Northern Gulf of Aqaba Modern and Fossil Coral Oxygen Isotope and Sr/Ca Data --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOAA Paleoclimatology Program and World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Northern Gulf of Aqaba Modern and Fossil Coral Oxygen Isotope and Sr/Ca Data LAST UPDATE: 5/2004 (Original Receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Thomas Felis, University of Bremen IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2004-026 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Felis, T., et al. 2004. Northern Gulf of Aqaba Modern and Fossil Coral Oxygen Isotope and Sr/Ca Data, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2004-026. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder, CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Felis, T., G. Lohmann, H. Kuhnert, S. J. Lorenz, D. Scholz, J. Pätzold, S. A. Al-Rousan, and S. M. Al-Moghrabi. 2004. Increased seasonality in Middle East temperatures during the last interglacial period. Nature, v. 429, pp. 164-168, 13 May 2004. ABSTRACT: The last interglacial period (about 125,000 years ago) is thought to have been at least as warm as the present climate. Owing to changes in the Earth's orbit around the Sun, it is thought that insolation in the Northern Hemisphere varied more strongly than today on seasonal timescales, which would have led to corresponding changes in the seasonal temperature cycle. Here we present seasonally resolved proxy records using corals from the northernmost Red Sea, which record climate during the last interglacial period, the late Holocene epoch and the present. We find an increased seasonality in the temperature recorded in the last interglacial coral. Today, climate in the northern Red Sea is sensitive to the North Atlantic Oscillation, a climate oscillation that strongly influences winter temperatures and precipitation in the North Atlantic region. From our coral records and simulations with a coupled atmosphere-ocean circulation model, we conclude that a tendency towards the high-index state of the North Atlantic Oscillation during the last interglacial period, which is consistent with European proxy records, contributed to the larger amplitude of the seasonal cycle in the Middle East. GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Red Sea PERIOD OF RECORD: Modern, ~2.9 KYrBP, and ~122 KYrBP FUNDING SOURCES: This work was supported by Bundesministerium für Bildung und Forschung through KIHZ and DEKLIM, and by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft through DFG Research Centre ‘Ocean Margins’ at Bremen University. DESCRIPTION: Modern Corals: EILAT-15B; 1988-1995 yr AD AQ2; 1991-1996 yr AD EILAT-1; 1988-1993 yr AD Fossil Corals: AQB-10-B; 98 years around 2910 cal. yr BP AQB-3-A; 44 years around 121.9 kyr ago Northern Gulf of Aqaba bimonthly coral oxygen isotope and Sr/Ca data of modern and fossil Porites colonies from the northernmost Red Sea. Two modern corals from Eilat/Israel (EILAT-15B, EILAT-1), and one modern coral (AQ2), one fossil late Holocene coral (AQB-10-B) and one fossil last interglacial coral from Aqaba/Jordan. Microsampling, d18O analyses, age model construction, and interpolation to a bimonthly resolution were performed as recently described for a modern coral from the northernmost Red Sea (Felis et al., Paleoceanography, 2000). The microdrill bit diameter was adapted to a coral’s mean growth rate as estimated from X-radiographs in order to obtain at least six samples per year on average by continuous spot-sampling. The strong seasonal cycle in d18O was used to count annual layers in the corals. This age model is supported by the consistent pattern of annual density-band pairs. The chronologies were constructed by designating the maximum d18O value in a given year equal to mid-February (consistent with the climatological minimum in SST) and assuming a constant extension rate between the Februarys of each year. Therefore we interpolated linearly between these fixed points for further age assignments. The values obtained were interpolated linearly to create six equally spaced values per year, providing a bimonthly resolution (January-February, March-April, May-June, etc.). The age model error of the coral chronologies is in the order of 2-3 months for any given year. For a fossil coral the internal chronology starts at the base (oldest part) of a colony. For Sr/Ca analyses, inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was used. More information can be found in the original reference (Felis et al., Nature, 2004). DATA: 1. Modern coral AQ2 (Porites) Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Aqaba/Jordan, Red Sea) Latitude: 29 deg 27.54 min North (Maps/Charts) Longitude: 34 deg 58.38 min East (Maps/Charts) Water depth: 18 m Time period: 1991-1996 yr AD Column 1: Age (Year, AD) Column 2: Coral d18O (per mil VPDB) Column 3: Coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) age d18O Sr/Ca 1991.083 -2.69 9.60 1991.250 -2.90 9.53 1991.417 -3.32 9.41 1991.583 -3.47 9.40 1991.750 -3.28 9.46 1991.917 -3.03 9.55 1992.083 -2.58 9.69 1992.250 -2.51 9.70 1992.417 -3.34 9.42 1992.583 -3.40 9.44 1992.750 -3.15 9.51 1992.917 -2.77 9.62 1993.083 -2.60 9.69 1993.250 -3.07 9.52 1993.417 -3.36 9.49 1993.583 -3.41 9.49 1993.750 -3.30 9.46 1993.917 -3.24 9.52 1994.083 -2.79 9.68 1994.250 -2.78 9.67 1994.417 -3.30 9.55 1994.583 -3.57 9.43 1994.750 -3.51 9.38 1994.917 -3.29 9.35 1995.083 -2.72 9.55 1995.250 -2.85 9.64 1995.417 -3.09 9.55 1995.583 -3.46 9.38 1995.750 -3.41 9.35 1995.917 -3.00 9.51 1996.083 -2.77 9.70 1996.250 -2.87 9.56 2. Fossil coral AQB-10-B (Porites) Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Aqaba/Jordan, Red Sea) Latitude: 29 deg 22.91 min North (GPS) Longitude: 34 deg 57.84 min East (GPS) Age: 2910 (3002-2807) calibrated yr BP (2-sigma range), AMS 14C date: 3290+/-35 yr BP Time period: 98 years around 2910 cal. yr BP Column 1: Age (Year, internal chronology) Column 2: Coral d18O (per mil VPDB) Column 3: Coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) age d18O Sr/Ca 0.750 -2.41 0.917 -2.34 1.083 -2.24 1.250 -2.53 1.417 -2.88 1.583 -2.74 1.750 -2.61 1.917 -2.47 2.083 -2.33 2.250 -2.44 2.417 -2.64 2.583 -2.81 2.750 -2.93 2.917 -2.96 3.083 -2.59 3.250 -2.68 3.417 -2.84 3.583 -2.77 3.750 -2.49 3.917 -2.37 4.083 -2.34 4.250 -2.57 4.417 -2.88 4.583 -3.26 4.750 -2.82 4.917 -2.49 5.083 -2.19 5.250 -2.26 5.417 -2.46 5.583 -2.62 5.750 -2.51 5.917 -2.30 6.083 -2.15 6.250 -2.65 6.417 -3.10 6.583 -3.04 6.750 -2.89 6.917 -2.73 7.083 -2.53 7.250 -2.58 7.417 -2.98 7.583 -3.04 7.750 -2.53 7.917 -2.44 8.083 -2.35 8.250 -2.68 8.417 -3.05 8.583 -3.22 8.750 -3.10 8.917 -2.96 9.083 -2.75 9.250 -2.70 9.417 -3.08 9.583 -3.29 9.750 -3.15 9.917 -2.50 10.083 -2.43 10.250 -2.62 10.417 -2.92 10.583 -3.09 10.750 -3.00 10.917 -2.69 11.083 -2.51 11.250 -2.51 11.417 -2.62 11.583 -2.78 11.750 -2.95 11.917 -2.74 12.083 -2.46 12.250 -2.54 12.417 -2.95 12.583 -3.17 12.750 -2.68 12.917 -2.49 13.083 -2.26 13.250 -2.50 13.417 -2.73 13.583 -2.80 13.750 -2.58 13.917 -2.28 14.083 -2.19 14.250 -2.56 14.417 -2.92 14.583 -2.93 14.750 -2.90 14.917 -2.39 15.083 -2.16 15.250 -2.59 15.417 -3.00 15.583 -3.11 15.750 -2.87 15.917 -2.69 16.083 -2.39 16.250 -2.46 16.417 -2.64 16.583 -2.77 16.750 -2.81 16.917 -2.60 17.083 -2.15 17.250 -2.15 17.417 -2.41 17.583 -2.91 17.750 -2.71 17.917 -2.55 18.083 -2.19 18.250 -2.26 18.417 -2.52 18.583 -2.74 18.750 -2.63 18.917 -2.43 19.083 -2.28 19.250 -2.33 19.417 -2.59 19.583 -2.60 19.750 -2.94 19.917 -2.52 20.083 -2.31 20.250 -2.37 20.417 -2.50 20.583 -2.71 20.750 -2.75 20.917 -2.62 21.083 -2.52 21.250 -2.58 21.417 -2.72 21.583 -2.85 21.750 -2.73 21.917 -2.62 22.083 -2.46 22.250 -2.54 22.417 -2.65 22.583 -2.90 22.750 -2.59 22.917 -2.40 23.083 -2.30 23.250 -2.75 23.417 -3.01 23.583 -2.88 23.750 -2.61 23.917 -2.44 24.083 -2.24 24.250 -2.27 24.417 -2.51 24.583 -3.16 24.750 -3.00 24.917 -2.65 25.083 -2.53 25.250 -2.56 25.417 -2.71 25.583 -2.90 25.750 -2.79 25.917 -2.39 26.083 -2.27 26.250 -2.63 26.417 -2.80 26.583 -2.79 26.750 -2.62 26.917 -2.35 27.083 -2.28 27.250 -2.48 27.417 -2.68 27.583 -2.77 27.750 -2.93 27.917 -2.62 28.083 -2.32 28.250 -2.37 28.417 -2.35 28.583 -2.73 28.750 -2.50 28.917 -2.44 29.083 -2.34 29.250 -2.70 29.417 -2.85 29.583 -2.85 29.750 -2.42 29.917 -2.17 30.083 -2.14 30.250 -2.49 30.417 -2.77 30.583 -2.87 30.750 -2.89 30.917 -2.72 31.083 -2.36 31.250 -2.39 31.417 -2.88 31.583 -3.01 31.750 -2.85 31.917 -2.60 32.083 -2.44 32.250 -2.50 32.417 -2.78 32.583 -2.85 32.750 -2.74 32.917 -2.66 33.083 -2.52 33.250 -2.61 33.417 -2.91 33.583 -3.03 33.750 -2.92 33.917 -2.65 34.083 -2.50 34.250 -2.73 34.417 -2.97 34.583 -2.97 34.750 -2.88 34.917 -2.66 35.083 -2.37 35.250 -2.40 35.417 -2.58 35.583 -2.84 35.750 -2.90 35.917 -2.40 36.083 -2.17 36.250 -2.36 36.417 -2.84 36.583 -2.95 36.750 -2.89 36.917 -2.77 37.083 -2.51 37.250 -2.49 37.417 -2.65 37.583 -2.89 37.750 -2.72 37.917 -2.58 38.083 -2.45 38.250 -2.54 38.417 -2.67 38.583 -2.58 38.750 -2.92 38.917 -2.55 39.083 -2.06 39.250 -2.22 39.417 -2.78 39.583 -2.89 39.750 -2.80 39.917 -2.79 40.083 -2.46 40.250 -2.55 40.417 -2.77 40.583 -2.96 40.750 -2.86 40.917 -2.57 41.083 -2.45 41.250 -2.48 41.417 -2.77 41.583 -2.90 41.750 -2.65 41.917 -2.26 42.083 -2.14 42.250 -2.19 42.417 -2.55 42.583 -2.74 42.750 -2.85 42.917 -2.74 43.083 -2.30 43.250 -2.19 43.417 -2.34 43.583 -2.51 43.750 -2.75 43.917 -2.62 44.083 -2.17 44.250 -2.00 44.417 -2.61 44.583 -2.94 44.750 -2.80 44.917 -2.62 45.083 -2.31 45.250 -2.33 45.417 -2.55 45.583 -2.91 45.750 -3.00 45.917 -2.78 46.083 -2.36 46.250 -2.33 46.417 -2.50 46.583 -2.76 46.750 -2.99 46.917 -2.66 47.083 -2.36 47.250 -2.30 47.417 -2.49 47.583 -2.96 47.750 -2.81 47.917 -2.38 48.083 -2.24 48.250 -2.38 48.417 -2.67 48.583 -2.88 48.750 -2.67 48.917 -2.26 49.083 -2.18 49.250 -2.40 49.417 -2.73 49.583 -2.92 49.750 -2.73 49.917 -2.47 50.083 -2.24 50.250 -2.32 50.417 -2.53 50.583 -2.78 50.750 -2.64 50.917 -2.39 51.083 -2.28 51.250 -2.70 51.417 -3.13 51.583 -2.76 51.750 -2.72 51.917 -2.60 52.083 -2.52 52.250 -2.69 52.417 -2.90 52.583 -3.03 52.750 -2.83 52.917 -2.67 53.083 -2.54 53.250 -2.63 53.417 -2.79 53.583 -2.88 53.750 -2.99 53.917 -2.78 54.083 -2.44 54.250 -2.47 54.417 -2.61 54.583 -2.98 54.750 -3.01 54.917 -2.65 55.083 -2.48 55.250 -2.50 55.417 -2.78 55.583 -3.08 55.750 -2.95 55.917 -2.60 56.083 -2.35 56.250 -2.36 56.417 -2.95 56.583 -3.11 56.750 -3.00 56.917 -2.75 57.083 -2.37 57.250 -2.43 57.417 -2.68 57.583 -3.00 57.750 -3.11 57.917 -2.48 58.083 -2.17 58.250 -2.33 58.417 -2.53 58.583 -2.62 58.750 -2.71 58.917 -2.35 59.083 -2.02 59.250 -2.07 59.417 -2.15 59.583 -2.20 59.750 -2.39 59.917 -2.19 60.083 -1.76 60.250 -1.83 60.417 -2.15 60.583 -2.39 60.750 -2.37 60.917 -1.93 61.083 -1.78 61.250 -1.89 61.417 -2.11 61.583 -2.36 61.750 -2.51 61.917 -2.36 62.083 -2.17 62.250 -2.28 62.417 -2.52 62.583 -2.42 62.750 -2.07 62.917 -1.77 63.083 -1.69 63.250 -2.03 63.417 -2.42 63.583 -2.66 63.750 -2.64 63.917 -2.37 64.083 -1.95 64.250 -1.88 64.417 -2.80 64.583 -2.92 64.750 -2.50 64.917 -2.19 65.083 -1.96 65.250 -2.41 65.417 -2.81 65.583 -2.64 65.750 -2.37 65.917 -2.08 66.083 -1.96 66.250 -2.05 66.417 -2.55 66.583 -2.84 66.750 -2.91 66.917 -2.66 67.083 -2.23 67.250 -2.15 67.417 -2.59 67.583 -2.92 67.750 -2.87 67.917 -2.60 68.083 -2.40 68.250 -2.70 68.417 -3.03 68.583 -2.96 68.750 -2.58 68.917 -2.29 69.083 -2.09 69.250 -2.47 69.417 -2.83 69.583 -2.80 69.750 -2.75 69.917 -2.53 70.083 -2.10 70.250 -2.21 70.417 -2.63 70.583 -3.04 70.750 -2.97 70.917 -2.68 71.083 -2.04 71.250 -1.92 71.417 -2.56 71.583 -3.00 71.750 -2.75 71.917 -2.45 72.083 -2.21 72.250 -2.25 72.417 -2.67 72.583 -2.89 72.750 -2.64 72.917 -2.30 9.48 73.083 -2.03 9.59 73.250 -2.15 9.61 73.417 -2.48 9.42 73.583 -2.70 9.27 73.750 -2.63 9.28 73.917 -2.33 9.35 74.083 -1.94 9.53 74.250 -1.91 9.61 74.417 -2.40 9.48 74.583 -2.75 9.32 74.750 -2.71 9.26 74.917 -2.27 9.51 75.083 -2.04 9.66 75.250 -2.28 9.60 75.417 -2.56 9.46 75.583 -2.70 9.34 75.750 -2.46 9.40 75.917 -2.19 9.50 76.083 -1.90 9.53 76.250 -2.22 9.53 76.417 -2.98 9.33 76.583 -3.01 9.20 76.750 -2.82 9.22 76.917 -2.53 9.36 77.083 -2.28 9.53 77.250 -2.28 9.64 77.417 -2.65 9.46 77.583 -2.99 9.29 77.750 -2.83 9.33 77.917 -2.57 9.38 78.083 -2.14 9.60 78.250 -2.26 9.61 78.417 -2.84 9.38 78.583 -3.03 9.18 78.750 -2.95 9.19 78.917 -2.49 9.42 79.083 -2.13 9.56 79.250 -2.32 9.56 79.417 -2.80 9.39 79.583 -3.20 9.20 79.750 -2.97 9.27 79.917 -2.40 9.44 80.083 -2.24 9.54 80.250 -2.36 9.51 80.417 -2.63 9.37 80.583 -2.93 9.29 80.750 -2.97 9.32 80.917 -2.59 9.36 81.083 -2.31 9.47 81.250 -2.25 9.60 81.417 -2.45 9.53 81.583 -3.00 9.30 81.750 -3.00 9.25 81.917 -2.60 9.40 82.083 -2.26 9.59 82.250 -2.39 9.59 82.417 -2.78 9.41 82.583 -3.11 9.33 82.750 -3.08 9.29 82.917 -2.64 9.34 83.083 -2.09 9.51 83.250 -2.26 9.51 83.417 -2.63 9.42 83.583 -2.86 9.32 83.750 -2.77 9.33 83.917 -2.44 9.45 84.083 -2.16 9.56 84.250 -2.22 9.56 84.417 -2.83 9.44 84.583 -3.11 9.33 84.750 -2.77 9.32 84.917 -2.23 9.53 85.083 -2.14 9.61 85.250 -2.13 9.56 85.417 -2.66 9.42 85.583 -2.66 9.37 85.750 -2.56 9.46 85.917 -2.44 9.52 86.083 -2.22 9.66 86.250 -2.25 9.64 86.417 -2.56 9.47 86.583 -2.79 9.37 86.750 -2.79 9.35 86.917 -2.53 9.48 87.083 -2.16 9.66 87.250 -2.24 9.62 87.417 -2.62 87.583 -2.99 87.750 -2.90 87.917 -2.59 88.083 -2.22 88.250 -2.51 88.417 -2.94 88.583 -3.08 88.750 -2.61 88.917 -2.45 89.083 -2.38 89.250 -2.60 89.417 -2.77 89.583 -2.96 89.750 -2.87 89.917 -2.58 90.083 -2.40 90.250 -2.47 90.417 -2.66 90.583 -2.99 90.750 -2.87 90.917 -2.64 91.083 -2.42 91.250 -2.69 91.417 -2.90 91.583 -2.90 91.750 -2.58 91.917 -2.49 92.083 -2.46 92.250 -2.80 92.417 -2.95 92.583 -2.89 92.750 -2.71 92.917 -2.45 93.083 -2.26 93.250 -2.39 93.417 -2.71 93.583 -2.94 93.750 -2.55 93.917 -2.30 94.083 -2.29 94.250 -2.54 94.417 -2.81 94.583 -2.89 94.750 -2.77 94.917 -2.47 95.083 -2.27 95.250 -2.49 95.417 -2.84 95.583 -3.13 95.750 -2.90 95.917 -2.59 96.083 -2.27 96.250 -2.43 96.417 -2.72 96.583 -2.97 96.750 -2.89 96.917 -2.42 97.083 -2.14 97.250 -2.26 97.417 -2.55 97.583 -3.17 97.750 -3.05 97.917 -2.33 98.083 -2.00 98.250 -2.15 98.417 -2.43 98.583 -2.72 98.750 -2.79 98.917 -2.48 99.083 -2.08 99.250 -2.12 99.417 -2.45 3. Fossil coral AQB-3-A (Porites) Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Aqaba/Jordan, Red Sea) Latitude: 29 deg 27.12 min North (GPS) Longitude: 34 deg 58.28 min East (GPS) Age: 121.9 (+7.0/-6.3) kyr (2-sigma range), TIMS U-series date Time period: 44 years around 121.9 kyr ago Column 1: Age (Year, internal chronology) Column 2: Coral d18O (per mil VPDB) Column 3: Coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) age d18O SrCa 1.083 -2.52 1.250 -2.62 1.417 -2.97 1.583 -3.82 1.750 -3.38 1.917 -2.61 2.083 -2.46 2.250 -2.57 2.417 -2.83 2.583 -3.61 2.750 -3.73 2.917 -3.00 3.083 -2.52 3.250 -2.56 3.417 -2.88 3.583 -3.45 3.750 -2.97 3.917 -2.04 4.083 -1.76 4.250 -1.88 4.417 -1.95 4.583 -2.82 4.750 -2.42 4.917 -1.78 5.083 -1.85 5.250 -1.87 5.417 -2.74 5.583 -3.35 5.750 -2.97 5.917 -2.48 6.083 -2.02 6.250 -1.93 6.417 -2.28 6.583 -3.45 6.750 -3.40 6.917 -2.40 7.083 -2.14 7.250 -2.40 7.417 -2.68 7.583 -3.34 7.750 -3.65 7.917 -3.19 8.083 -2.45 8.250 -2.53 8.417 -2.70 8.583 -3.17 8.750 -3.89 8.917 -3.00 9.083 -2.09 9.250 -2.18 9.417 -3.27 9.583 -3.50 9.750 -2.46 9.917 -2.28 10.083 -2.35 10.250 -2.74 10.417 -3.62 10.583 -3.74 10.750 -3.00 10.917 -2.51 9.52 11.083 -2.21 9.78 11.250 -2.78 9.73 11.417 -3.49 9.43 11.583 -3.85 9.24 11.750 -3.10 9.43 11.917 -2.57 9.58 12.083 -2.46 9.75 12.250 -2.70 9.67 12.417 -3.14 9.46 12.583 -3.53 9.41 12.750 -4.05 9.23 12.917 -2.91 9.62 13.083 -2.51 9.80 13.250 -2.71 9.82 13.417 -3.49 9.31 13.583 -3.66 9.40 13.750 -2.88 9.63 13.917 -2.53 9.82 14.083 -2.39 9.89 14.250 -3.02 9.76 14.417 -3.13 9.51 14.583 -3.64 9.36 14.750 -3.02 9.54 14.917 -2.60 9.67 15.083 -2.28 9.81 15.250 -2.53 9.82 15.417 -3.14 9.59 15.583 -3.85 9.37 15.750 -3.43 9.55 15.917 -2.72 9.69 16.083 -2.29 9.84 16.250 -2.56 9.75 16.417 -2.83 9.67 16.583 -3.66 9.38 16.750 -3.23 9.55 16.917 -2.90 9.66 17.083 -2.61 9.79 17.250 -2.66 9.86 17.417 -3.02 9.65 17.583 -3.81 9.40 17.750 -3.64 9.46 17.917 -3.06 9.59 18.083 -2.46 9.78 18.250 -2.73 9.85 18.417 -3.37 9.49 18.583 -3.72 9.28 18.750 -3.00 9.55 18.917 -2.60 9.80 19.083 -2.47 9.85 19.250 -2.90 9.79 19.417 -3.31 9.52 19.583 -3.66 9.25 19.750 -3.33 9.44 19.917 -2.68 9.75 20.083 -2.59 9.82 20.250 -2.60 9.81 20.417 -2.71 9.82 20.583 -3.00 9.76 20.750 -3.50 9.51 20.917 -3.05 9.62 21.083 -2.51 9.85 21.250 -2.80 9.61 21.417 -3.23 9.40 21.583 -3.35 9.35 21.750 -2.94 9.57 21.917 -2.55 9.77 22.083 -2.29 9.90 22.250 -2.62 9.82 22.417 -3.16 9.78 22.583 -3.53 9.40 22.750 -3.41 9.30 22.917 -2.81 23.083 -2.41 23.250 -2.37 23.417 -2.92 23.583 -2.80 23.750 -3.24 23.917 -2.77 24.083 -2.22 24.250 -2.50 24.417 -3.16 24.583 -3.88 24.750 -3.53 24.917 -2.80 25.083 -2.51 25.250 -2.58 25.417 -2.95 25.583 -3.32 25.750 -3.71 25.917 -2.80 26.083 -2.51 26.250 -2.57 26.417 -2.86 26.583 -3.41 26.750 -3.59 26.917 -2.92 27.083 -2.53 27.250 -2.45 27.417 -2.67 27.583 -3.18 27.750 -3.79 27.917 -3.73 28.083 -2.69 28.250 -2.39 28.417 -2.41 28.583 -2.92 28.750 -3.99 28.917 -3.00 29.083 -2.47 29.250 -2.51 29.417 -2.83 29.583 -3.36 29.750 -3.45 29.917 -2.74 30.083 -2.35 30.250 -2.46 30.417 -2.75 30.583 -3.64 30.750 -2.93 30.917 -2.48 31.083 -2.33 31.250 -2.70 31.417 -2.97 31.583 -3.91 31.750 -3.79 31.917 -2.75 32.083 -2.47 32.250 -2.74 32.417 -3.04 32.583 -3.96 32.750 -3.55 32.917 -2.80 33.083 -2.62 33.250 -2.86 33.417 -3.00 33.583 -3.86 33.750 -3.36 33.917 -2.69 34.083 -2.59 34.250 -2.74 34.417 -3.22 34.583 -3.95 34.750 -3.77 34.917 -2.85 35.083 -2.66 35.250 -2.83 35.417 -2.72 35.583 -3.30 35.750 -3.35 35.917 -2.69 36.083 -2.59 36.250 -3.05 36.417 -3.35 36.583 -3.38 36.750 -2.62 36.917 -2.43 37.083 -2.52 37.250 -2.71 37.417 -2.95 37.583 -3.87 37.750 -3.76 37.917 -2.83 38.083 -2.54 38.250 -2.78 38.417 -2.94 38.583 -3.28 38.750 -3.11 38.917 -2.93 39.083 -2.51 39.250 -2.66 39.417 -2.89 39.583 -3.48 39.750 -3.04 39.917 -2.80 40.083 -2.54 40.250 -2.63 40.417 -2.86 40.583 -3.63 40.750 -3.24 40.917 -2.75 41.083 -2.39 41.250 -2.45 41.417 -3.21 41.583 -3.30 41.750 -2.90 41.917 -2.78 42.083 -2.76 42.250 -3.20 42.417 -3.81 42.583 -3.95 42.750 -3.07 42.917 -2.78 43.083 -2.50 43.250 -2.90 43.417 -3.27 43.583 -3.46 43.750 -2.87 43.917 -2.50 44.083 -2.30 44.250 -3.15 44.417 -4.33 44.583 -3.98 44.750 -3.21 44.917 -2.64 45.083 -2.34 4. Modern coral EILAT-1 (Porites) Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat/Israel, Red Sea) Latitude: 29 deg 30.24 min North (Maps/Charts) Longitude: 34 deg 55.15 min East (Maps/Charts) Water depth: 4 m Time period: 1988-1993 yr AD Column 1: Age (Year, AD) Column 2: Coral d18O (per mil VPDB) Column 3: Coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) age d18O Sr/Ca 1988.083 -2.71 9.58 1988.250 -2.98 9.41 1988.417 -3.39 9.20 1988.583 -3.38 9.17 1988.750 -3.28 9.32 1988.917 -2.75 9.44 1989.083 -2.66 9.49 1989.250 -3.01 9.37 1989.417 -3.14 9.26 1989.583 -3.13 9.24 1989.750 -3.50 9.28 1989.917 -3.03 9.38 1990.083 -2.60 9.47 1990.250 -2.74 9.52 1990.417 -3.46 9.21 1990.583 -3.45 9.21 1990.750 -3.28 9.31 1990.917 -3.03 9.37 1991.083 -2.79 9.52 1991.250 -2.88 9.42 1991.417 -3.24 9.24 1991.583 -3.32 9.15 1991.750 -3.20 9.17 1991.917 -2.98 9.26 1992.083 -2.69 9.41 1992.250 -2.95 9.38 1992.417 -3.22 9.25 1992.583 -3.32 9.19 1992.750 -3.18 9.25 1992.917 -2.97 9.31 1993.083 -2.67 9.41 5. Modern coral EILAT-15B (Porites) Northern Gulf of Aqaba (Eilat/Israel, Red Sea) Latitude: 29 deg 30.16 min North (Maps/Charts) Longitude: 34 deg 55.15 min East (Maps/Charts) Water depth: 15 m Time period: 1988-1995 yr AD Column 1: Age (Year, AD) Column 2: Coral d18O (per mil VPDB) Column 3: Coral Sr/Ca (mmol/mol) age d18O Sr/Ca 1988.083 -2.52 9.46 1988.250 -2.51 9.56 1988.417 -2.80 9.31 1988.583 -3.04 9.19 1988.750 -3.13 9.22 1988.917 -2.94 9.38 1989.083 -2.22 9.56 1989.250 -2.67 9.50 1989.417 -2.72 9.44 1989.583 -2.93 9.41 1989.750 -2.93 9.32 1989.917 -2.92 9.30 1990.083 -2.34 9.45 1990.250 -2.44 9.49 1990.417 -3.06 9.23 1990.583 -2.91 9.30 1990.750 -2.87 9.31 1990.917 -2.83 9.39 1991.083 -2.58 9.51 1991.250 -2.64 9.48 1991.417 -2.87 9.46 1991.583 -3.33 9.23 1991.750 -3.05 9.30 1991.917 -2.90 9.36 1992.083 -2.39 9.48 1992.250 -2.17 9.67 1992.417 -2.57 9.47 1992.583 -2.76 9.37 1992.750 -3.07 9.30 1992.917 -2.84 9.40 1993.083 -2.37 9.47 1993.250 -2.42 9.55 1993.417 -2.88 9.37 1993.583 -3.26 9.27 1993.750 -3.03 9.32 1993.917 -2.79 9.38 1994.083 -2.59 9.47 1994.250 -2.61 9.57 1994.417 -2.82 9.39 1994.583 -3.17 9.18 1994.750 -3.46 9.05 1994.917 -2.64 9.30 1995.083 -2.30 9.49