834 9.371 2.378 22.221 -3.399 1833 9.346 2.385 22.618 -3.699 1832 9.452 2.510 20.922 -3.534 1831 9.411 2.680 21.535 -3.746 1830 9.408 2.997 21.499 -3.471 1829 9.418 3.093 21.317 -3.626 1828 9.478 3.608 20.280 -3.545 1827 9.371 3.507 21.950 -3.681 1826 9.445 3.350 20.854 -3.706 1825 9.472 3.182 20.464 -3.726 1824 9.416 3.487 21.261 -3.702 1823 9.368 3.427 22.026 -3.796 1822 9.429 3.382 21.087 -3.554 1821 9.424 3.252 21.195 -3.472 1820 9.299 3.798 22.996 -3.732 1819 9.404 3.342 21.486 -3.711 1818 9.400 3.403 21.535 -3.720 1817 9.366 3.713 21.987 -3.767 1816 9.322 4.175 22.559 -3.897 1815 9.299 4.292 22.882 -3.968 1814 9.335 3.803 22.449 -3.731 1813 9.360 3.405 22.157 -3.531 1812 9.382 3.235 21.851 -3.530 1811 9.363 3.443 22.103 -3.670 1810 9.320 4.005 22.630 -3.751 1809 9.289 3.970 23.112 -3.777 1808 9.365 3.900 21.957 -3.715 1807 9.333 3.760 22.476 -3.762 1806 9.366 3.650 22.005 -3.550 1805 9.309 3.645 22.887 -3.691 1804 9.257 3.885 23.631 -3.879 1803 9.339 3.905 22.351 -3.699 1802 9.303 3.940 22.906 -3.745 1801 9.275 3.653 23.409 -3.788 1800 9.326 3.808 22.586 -3.689 1799 9.318 3.808 22.695 -3.675 1798 9.325 3.625 22.642 -3.674 1797 9.296 3.525 23.113 -3.686 1796 9.345 3.495 22.366 -3.523 1795 9.344 3.657 22.342 -3.376 1794 9.301 4.092 22.888 -3.540 1793 9.277 3.623 23.379 -3.674 1792 9.222 4.125 24.108 -3.586 1791 9.301 4.272 22.856 -3.595 1790 9.315 4.055 22.692 -3.747 1789 9.300 3.240 23.125 -3.893 1788 9.266 2.805 23.753 -3.838 1787 9.301 3.310 23.084 -3.599 1786 9.333 3.675 22.501 -3.464 1785 9.342 3.805 22.335 -3.480 1784 9.359 3.865 22.052 -3.435 1783 9.448 3.887 20.674 -3.247 1782 9.352 3.748 22.190 -3.379 1781 9.328 -3.545 2. Winter Records Mean Annual (del Oc) Column 1: Year Column 2: del Oc (permil) Year del Oc 1999 -3.896 1998 -3.296 1997 -3.104 1996 -3.133 1995 -3.354 1994 -3.375 1993 -3.212 1992 -3.187 1991 -3.484 1990 -3.070 1989 -3.313 1988 -3.372 1987 -3.415 1986 -3.383 1985 -3.215 1984 -3.310 1983 -3.195 1982 -3.124 1981 -3.153 1980 -3.295 1979 -3.786 1978 -3.543 1977 -3.441 1976 -3.261 1975 -3.541 1974 -3.704 1973 -3.143 1972 -3.586 1971 -3.425 1970 -3.170 1969 -3.381 1968 -3.528 1967 -3.370 1966 -4.190 1965 -3.310 1964 -3.459 1963 -3.794 1962 -3.867 1961 -3.527 1960 -3.335 1959 -3.303 1958 -4.284 1957 -2.749 1956 -2.886 1955 -3.455 1954 -3.240 1953 -3.386 1952 -3.378 1951 -3.072 1950 -3.421 1949 -2.867 1948 -3.236 1947 -3.487 1946 -3.421 1945 -3.312 1944 -3.531 1943 -3.448 1942 -3.248 1941 -3.428 1940 -3.511 1939 -3.517 1938 -3.398 1937 -3.532 1936 -3.448 1935 -3.508 1934 -3.463 1933 -3.564 1932 -3.626 1931 -3.548 1930 -3.630 1929 -3.658 1928 -3.510 1927 -3.464 1926 -3.232 1925 -3.456 1924 -3.295 1923 -3.579 1922 -3.454 1921 -3.586 1920 -3.563 1919 -3.547 1918 -3.265 1917 -3.331 1916 -3.388 1915 -3.421 1914 -3.576 1913 -3.709 1912 -3.214 1911 -3.623 1910 -3.537 1909 -3.482 1908 -3.311 1907 -3.456 1906 -3.581 1905 -3.647 1904 -3.677 1903 -3.615 1902 -4.085 1901 -3.349 1900 -3.190 1899 -3.472 1898 -3.487 1897 -3.507 1896 -3.138 1895 -3.083 1894 -3.345 1893 -2.920 1892 -3.712 1891 -3.587 1890 -3.668 1889 -3.558 1888 -3.429 1887 -3.478 1886 -3.282 1885 -3.320 1884 -3.266 1883 -3.222 1882 -2.957 1881 -3.298 1880 -3.265 1879 -3.586 1878 -3.587 1877 -3.600 1876 -3.458 1875 -3.470 1874 -3.625 1873 -3.540 1872 -3.754 1871 -3.841 1870 -3.229 1869 -3.237 1868 -3.406 1867 -3.608 1866 -3.541 1865 -3.548 1864 -3.539 1863 -3.471 1862 -3.496 1861 -3.178 1860 -3.253 1859 -3.265 1858 -3.301 1857 -3.901 1856 -3.069 1855 -2.947 1854 -3.142 1853 -3.332 1852 -3.744 1851 -4.398 1850 -3.499 1849 -3.315 1848 -3.445 1847 -3.461 1846 -3.388 1845 -3.389 1844 -3.188 1843 -3.321 1842 -3.040 1841 -2.952 1840 -3.239 1839 -3.537 1838 -3.403 1837 -3.350 1836 -3.073 1835 -2.783 1834 -3.097 1833 -3.477 1832 -3.444 1831 -3.460 1830 -3.495 1829 -3.351 1828 -3.570 1827 -3.663 1826 -3.653 1825 -3.648 1824 -3.664 1823 -3.462 1822 -3.454 1821 -3.266 1820 -3.555 1819 -3.489 1818 -3.572 1817 -3.586 1816 -3.521 1815 -3.653 1814 -3.330 1813 -3.327 1812 -3.390 1811 -3.468 1810 -3.443 1809 -3.379 1808 -3.377 1807 -3.491 1806 -3.243 1805 -3.518 1804 -3.374 1803 -3.397 1802 -3.455 1801 -3.456 1800 -3.551 1799 -3.376 1798 -3.419 1797 -3.313 1796 -3.249 1795 -3.392 1794 -3.170 1793 -3.525 1792 -3.230 1791 -3.281 1790 -3.501 1789 -3.880 1788 -3.646 1787 -3.400 1786 -3.311 1785 -3.196 1784 -3.190 1783 -3.064 1782 -3.331 3. Winter Records Five Year Average (SST) Column 1: Year Column 2: Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) Column 3: Reconstructed SST (deg C) Year Sr/Ca Recon.SST 1997 9.365 20.329 1992 9.387 20.111 1987 9.403 19.944 1982 9.451 19.444 1977 9.395 20.020 1972 9.412 19.850 1967 9.321 20.786 1962 9.299 21.012 1957 9.344 20.551 1952 9.336 20.635 1947 9.426 19.709 1942 9.375 20.227 1937 9.346 20.530 1932 9.381 20.165 1927 9.389 20.087 1922 9.400 19.975 1917 9.466 19.288 1912 9.421 19.757 1907 9.455 19.406 1902 9.411 19.863 1897 9.431 19.653 1892 9.349 20.493 1887 9.414 19.829 1882 9.476 19.192 1877 9.413 19.841 1872 9.403 19.944 1867 9.445 19.511 1862 9.478 19.171 1857 9.531 18.629 1852 9.479 19.164 1847 9.515 18.789 1842 9.508 18.862 1837 9.494 19.010 1832 9.481 19.137 1827 9.517 18.770 1822 9.492 19.029 1817 9.468 19.271 1812 9.471 19.243 1807 9.476 19.190 1802 9.416 19.804 1797 9.450 19.454 1792 9.416 19.811 1787 9.412 19.850