# Line Islands Modern and Fossil Coral d18O Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available),
# and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/13672
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-13672.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/jd2z-pn61
#
# Science_Keywords: ENSO
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/east_pacific/cobb2013-xmas-m2-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Oxygen Isotopic Data for Fossil sample M2
#
# Original_Source_URL: 
#   Original_Source_Description: 
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2013-01-06
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2022-11-02
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Line Islands Modern and Fossil Coral d18O Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Cobb, K.M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2125-9164); Westphal, N.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6343-5755); Sayani, H.R.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0607-4882); Watson, J.T.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1686-0377); Di Lorenzo, E.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1935-7363); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Charles, C.D.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4016-2365)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: This dataset contains coral oxygen isotope (d18O) data from modern and fossil coral specimens collected near Christmas and Fanning Islands, Line Islands, central tropical Pacific.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Cobb, K.M., N. Westphal, H.R. Sayani, J.T. Watson, E. Di Lorenzo, H. Cheng, R. L. Edwards, and C.D. Charles
#   Journal_Name: Science
#   Published_Title: Highly Variable El Niño-Southern Oscillation Throughout the Holocene
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2013
#   Volume: 339
#   Pages: 67-70
#   Issue: 6115
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1126/science.1228246
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: The El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) drives large changes in global climate patterns from year to year, yet its sensitivity to continued anthropogenic greenhouse forcing is uncertain. We analyzed fossil coral reconstructions of ENSO spanning the past 7000 years from the Northern Line Islands, located in the center of action for ENSO. The corals document highly variable ENSO activity, with no evidence for a systematic trend in ENSO variance, which is contrary to some models that exhibit a response to insolation forcing over this same period. Twentieth-century ENSO variance is significantly higher than average fossil coral ENSO variance but is not unprecedented. Our results suggest that forced changes in ENSO, whether natural or anthropogenic, may be difficult to detect against a background of large internal variability.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Zaunbracher, L.K.; Cobb, K.M.; Beck, J.W.; Charles, C.D.; Druffel, E.R.M
#   Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
#   Published_Title: Coral records of central tropical Pacific radiocarbon variability during the last millennium
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2010
#   Volume: 25
#   Pages: 
#   Issue: 4
#   Report_Number: PA4212
#   DOI: 10.1029/2009PA001788
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: The relationship between decadal to centennial changes in ocean circulation and climate is difficult to discern using the sparse and discontinuous instrumental record of climate and, as such, represents a large uncertainty in coupled ocean-atmosphere general circulation models. We present new modern and fossil coral radiocarbon (Δ14C) records from Palmyra (6°N, 162°W) and Christmas (2°N, 157°W) islands to constrain central tropical Pacific ocean circulation changes during the last millennium. Seasonally to annually resolved coral Δ14C measurements from the 10th, 12th–17th, and 20th centuries do not contain significant interannual to decadal-scale variations, despite large changes in coral δ18O on these timescales. A centennial-scale increase in coral radiocarbon from the Medieval Climate Anomaly (∼900–1200 AD) to the Little Ice Age (∼1500–1800) can be largely explained by changes in the atmospheric Δ14C, as determined with a box model of Palmyra mixed layer Δ14C. However, large 12th century depletions in Palmyra coral Δ14C may reflect as much as a 100% increase in upwelling rates and/or a significant decrease in the Δ14C of higher-latitude source waters reaching the equatorial Pacific during this time. SEM photos reveal evidence for minor dissolution and addition of secondary aragonite in the fossil corals, but our results suggest that coral Δ14C is only compromised after moderate to severe diagenesis for these relatively young fossil corals.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant_Number: 0752091, 1103403
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: National Natural Science Foundation China
#   Grant_Number: 41230524
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US Department of Energy
#   Grant_Number: DOE-SC0005597
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name:  Kiritimati Island
#   Location: Kiribati
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 2
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 2
#   Easternmost_Longitude: -157.3
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -157.3
#   Elevation: -9
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name:  13kiri02b
#   First_Year: 434
#   Last_Year: 388
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#   Notes: Christmas fossil sample m2 (Zaunbrecher et al. 2010)
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology:
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
#	Chronology: 
# 
#----------------
# Variables 
#
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#     PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
#   variables format: shortname <tab> what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method, C(har) or N(umeric) data,additional information
#
## age	age,,,calendar year before present,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,
## d18O	delta 18O,Porites sp.,,per mil VPDB,,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#--------------------
#
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NAN
#
age	d18O
434.29	-4.18
434.21	-4.19
434.12	-4.14
434.04	-4.00
433.96	-4.04
433.87	-4.34
433.79	-4.36
433.71	-4.25
433.62	-4.33
433.54	-4.40
433.46	-4.56
433.37	-4.55
433.29	-4.61
433.21	-4.63
433.12	-4.52
433.04	-4.45
432.96	-4.57
432.87	-4.71
432.79	-4.56
432.71	-4.42
432.62	-4.58
432.54	-4.36
432.46	-4.37
432.37	-4.34
432.29	-4.53
432.21	-4.54
432.12	-4.33
432.04	-4.39
431.96	-4.27
431.87	-4.41
431.79	-4.40
431.71	-4.30
431.62	-4.32
431.54	-4.24
431.46	-4.15
431.37	-3.99
431.29	-4.11
431.21	-4.18
431.12	-4.13
431.04	-4.02
430.96	-4.00
430.87	-3.97
430.79	-4.23
430.71	-4.09
430.62	-3.82
430.54	-3.78
430.46	-3.77
430.37	-3.85
430.29	-3.94
430.21	-4.09
430.12	-4.03
430.04	-3.97
429.96	-3.92
429.87	-4.05
429.79	-4.19
429.71	-4.00
429.62	-4.15
429.54	-4.19
429.46	-4.23
429.37	-4.23
429.29	-4.27
429.21	-4.24
429.12	-4.22
429.04	-4.18
428.96	-4.26
428.87	-4.29
428.79	-4.48
428.71	-4.51
428.62	-4.45
428.54	-4.43
428.46	-4.37
428.37	-4.27
428.29	-4.27
428.21	-4.28
428.12	-4.30
428.04	-4.30
427.96	-4.34
427.87	-4.40
427.79	-4.39
427.71	-4.30
427.62	-4.41
427.54	-4.41
427.46	-4.44
427.37	-4.40
427.29	-4.38
427.21	-4.45
427.12	-4.35
427.04	-4.29
426.96	-4.38
426.87	-4.59
426.79	-4.66
426.71	-4.46
426.62	-4.24
426.54	-4.22
426.46	-4.29
426.37	-4.30
426.29	-4.30
426.21	-4.28
426.12	-4.26
426.04	-4.12
425.96	-3.99
425.87	-4.16
425.79	-4.13
425.71	-4.09
425.62	-4.07
425.54	-4.21
425.46	-4.10
425.37	-4.15
425.29	-4.19
425.21	-4.11
425.12	-4.06
425.04	-4.05
424.96	-4.04
424.87	-4.13
424.79	-4.10
424.71	-4.11
424.62	-4.05
424.54	-4.06
424.46	-4.02
424.37	-3.87
424.29	-3.67
424.21	-3.79
424.12	-3.98
424.04	-3.85
423.96	-3.94
423.87	-4.14
423.79	-4.24
423.71	-4.36
423.62	-4.37
423.54	-4.38
423.46	-4.25
423.37	-4.14
423.29	-3.94
423.21	-4.02
423.12	-4.03
423.04	-4.05
422.96	-4.09
422.87	-4.38
422.79	-4.34
422.71	-4.39
422.62	-4.38
422.54	-4.36
422.46	-4.17
422.37	-4.17
422.29	-4.19
422.21	-4.28
422.12	-4.37
422.04	-4.08
421.96	-4.02
421.87	-4.39
421.79	-4.51
421.71	-4.46
421.62	-4.32
421.54	-4.32
421.46	-4.06
421.37	-3.98
421.29	-3.96
421.21	-4.12
421.12	-4.16
421.04	-4.05
420.96	-4.04
420.87	-4.23
420.79	-4.21
420.71	-4.13
420.62	-4.06
420.54	-4.02
420.46	-4.04
420.37	-4.11
420.29	-4.17
420.21	-4.24
420.12	-4.11
420.04	-3.99
419.96	-4.08
419.87	-4.23
419.79	-4.25
419.71	-4.39
419.62	-4.41
419.54	-4.41
419.46	-4.45
419.37	-4.48
419.29	-4.44
419.21	-4.47
419.12	-4.45
419.04	-4.29
418.96	-4.38
418.87	-4.44
418.79	-4.31
418.71	-4.22
418.62	-4.20
418.54	-4.22
418.46	-4.22
418.37	-4.22
418.29	-4.14
418.21	-4.25
418.12	-4.40
418.04	-4.36
417.96	-4.36
417.87	-4.75
417.79	-4.79
417.71	-4.66
417.62	-4.65
417.54	-4.54
417.46	-4.47
417.37	-4.55
417.29	-4.42
417.21	-4.34
417.12	-4.21
417.04	-4.11
416.96	-4.08
416.87	-4.12
416.79	-4.19
416.71	-4.15
416.62	-3.97
416.54	-4.04
416.46	-4.29
416.37	-4.20
416.29	-4.19
416.21	-4.38
416.12	-4.36
416.04	-4.18
415.96	-4.24
415.87	-4.45
415.79	-4.45
415.71	-4.34
415.62	-4.38
415.54	-4.41
415.46	-4.39
415.37	-4.31
415.29	-4.16
415.21	-4.13
415.12	-4.23
415.04	-4.12
414.96	-4.12
414.87	-4.22
414.79	-4.15
414.71	-4.08
414.62	-4.36
414.54	-4.25
414.46	-4.17
414.37	-4.17
414.29	-4.07
414.21	-4.05
414.12	-4.00
414.04	-4.06
413.96	-4.09
413.87	-4.06
413.79	-4.26
413.71	-4.44
413.62	-4.27
413.54	-4.13
413.46	-4.03
413.37	-3.97
413.29	-3.97
413.21	-4.07
413.12	-4.10
413.04	-4.14
412.96	-4.18
412.87	-4.42
412.79	-4.60
412.71	-4.51
412.62	-4.60
412.54	-4.49
412.46	-4.48
412.37	-4.64
412.29	-4.51
412.21	-4.53
412.12	-4.61
412.04	-4.46
411.96	-4.52
411.87	-4.72
411.79	-4.84
411.71	-4.90
411.62	-4.98
411.54	-4.71
411.46	-4.67
411.37	-4.67
411.29	-4.55
411.21	-4.66
411.12	-4.65
411.04	-4.53
410.96	-4.32
410.87	-4.44
410.79	-4.29
410.71	-4.15
410.62	-4.06
410.54	-3.94
410.46	-4.12
410.37	-4.07
410.29	-4.15
410.21	-4.26
410.12	-4.36
410.04	-4.31
409.96	-4.27
409.87	-4.34
409.79	-4.36
409.71	-4.34
409.62	-4.33
409.54	-4.32
409.46	-4.22
409.37	-4.19
409.29	-4.21
409.21	-4.17
409.12	-4.20
409.04	-4.20
408.96	-4.20
408.87	-4.47
408.79	-4.60
408.71	-4.59
408.62	-4.44
408.54	-4.44
408.46	-4.46
408.37	-4.51
408.29	-4.45
408.21	-4.48
408.12	-4.48
408.04	-4.34
407.96	-4.55
407.87	-4.74
407.79	-4.77
407.71	-4.75
407.62	-4.87
407.54	-4.70
407.46	-4.45
407.37	-4.50
407.29	-4.53
407.21	-4.55
407.12	-4.52
407.04	-4.45
406.96	-4.24
406.87	-4.24
406.79	-4.57
406.71	-4.53
406.62	-4.60
406.54	-4.51
406.46	-4.53
406.37	-4.59
406.29	-4.51
406.21	-4.46
406.12	-4.63
406.04	-4.49
405.96	-4.27
405.87	-4.74
405.79	-4.81
405.71	-4.88
405.62	-4.66
405.54	-4.61
405.46	-4.71
405.37	-4.62
405.29	-4.66
405.21	-4.71
405.12	-4.79
405.04	-4.66
404.96	-4.57
404.87	-4.87
404.79	-4.96
404.71	-4.90
404.62	-4.90
404.54	-4.86
404.46	-4.84
404.37	-4.72
404.29	-4.64
404.21	-4.59
404.12	-4.77
404.04	-4.61
403.96	-4.70
403.87	-4.79
403.79	-4.72
403.71	-4.76
403.62	-4.67
403.54	-4.61
403.46	-4.49
403.37	-4.34
403.29	-4.23
403.21	-4.46
403.12	-4.58
403.04	-4.60
402.96	-4.54
402.87	-4.63
402.79	-4.57
402.71	-4.49
402.62	-4.40
402.54	-4.35
402.46	-4.43
402.37	-4.48
402.29	-4.40
402.21	-4.39
402.12	-4.36
402.04	-4.25
401.96	-4.41
401.87	-4.61
401.79	-4.60
401.71	-4.53
401.62	-4.44
401.54	-4.36
401.46	-4.48
401.37	-4.54
401.29	-4.73
401.21	-4.82
401.12	-4.69
401.04	-4.59
400.96	-4.60
400.87	-4.64
400.79	-4.57
400.71	-4.65
400.62	-4.64
400.54	-4.57
400.46	-4.53
400.37	-4.48
400.29	-4.29
400.21	-4.26
400.12	-4.21
400.04	-4.18
399.96	-4.39
399.87	-4.61
399.79	-4.60
399.71	-4.54
399.62	-4.57
399.54	-4.56
399.46	-4.51
399.37	-4.53
399.29	-4.56
399.21	-4.56
399.12	-4.42
399.04	-4.30
398.96	-4.32
398.87	-4.50
398.79	-4.49
398.71	-4.68
398.62	-4.66
398.54	-4.72
398.46	-4.71
398.37	-4.77
398.29	-4.76
398.21	-4.80
398.12	-4.82
398.04	-4.63
397.96	-4.63
397.87	-4.65
397.79	-4.69
397.71	-4.60
397.62	-4.59
397.54	-4.68
397.46	-4.73
397.37	-4.92
397.29	-4.88
397.21	-4.86
397.12	-4.94
397.04	-4.95
396.96	-4.80
396.87	-4.95
396.79	-4.95
396.71	-4.87
396.62	-4.79
396.54	-4.82
396.46	-4.86
396.37	-4.90
396.29	-4.82
396.21	-4.67
396.12	-4.62
396.04	-4.61
395.96	-4.62
395.87	-4.69
395.79	-4.76
395.71	-4.79
395.62	-4.88
395.54	-4.91
395.46	-4.74
395.37	-4.62
395.29	-4.58
395.21	-4.64
395.12	-4.45
395.04	-4.30
394.96	-4.38
394.87	-4.37
394.79	-4.43
394.71	-4.56
394.62	-4.51
394.54	-4.52
394.46	-4.73
394.37	-4.71
394.29	-4.70
394.21	-4.39
394.12	-4.22
394.04	-3.87
393.96	-3.79
393.87	-4.15
393.79	-4.17
393.71	-4.30
393.62	-4.25
393.54	-4.40
393.46	-4.56
393.37	-4.57
393.29	-4.60
393.21	-4.49
393.12	-4.42
393.04	-4.26
392.96	-4.10
392.87	-4.35
392.79	-4.59
392.71	-4.76
392.62	-4.59
392.54	-4.61
392.46	-4.63
392.37	-4.53
392.29	-4.48
392.21	-4.13
392.12	-4.13
392.04	-3.84
391.96	-4.03
391.87	-4.15
391.79	-4.09
391.71	-4.18
391.62	-4.22
391.54	-4.44
391.46	-4.47
391.37	-4.47
391.29	-4.42
391.21	-4.39
391.12	-4.35
391.04	-4.26
390.96	-4.22
390.87	-4.25
390.79	-4.34
390.71	-4.32
390.62	-4.33
390.54	-4.28
390.46	-4.37
390.37	-4.34
390.29	-4.21
390.21	-4.25
390.12	-4.21
390.04	-4.18
389.96	-4.31
389.87	-4.22
389.79	-4.25
389.71	-4.33
389.62	-4.23
389.54	-4.17
389.46	-4.20
389.37	-4.25
389.29	-4.33
389.21	-4.27
389.12	-4.27
389.04	-4.29
388.96	-4.30
388.87	-4.32
388.79	-4.48
388.71	-4.50
388.62	-4.62