# Malindi - Coral d18O Data #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/1855 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-1855.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/sncz-6m98 # # Science_Keywords: PAGES 2k Network, PAGES Australasia 2k #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/indian_ocean/cole2000_noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Core MAL-95-3 Annual Oxygen Isotope Data # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2000-07-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-07-21 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Malindi - Coral d18O Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Cole, J.E.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3389-7809); Dunbar, R.B.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9728-5609); McClanahan, T.R.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5821-3584); Muthiga, N.A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3278-7410) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: File includes columns for Year AD, Coral d18O (‰), and SST (°C). The SST data are sparse as they were screened using the procedures described below. The coral used in this study grew (and still does grow) in Malindi Marine Park, Kenya (3°S, 40°E). The colony lies at a depth of ~6m (low tide) and is about 4m in height. Annual growth rates are roughly 12mm/yr. Oxygen isotopic data are from annual increments of coral skeleton that were cut according to annual density bands that are clearly visible in the core. Annual chunks were crushed and homogenized; isotopic values represent the average of duplicate or triplicate samples. Because samples were taken with respect to visible annual density banding, there is no depth scale for this record. Annual density banding is unambiguous in this core, so annual assignments are precise. The annual samples represent a year that is roughly November thru October. (The year assigned is the year of the January, not the year of the November, that is included in that interval). However, if cuts were not precisely along the October-November boundary, small (1-2 month) offsets in the months assigned to an annual sample may have occurred. Stable isotope samples were analyzed on three isotope ratio mass spectrometers: a VG 602 with SIRA-series electronics at Rice University, a VG-SIRA with automated carbonate preparation device, and a Micromass Optima with automated carbonate preparation device, the latter two at the University of Colorado/Boulder (INSTAAR). Each measurement has an analytical uncertainty of ±0.08‰; the differences between duplicate samples were above 0.18‰ in only 2 of 195 cases, confirming inter-lab and inter-instrument calibrations. We calibrate the coral d18O to the enhanced COADS SST from 3°S, 41°E, which has a broader screening tolerance than the standard COADS (4.5 sigma vs. 3.5 sigma) to capture larger anomalies. COADS enhanced data are provided by the NOAA-CIRES Climate Diagnostics Center, Boulder, Colorado, from their web site at http://www.cdc.noaa.gov/. We use annual SST data representing a Nov.-Oct. year and include only years that contain at least three observations from every month; this procedure yields a slope of 0.256‰ per 1°C and explains 47% of the SST variance. The details of the calibration procedure have little effect on the paleotemperature slope: using the standard SST product instead of the enhanced yields a slope of -0.228; omitting the minimum requirement of three observations per month yields a slope of 0.262 for the enhanced COADS and 0.252 for the standard. These correlations are all significant at >99.9%. More information on this record can be found in the original reference. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Cole, J.E.; Dunbar, R.B.; McClanahan, T.R.; Muthiga, N # Journal_Name: Science # Published_Title: Tropical Pacific forcing of decadal variability in the western Indian Ocean over the past two centuries # Published_Date_or_Year: 2000 # Volume: 287 # Issue: 5453 # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.287.5453.617 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: A 194-year annual record of skeletal d18O from a coral growing at Malindi, Kenya, preserves a history of sea surface temperature (SST) change that is coherent with instrumental and proxy records of tropical Pacific climate variability over interannual to decadal periods. This variability is superimposed on a warming of as much as 1.3C since the early 1800s. These results suggest that the tropical Pacific imparts substantial decadal climate variability to the western Indian Ocean and, by implication, may force decadal variability in other regions with strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation teleconnections. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: ATM 94-10298, OCE-9614137, ATM 94-09779, OCE-9632287, OCE-9896157 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Malindi Marine Park # Location: Indian Ocean # Northernmost_Latitude: -3.25 # Southernmost_Latitude: -3.25 # Easternmost_Longitude: 40.15 # Westernmost_Longitude: 40.15 # Elevation_m: #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Malindi Core 001 # First_Year: 1801 # Last_Year: 1994 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: del18O # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges;instrumental,,,N, ## d18O delta 18O,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,,corals and sclerosponges,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N, ## sst sea surface temperature,,,degree Celsius,Nov-Oct,instrumental,,,N, #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA age d18O sst 1994 -4.705 NA 1993 -4.658 NA 1992 -4.664 NA 1991 -4.627 NA 1990 -4.598 NA 1989 -4.532 27.4 1988 -4.577 27.6 1987 -4.59 27.55 1986 -4.449 26.77 1985 -4.477 26.76 1984 -4.498 26.65 1983 -4.571 NA 1982 -4.552 27.34 1981 -4.544 27.13 1980 -4.629 27.18 1979 -4.557 27.43 1978 -4.521 27.43 1977 -4.5 27.18 1976 -4.56 26.96 1975 -4.334 26.83 1974 -4.411 27.06 1973 -4.423 27.1 1972 -4.378 NA 1971 -4.345 NA 1970 -4.376 NA 1969 -4.349 NA 1968 -4.323 26.87 1967 -4.369 27.08 1966 -4.351 26.95 1965 -4.279 26.56 1964 -4.186 26.73 1963 -4.288 NA 1962 -4.294 NA 1961 -4.318 NA 1960 -4.369 26.83 1959 -4.34 27.03 1958 -4.291 27.04 1957 -4.356 NA 1956 -4.387 26.68 1955 -4.349 26.58 1954 -4.41 NA 1953 -4.369 26.79 1952 -4.408 27.01 1951 -4.343 26.64 1950 -4.35 NA 1949 -4.524 NA 1948 -4.457 NA 1947 -4.441 NA 1946 -4.45 NA 1945 -4.489 NA 1944 -4.417 NA 1943 -4.387 NA 1942 -4.507 NA 1941 -4.506 NA 1940 -4.476 NA 1939 -4.517 NA 1938 -4.441 NA 1937 -4.414 NA 1936 -4.452 NA 1935 -4.427 NA 1934 -4.323 NA 1933 -4.48 NA 1932 -4.51 NA 1931 -4.53 NA 1930 -4.453 NA 1929 -4.382 NA 1928 -4.35 NA 1927 -4.408 NA 1926 -4.388 NA 1925 -4.361 NA 1924 -4.342 NA 1923 -4.352 NA 1922 -4.368 NA 1921 -4.356 NA 1920 -4.337 NA 1919 -4.352 NA 1918 -4.338 NA 1917 -4.341 NA 1916 -4.354 NA 1915 -4.436 NA 1914 -4.464 NA 1913 -4.406 NA 1912 -4.398 NA 1911 -4.245 NA 1910 -4.266 NA 1909 -4.352 NA 1908 -4.279 NA 1907 -4.387 NA 1906 -4.511 NA 1905 -4.355 NA 1904 -4.449 NA 1903 -4.428 NA 1902 -4.439 NA 1901 -4.394 NA 1900 -4.517 NA 1899 -4.39 NA 1898 -4.523 NA 1897 -4.499 NA 1896 -4.534 NA 1895 -4.555 NA 1894 -4.381 NA 1893 -4.393 NA 1892 -4.444 NA 1891 -4.375 NA 1890 -4.432 NA 1889 -4.504 NA 1888 -4.444 NA 1887 -4.393 NA 1886 -4.406 NA 1885 -4.379 NA 1884 -4.314 NA 1883 -4.348 NA 1882 -4.408 NA 1881 -4.429 NA 1880 -4.561 NA 1879 -4.561 NA 1878 -4.568 NA 1877 -4.505 NA 1876 -4.467 NA 1875 -4.492 NA 1874 -4.495 NA 1873 -4.548 NA 1872 -4.327 NA 1871 -4.481 NA 1870 -4.476 NA 1869 -4.474 NA 1868 -4.472 NA 1867 -4.514 NA 1866 -4.413 NA 1865 -4.436 NA 1864 -4.317 NA 1863 -4.441 NA 1862 -4.377 NA 1861 -4.345 NA 1860 -4.302 NA 1859 -4.362 NA 1858 -4.309 NA 1857 -4.331 NA 1856 -4.371 NA 1855 -4.382 NA 1854 -4.353 NA 1853 -4.352 NA 1852 -4.518 NA 1851 -4.366 NA 1850 -4.286 NA 1849 -4.28 NA 1848 -4.266 NA 1847 -4.205 NA 1846 -4.22 NA 1845 -4.257 NA 1844 -4.254 NA 1843 -4.289 NA 1842 -4.329 NA 1841 -4.273 NA 1840 -4.333 NA 1839 -4.332 NA 1838 -4.413 NA 1837 -4.204 NA 1836 -4.243 NA 1835 -4.426 NA 1834 -4.419 NA 1833 -4.344 NA 1832 -4.375 NA 1831 -4.323 NA 1830 -4.298 NA 1829 -4.29 NA 1828 -4.287 NA 1827 -4.168 NA 1826 -4.398 NA 1825 -4.424 NA 1824 -4.38 NA 1823 -4.479 NA 1822 -4.472 NA 1821 -4.302 NA 1820 -4.25 NA 1819 -4.276 NA 1818 -4.327 NA 1817 -4.298 NA 1816 -4.1 NA 1815 -4.208 NA 1814 -4.373 NA 1813 -4.342 NA 1812 -4.25 NA 1811 -4.165 NA 1810 -4.122 NA 1809 -4.249 NA 1808 -4.248 NA 1807 -4.159 NA 1806 -4.26 NA 1805 -4.294 NA 1804 -4.294 NA 1803 -4.182 NA 1802 -4.24 NA 1801 -4.214 NA