# Malindi, Kenya Coral Oxygen Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/1855 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/malindi_18o.txt # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/readme_malindi.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Corals and Sclerosponges #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2000-07-01 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Malindi - del18O Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cole, J.E.; Dunbar, R.B.; McClanahan, T.R.; Muthiga, N. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: File includes columns for Year AD, Coral d18O (�), and SST (�C). The SST data are sparse as they were screened using the procedures described below. The coral used in this study grew (and still does grow) in Malindi Marine Park, Kenya (3�S, 40�E). The colony lies at a depth of ~6m (low tide) and is about 4m in height. Annual growth rates are roughly 12mm/yr. Oxygen isotopic data are from annual increments of coral skeleton that were cut according to annual density bands that are clearly visible in the core. Annual chunks were crushed and homogenized; isotopic values represent the average of duplicate or triplicate samples. Because samples were taken with respect to visible annual density banding, there is no depth scale for this record. Density and fluorescent banding can be viewed at http://www.ngdc.noaa.gov/paleo/outreach/coral/image/malindix-ray.jpg (Core Mal 96-1 is taken from the same colony as the core used to generate this dataset.) Annual density banding is unambiguous in this core, so annual assignments are precise. The annual samples represent a year that is roughly November thru October. (The year assigned is the year of the January, not the year of the November, that is included in that interval). However, if cuts were not precisely along the October-November boundary, small (1-2 month) offsets in the months assigned to an annual sample may have occurred. Stable isotope samples were analyzed on three isotope ratio mass spectrometers: a VG 602 with SIRA-series electronics at Rice University, a VG-SIRA with automated carbonate preparation device, and a Micromass Optima with automated carbonate preparation device, the latter two at the University of Colorado/Boulder (INSTAAR). Each measurement has an analytical uncertainty of �0.08�; the differences between duplicate samples were above 0.18� in only 2 of 195 cases, confirming inter-lab and inter-instrument calibrations. We calibrate the coral d18O to the enhanced COADS SST from 3�S, 41�E, which has a broader screening tolerance than the standard COADS (4.5 sigma vs. 3.5 sigma) to capture larger anomalies. COADS enhanced data are provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, from their web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. We use annual SST data representing a Nov.-Oct. year and include only years that contain at least three observations from every month; this procedure yields a slope of �0.256� per 1�C and explains 47% of the SST variance. The details of the calibration procedure have little effect on the paleotemperature slope: using the standard SST product instead of the enhanced yields a slope of -0.228; omitting the minimum requirement of three observations per month yields a slope of 0.262 for the enhanced COADS and 0.252 for the standard. These correlations are all significant at >99.9%. More information on this record can be found in the original reference. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cole, J.E.; Dunbar, R.B.; McClanahan, T.R.; Muthiga, N. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000-01-28 # Published_Title: Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries. # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 287 # Edition: # Issue: 5453 # Pages: 617-619 # DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5453.617 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: Cole, J. E., R. B. Dunbar, T. R. McClanahan, and N. Muthiga, 2000, Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries, Science 287, 617-619. # Abstract: A 194-year annual record of skeletal δ18O from a coral growing at Malindi, Kenya, preserves a history of sea surface temperature (SST) change that is coherent with instrumental and proxy records of tropical Pacific climate variability over interannual to decadal periods. This variability is superimposed on a warming of as much as 1.3°C since the early 1800s. These results suggest that the tropical Pacific imparts substantial decadal climate variability to the western Indian Ocean and, by implication, may force decadal variability in other regions with strong El Niño–Southern Oscillation teleconnections. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation # Grant: ATM 94-10298, OCE-9614137, ATM 94-09779, OCE-9632287, OCE-9896157 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Malindi Marine Park # Location: Africa>Eastern Africa>Kenya # Country: Kenya # Northernmost_Latitude: -3 # Southernmost_Latitude: -3 # Easternmost_Longitude: 40 # Westernmost_Longitude: 40 # Elevation: -6 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: # Earliest_Year: 1801 # Most_Recent_Year: 1994 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: 4 m # Notes: #------------------ # Species # Species_Name: Porites lutea # Common_Name: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##age age, , ,years AD, , , , ,N ##d18O delta 18O, Porites lutea, , permil VPDB, , corals and sclerosponges, , instrument: isotope ratio mass spectrometer,N ##sst local COADS sea surface temperature, , , degrees C, , , , ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: NAN # age d18O sst 1994 -4.705 NAN 1993 -4.658 NAN 1992 -4.664 NAN 1991 -4.627 NAN 1990 -4.598 NAN 1989 -4.532 27.4 1988 -4.577 27.6 1987 -4.59 27.55 1986 -4.449 26.77 1985 -4.477 26.76 1984 -4.498 26.65 1983 -4.571 NAN 1982 -4.552 27.34 1981 -4.544 27.13 1980 -4.629 27.18 1979 -4.557 27.43 1978 -4.521 27.43 1977 -4.5 27.18 1976 -4.56 26.96 1975 -4.334 26.83 1974 -4.411 27.06 1973 -4.423 27.1 1972 -4.378 NAN 1971 -4.345 NAN 1970 -4.376 NAN 1969 -4.349 NAN 1968 -4.323 26.87 1967 -4.369 27.08 1966 -4.351 26.95 1965 -4.279 26.56 1964 -4.186 26.73 1963 -4.288 NAN 1962 -4.294 NAN 1961 -4.318 NAN 1960 -4.369 26.83 1959 -4.34 27.03 1958 -4.291 27.04 1957 -4.356 NAN 1956 -4.387 26.68 1955 -4.349 26.58 1954 -4.41 NAN 1953 -4.369 26.79 1952 -4.408 27.01 1951 -4.343 26.64 1950 -4.35 NAN 1949 -4.524 NAN 1948 -4.457 NAN 1947 -4.441 NAN 1946 -4.45 NAN 1945 -4.489 NAN 1944 -4.417 NAN 1943 -4.387 NAN 1942 -4.507 NAN 1941 -4.506 NAN 1940 -4.476 NAN 1939 -4.517 NAN 1938 -4.441 NAN 1937 -4.414 NAN 1936 -4.452 NAN 1935 -4.427 NAN 1934 -4.323 NAN 1933 -4.48 NAN 1932 -4.51 NAN 1931 -4.53 NAN 1930 -4.453 NAN 1929 -4.382 NAN 1928 -4.35 NAN 1927 -4.408 NAN 1926 -4.388 NAN 1925 -4.361 NAN 1924 -4.342 NAN 1923 -4.352 NAN 1922 -4.368 NAN 1921 -4.356 NAN 1920 -4.337 NAN 1919 -4.352 NAN 1918 -4.338 NAN 1917 -4.341 NAN 1916 -4.354 NAN 1915 -4.436 NAN 1914 -4.464 NAN 1913 -4.406 NAN 1912 -4.398 NAN 1911 -4.245 NAN 1910 -4.266 NAN 1909 -4.352 NAN 1908 -4.279 NAN 1907 -4.387 NAN 1906 -4.511 NAN 1905 -4.355 NAN 1904 -4.449 NAN 1903 -4.428 NAN 1902 -4.439 NAN 1901 -4.394 NAN 1900 -4.517 NAN 1899 -4.39 NAN 1898 -4.523 NAN 1897 -4.499 NAN 1896 -4.534 NAN 1895 -4.555 NAN 1894 -4.381 NAN 1893 -4.393 NAN 1892 -4.444 NAN 1891 -4.375 NAN 1890 -4.432 NAN 1889 -4.504 NAN 1888 -4.444 NAN 1887 -4.393 NAN 1886 -4.406 NAN 1885 -4.379 NAN 1884 -4.314 NAN 1883 -4.348 NAN 1882 -4.408 NAN 1881 -4.429 NAN 1880 -4.561 NAN 1879 -4.561 NAN 1878 -4.568 NAN 1877 -4.505 NAN 1876 -4.467 NAN 1875 -4.492 NAN 1874 -4.495 NAN 1873 -4.548 NAN 1872 -4.327 NAN 1871 -4.481 NAN 1870 -4.476 NAN 1869 -4.474 NAN 1868 -4.472 NAN 1867 -4.514 NAN 1866 -4.413 NAN 1865 -4.436 NAN 1864 -4.317 NAN 1863 -4.441 NAN 1862 -4.377 NAN 1861 -4.345 NAN 1860 -4.302 NAN 1859 -4.362 NAN 1858 -4.309 NAN 1857 -4.331 NAN 1856 -4.371 NAN 1855 -4.382 NAN 1854 -4.353 NAN 1853 -4.352 NAN 1852 -4.518 NAN 1851 -4.366 NAN 1850 -4.286 NAN 1849 -4.28 NAN 1848 -4.266 NAN 1847 -4.205 NAN 1846 -4.22 NAN 1845 -4.257 NAN 1844 -4.254 NAN 1843 -4.289 NAN 1842 -4.329 NAN 1841 -4.273 NAN 1840 -4.333 NAN 1839 -4.332 NAN 1838 -4.413 NAN 1837 -4.204 NAN 1836 -4.243 NAN 1835 -4.426 NAN 1834 -4.419 NAN 1833 -4.344 NAN 1832 -4.375 NAN 1831 -4.323 NAN 1830 -4.298 NAN 1829 -4.29 NAN 1828 -4.287 NAN 1827 -4.168 NAN 1826 -4.398 NAN 1825 -4.424 NAN 1824 -4.38 NAN 1823 -4.479 NAN 1822 -4.472 NAN 1821 -4.302 NAN 1820 -4.25 NAN 1819 -4.276 NAN 1818 -4.327 NAN 1817 -4.298 NAN 1816 -4.1 NAN 1815 -4.208 NAN 1814 -4.373 NAN 1813 -4.342 NAN 1812 -4.25 NAN 1811 -4.165 NAN 1810 -4.122 NAN 1809 -4.249 NAN 1808 -4.248 NAN 1807 -4.159 NAN 1806 -4.26 NAN 1805 -4.294 NAN 1804 -4.294 NAN 1803 -4.182 NAN 1802 -4.24 NAN 1801 -4.214 NAN