# North Atlantic Oscillation Index Coral Sr/Ca 218 Year Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), # and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/9812 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-9812.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/p16r-nd25 # # Science_Keywords: North Atlantic Oscillation #------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/atlantic/goodkin2010nao-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; North Atlantic Oscillation Index Data # #------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2010-11-15 #------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-06-16 #------------------- # Title # Study_Name: North Atlantic Oscillation Index Coral Sr/Ca 218 Year Reconstruction #------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Goodkin, N.F.; Hughen, K.A.; Doney, S.C.; Curry, W.B. #------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: North Atlantic Oscillation Index (NAO) reconstruction based on winter coral strontium-to-calcium ratio, a proxy for winter SST. The SST-based, multifrequency reconstruction of the NAO extends back to the end of the Little Ice Age (LIA). It is the first non-terrestrial reconstruction showing long-term multidecadal behaviour of the NAO. Coral Sr/Ca was used to reconstruct the NAO by filtering the Sr/Ca record to isolate the two frequency bands where the coral data are coherent with the NAO. To evaluate this approach, the same process was applied to instrumental SST and NAO data. The 3-5 year coherence is 0.40 (95% significant, n effective = 124) and the 20-100 year coherence is -0.47 (95% significant, n effective = 24), both with the expected phase relationship. These results agree well with those found for the Sr/Ca and instrumental NAO. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, S.C. Doney, and W.B. Curry # Journal_Name: Nature Geoscience # Published_Title: Increased multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation since 1781 # Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-11-09 # Volume: 1 # Issue: # Pages: 844-847 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/ngeo352 # Full_Citation: Goodkin, N.F., K.A. Hughen, S.C. Doney, and W.B. Curry. 2008. Increased multidecadal variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation since 1781. Nature Geoscience, Vol. 1, pp. 844-847, December 2008. Published online: 9 November 2008, doi:10.1038/ngeo352 # Abstract: The North Atlantic Oscillation is a meridional oscillation of atmospheric mass measured between Iceland and the Azores, which drives winter climate variability in eastern North America and Europe. A prolonged period of the positive phase during the 1990s led to the suggestion that anthropogenic warming was affecting the behaviour of the North Atlantic Oscillation. However, instrumental records are too short to compare observations during periods of extended warm and cold hemispheric temperatures, and existing palaeoclimate reconstructions primarily capture terrestrial variability. Here we present a record of Sr/Ca, a sea surface temperature proxy, from a Bermuda coral from 1781 to 1999. We use this monthly resolved record to reconstruct past variability of the North Atlantic Oscillation at multiple frequencies. Our record shows enhanced multidecadal scale variability during the late twentieth century compared with the end of the Little Ice Age (1800-1850). We suggest that variability within the North Atlantic Oscillation is linked to the mean temperature of the Northern Hemisphere, which must be considered in any long-term predictions. #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution # Grant_Number: OCCI Fellowship #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant_Number: OCE-0402728 #------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Bermuda # Location: Bermuda # Northernmost_Latitude: 32 # Southernmost_Latitude: 32 # Easternmost_Longitude: -64 # Westernmost_Longitude: -64 # Elevation_m: -16 #------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: BermNAO_Goodkin2010 # First_Year: 1784 # Last_Year: 1997 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: atmospheric circulation # Notes: #------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Variables format: shortname what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method, C(har) or N(umeric) data,additional information # ## age age,,,year Common Era,,climate reconstructions;corals and sclerosponges,,,N, ## naocomb North Atlantic Oscillation Index,strontium/calcium,,standard deviation unit,,climate reconstructions;corals and sclerosponges,filtered,,N,combined ## nao3-5 North Atlantic Oscillation Index,strontium/calcium,,standard deviation unit,,climate reconstructions;corals and sclerosponges,filtered,,N,3-5yrIndex ## nao20-100 North Atlantic Oscillation Index,strontium/calcium,,standard deviation unit,,climate reconstructions;corals and sclerosponges,filtered,,N,20-100yr Index # #------------------------------- # Data: # Missing_Values: NA age naocomb nao3-5 nao20-100 1997 NA -0.0181 NA 1996 NA -0.0002 NA 1995 NA -0.0023 NA 1994 NA 0.0041 NA 1993 NA -0.0032 NA 1992 NA -0.0115 NA 1991 NA 0.0024 NA 1990 NA 0.0154 NA 1989 NA -0.007 NA 1988 -0.0174 -0.0159 0.0015 1987 0.0082 0.0099 0.0017 1986 0.0069 0.0068 -0.0001 1985 -0.0047 -0.0075 -0.0028 1984 0.0096 0.0039 -0.0057 1983 0.0175 0.0088 -0.0087 1982 0.0024 -0.0094 -0.0118 1981 -0.0025 -0.0172 -0.0147 1980 0.0161 -0.0014 -0.0175 1979 0.02 0.0002 -0.0198 1978 0.0178 -0.0033 -0.0211 1977 0.0243 0.0025 -0.0218 1976 0.0268 0.0058 -0.021 1975 0.0302 0.0112 -0.019 1974 0.009 -0.0068 -0.0158 1973 -0.0016 -0.0131 -0.0115 1972 0.0156 0.0094 -0.0062 1971 -0.0098 -0.0098 0 1970 -0.0197 -0.0129 0.0068 1969 0.0037 0.0175 0.0138 1968 -0.0332 -0.012 0.0212 1967 -0.0373 -0.0088 0.0285 1966 -0.0093 0.0261 0.0354 1965 -0.0463 -0.0053 0.041 1964 -0.0619 -0.0164 0.0455 1963 -0.0463 0.0023 0.0486 1962 -0.034 0.016 0.05 1961 -0.043 0.0071 0.0501 1960 -0.0773 -0.0285 0.0488 1959 -0.051 -0.005 0.046 1958 -0.0081 0.034 0.0421 1957 -0.0437 -0.0067 0.037 1956 -0.066 -0.035 0.031 1955 -0.0261 -0.0016 0.0245 1954 0.006 0.0236 0.0176 1953 -0.0004 0.01 0.0104 1952 -0.0099 -0.0065 0.0034 1951 0.0024 -0.0004 -0.0028 1950 0.0044 -0.0038 -0.0082 1949 0.0022 -0.0104 -0.0126 1948 0.0082 -0.0079 -0.0161 1947 0.0194 0.0018 -0.0176 1946 0.0247 0.0075 -0.0172 1945 0.01 -0.0052 -0.0152 1944 0.0025 -0.009 -0.0115 1943 0.0067 0.0004 -0.0063 1942 0.0091 0.0087 -0.0004 1941 -0.0028 0.0027 0.0055 1940 -0.0253 -0.0147 0.0106 1939 -0.0221 -0.0073 0.0148 1938 0.0015 0.0191 0.0176 1937 -0.0121 0.0071 0.0192 1936 -0.0353 -0.0157 0.0196 1935 -0.0179 0.0013 0.0192 1934 -0.0139 0.004 0.0179 1933 -0.0242 -0.0082 0.016 1932 -0.0148 -0.0011 0.0137 1931 -0.0095 0.0019 0.0114 1930 -0.0108 -0.0015 0.0093 1929 -0.0114 -0.0039 0.0075 1928 -0.0033 0.0024 0.0057 1927 -0.0012 0.0025 0.0037 1926 -0.0058 -0.0044 0.0014 1925 0.0039 0.0024 -0.0015 1924 -0.0027 -0.0076 -0.0049 1923 -0.0013 -0.01 -0.0087 1922 0.0235 0.0106 -0.0129 1921 0.0245 0.0076 -0.0169 1920 0.025 0.0045 -0.0205 1919 0.0241 0.0007 -0.0234 1918 0.0041 -0.0216 -0.0257 1917 0.0179 -0.0094 -0.0273 1916 0.0363 0.0081 -0.0282 1915 0.0317 0.0031 -0.0286 1914 0.0285 -0.0001 -0.0286 1913 0.0211 -0.0069 -0.028 1912 0.0275 0.001 -0.0265 1911 0.0299 0.0056 -0.0243 1910 0.02 -0.0017 -0.0217 1909 0.0221 0.003 -0.0191 1908 0.0129 -0.0039 -0.0168 1907 0.0073 -0.0072 -0.0145 1906 0.013 0.0005 -0.0125 1905 -0.0016 -0.0123 -0.0107 1904 0.0038 -0.0054 -0.0092 1903 0.0328 0.0247 -0.0081 1902 0.0203 0.0131 -0.0072 1901 -0.0193 -0.025 -0.0057 1900 -0.012 -0.0154 -0.0034 1899 0.0075 0.0075 0 1898 0.0164 0.0206 0.0042 1897 -0.0032 0.0062 0.0094 1896 -0.0426 -0.0275 0.0151 1895 -0.028 -0.0073 0.0207 1894 -0.0304 -0.0044 0.026 1893 -0.0414 -0.0111 0.0303 1892 -0.0172 0.0162 0.0334 1891 -0.0176 0.0168 0.0344 1890 -0.0326 0.0007 0.0333 1889 -0.0365 -0.0066 0.0299 1888 -0.0182 0.0071 0.0253 1887 -0.0163 0.0035 0.0198 1886 -0.0304 -0.0168 0.0136 1885 -0.0098 -0.0025 0.0073 1884 0.0031 0.0049 0.0018 1883 -0.005 -0.0071 -0.0021 1882 -0.0062 -0.0099 -0.0037 1881 -0.0004 -0.0029 -0.0025 1880 -0.0022 -0.0012 0.001 1879 0.0026 0.0085 0.0059 1878 -0.0008 0.0103 0.0111 1877 -0.0236 -0.0077 0.0159 1876 -0.0272 -0.0073 0.0199 1875 -0.0313 -0.0086 0.0227 1874 -0.0233 0.001 0.0243 1873 -0.0062 0.0183 0.0245 1872 -0.0216 0.0019 0.0235 1871 -0.0225 -0.0009 0.0216 1870 -0.0232 -0.0042 0.019 1869 -0.0369 -0.0206 0.0163 1868 -0.0154 -0.0019 0.0135 1867 -0.0074 0.0033 0.0107 1866 -0.0035 0.0044 0.0079 1865 0.0139 0.0185 0.0046 1864 -0.0122 -0.0112 0.001 1863 -0.0164 -0.0192 -0.0028 1862 0.0171 0.0106 -0.0065 1861 0.0132 0.0032 -0.01 1860 0.0121 -0.0015 -0.0136 1859 0.0105 -0.0067 -0.0172 1858 0.0199 -0.0007 -0.0206 1857 0.0486 0.0251 -0.0235 1856 0.0042 -0.0215 -0.0257 1855 -0.0041 -0.0312 -0.0271 1854 0.0416 0.0136 -0.028 1853 0.0392 0.0109 -0.0283 1852 0.0364 0.0082 -0.0282 1851 0.0241 -0.0034 -0.0275 1850 0.0157 -0.0106 -0.0263 1849 0.024 -0.0011 -0.0251 1848 0.0304 0.0068 -0.0236 1847 0.0178 -0.0039 -0.0217 1846 0.0125 -0.007 -0.0195 1845 0.0127 -0.0048 -0.0175 1844 0.01 -0.0059 -0.0159 1843 0.0324 0.018 -0.0144 1842 0.0197 0.0068 -0.0129 1841 -0.0042 -0.0159 -0.0117 1840 -0.0054 -0.0162 -0.0108 1839 0.0116 0.0014 -0.0102 1838 0.0322 0.0221 -0.0101 1837 0.0223 0.0118 -0.0105 1836 -0.0037 -0.015 -0.0113 1835 -0.0114 -0.0237 -0.0123 1834 0.0222 0.0088 -0.0134 1833 0.0232 0.0089 -0.0143 1832 -0.0058 -0.0207 -0.0149 1831 0.0269 0.0121 -0.0148 1830 0.0322 0.0176 -0.0146 1829 -0.0047 -0.0192 -0.0145 1828 0.0125 -0.0018 -0.0143 1827 0.0175 0.0036 -0.0139 1826 0.0004 -0.0128 -0.0132 1825 0.0185 0.006 -0.0125 1824 0.0208 0.009 -0.0118 1823 0.003 -0.0079 -0.0109 1822 0.0057 -0.0038 -0.0095 1821 0.0115 0.0034 -0.0081 1820 0.0059 -0.0006 -0.0065 1819 -0.0092 -0.0139 -0.0047 1818 0.0019 -0.0015 -0.0034 1817 0.0153 0.0127 -0.0026 1816 0.002 -0.0005 -0.0025 1815 0.0026 -0.0004 -0.003 1814 0.0033 -0.0003 -0.0036 1813 0.0014 -0.0029 -0.0043 1812 -0.0017 -0.0067 -0.005 1811 0.0019 -0.0036 -0.0055 1810 0.0202 0.0147 -0.0055 1809 0.0023 -0.0027 -0.005 1808 -0.0102 -0.014 -0.0038 1807 -0.0012 -0.0035 -0.0023 1806 -0.0052 -0.0057 -0.0005 1805 0.0078 0.0089 0.0011 1804 0.0018 0.0042 0.0024 1803 -0.0094 -0.0061 0.0033 1802 -0.0015 0.0023 0.0038 1801 -0.0045 -0.0006 0.0039 1800 0.0024 0.0059 0.0035 1799 -0.0009 0.0018 0.0027 1798 -0.0108 -0.0092 0.0016 1797 -0.0085 -0.008 0.0005 1796 -0.0053 -0.0053 0 1795 0.003 0.0029 -0.0001 1794 -0.0014 -0.0007 0.0007 1793 0.0039 0.005 0.0011 1792 NA 0.0095 NA 1791 NA -0.0098 NA 1790 NA -0.0151 NA 1789 NA 0.0042 NA 1788 NA 0.018 NA 1787 NA 0.0012 NA 1786 NA -0.01 NA 1785 NA 0.0001 NA 1784 NA -0.0092 NA