Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Mid-Holocene Coral Sr/Ca SST Reconstructions ----------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program ----------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Mid-Holocene Coral Sr/Ca SST Reconstructions LAST UPDATE: 11/2010 (Original receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTORS: Abram, N.J., H.V. McGregor, M.K. Gagan, W.S. Hantoro, and B.W. Suwargadi IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2010-125 WDC PALEO CONTRIBUTION SERIES CITATION: Abram, N.J., et al. 2010. Indo-Pacific Warm Pool Mid-Holocene Coral Sr/Ca SST Reconstructions. IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series # 2010-125. NOAA/NCDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. ORIGINAL REFERENCE: Abram, N.J., H.V. McGregor, M.K. Gagan, W.S. Hantoro, and B.W. Suwargadi. 2009. Oscillations in the southern extent of the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool during the mid-Holocene. Quaternary Science Reviews, Vol. 28, pp. 2794-2803. doi:10.1016/j.quascirev.2009.07.006 ABSTRACT: The Indo-Pacific Warm Pool (IPWP) is thought to play a key role in the propagation and amplification of climate changes through its influence on the global distribution of heat and water vapour. However, little is known about past changes in the size and position of the IPWP. In this study, we use a total of 48 modern and fossil coral records from the Mentawai Islands (Sumatra, Indonesia) and Muschu/Koil Islands (Papua New Guinea) to reconstruct oscillations in the extent of the IPWP since the mid-Holocene. We show that reliable estimates of mean sea surface temperature (SST) can be obtained from fossil corals by using low-resolution Sr/Ca analysis of a suite of corals to overcome the large uncertainties associated with mean Sr/Ca-SST estimates from individual coral colonies. The coral records indicate that the southeastern and southwestern margins of the IPWP were cooler than at present between ~5500 and 4300 years BP (~1.2°C ± 0.3°C) and were similarly cool before ~6800 years BP. This mid-Holocene cooling was punctuated by an abrupt, short-lived shift to mean SSTs that were warmer than at present between ~6600 and 6300 years BP (~1.3°C ± 0.3°C), while similarly warm conditions may have also existed after ~4300 years BP. We suggest that mid-Holocene cooling at our study sites was related to contractions of the southeastern and southwestern margins of the IPWP, associated with the more northerly position of the Inter-tropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) that accompanied mid-Holocene strengthening of the Asian summer monsoon. Conversely, intervals of abrupt warming appear to correspond with widespread episodes of monsoon weakening and accompanying southward migrations of the ITCZ that caused the IPWP to expand beyond our coral sites. Intervals of a strengthened Asian monsoon and cooling in the southwestern IPWP during the mid-Holocene appear to correspond with a more positive Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD)-like mean configuration across the tropical Indian Ocean, suggesting that the Asian monsoon-IOD interaction that exists at interannual time scales also persists over centennial to millennial scales. Associated mean changes in the Pacific ENSO modes may have also occurred during the mid-Holocene. The dynamic and inter-connected behaviour of the IPWP with tropical climate systems during the mid-Holocene highlights the fundamental importance of the warm pool region for understanding climate change throughout the tropics and beyond. ADDITIONAL REFERENCES: (Abram et al., Nature (2007), Correge et al., Palaeo3 (2006)). GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Indo-Pacific Warm Pool PERIOD OF RECORD: Mid Holocene, ~7-4 KYr BP FUNDING SOURCES: Australian Postgraduate Award and RSES Jaeger Scholarship to N.J.A., an Australian Postgraduate Award to H.V.M., and Australian Research Council Discovery grant DP0663227 to M.K.G and W.S.H. DESCRIPTION: Mid-Holocene sea surface temperature reconstructions for the Indo-Pacific Warm Pool region based on fossil coral Sr/Ca ratios. All coral ages are given in years before present (yBP) notation, where present is 1950 AD. Modern coral ages are absolute, based on drilling date and comparison with instrumental records, and are expressed in years before present notation for consistency with the fossil coral data. Fossil coral age determinations were made using calibrated radiocarbon measurements (2s age range) for the Mentawai corals and U/Th measurements for the Muschu/Koil corals (±2s error). 2 standard error on mean Sr/Ca determinations are derived from the average of yearly or composite resolution Sr/Ca measurements, or of the average of triplicate Sr/Ca measurements of bulk coral powders. The mean Sr/Ca values were converted to SST anomalies relative to the mean Sr/Ca value obtained from the modern corals for each locality using a mean Sr/Ca-SST dependence of -0.061 mmol mol-1 °C-1 (Abram et al. 2007, Correge et al. 2006). The error on the reconstructed SST anomaly is a combined error based on the standard error on the mean fossil Sr/Ca determinations and the standard deviation around the reconstruction of modern SST from the modern coral samples at each locality. DATA: This is the data given in Table 1 of Abram et al., QSR (2009). 1. Papau New Guinea Sr/Ca in mmol mol-1 Coral ID U/Th age Age2s Length Resolution MeanSr/Ca 2SE Sr/Ca SSTanom(C) SSTerr(C) MS01 (modern) -40 13 yearly 8.77 0 MS04 (modern) -40 13 yearly 8.72 0.82 KL03 (modern) -40 13 4-year composites 8.82 -0.82 FM09 2065 85 19 4-year composites 8.79 0.022 -0.32 1.68 FM22 5420 35 25 5-year composites 8.89 0.06 -1.96 1.91 FM07 5855 35 9 2-year composites 8.79 0.032 -0.32 1.72 FM21 5830 25 24 5-year composites 8.82 0.118 -0.81 2.55 FM15 6025 30 89 18-year composite 8.74 0.028 0.5 1.7 FM23 7030 35 18 4-year composites 8.85 0.042 -1.3 1.78 FM24 7215 35 18 4-year composites 8.79 0.032 -0.32 1.73 FK05 7550 35 33 7-year composites 8.97 0.098 -3.27 2.29 2. Mentawai Sr/Ca in mmol mol-1 Coral ID 14C-2sAgeStart 14C-2sAgeEnd LengthYr Resolut. MeanSr/Ca 2SE Sr/Ca SSTanom(C) SSTerr(C) PG01-A-2 (modern) -32 -43 11 yearly 8.755 0.85 PG01-A-3 (modern) -33 -40 7 yearly 8.772 0.55 TM01-A-10 (modern -43 -48 5 monthly 8.807 0.4 TN99-A-4 (modern) -43 -47 4 monthly 8.89 -1.13 LB99-A-3 (modern) -39 -45 6 yearly 8.817 -0.04 SMG01-A-7 (modern -44 -51 7 monthly 8.855 -0.62 B01-A-1 Y83 393 2 9 yearly 8.797 0.008 0.41 1.52 B01-A-1 Y95 405 14 12 yearly 8.794 0.009 0.47 1.52 B01-A-1 Y145 455 64 13 yearly 8.802 0.012 0.33 1.52 SMG01-A-10 532 127 11 bulk 8.844 0.035 -0.35 1.62 P01-C-1a 606 304 8 yearly 8.852 0.015 -0.49 1.53 SMG01-A-5b 700 381 9 bulk 8.834 0.028 -0.19 1.58 SMG01-A-1 892 541 9 bulk 8.793 0.004 0.48 1.51 TF99-A-3 1884 1492 14 yearly 8.874 0.02 -0.85 1.55 TF01-A-8 2017 1569 11 yearly 8.967 0.02 -2.37 1.55 TF01-A-7 2058 1636 12 yearly 8.764 0.009 0.96 1.52 P01-B-2 2113 1632 11 yearly 8.8 0.017 0.37 1.54 P01-B-1a 2183 1719 12 yearly 8.98 0.025 -2.58 1.57 TF01-A-5c 3818 3379 10 bulk 8.692 0.009 2.14 1.52 TF99-A-4 4129 3641 7 yearly 8.664 0.016 2.6 1.53 TF01-A-3 4173 3639 13 yearly 8.769 0.019 0.87 1.54 LB99-A-5 4724 4130 7 bulk 8.961 0.021 -2.27 1.55 TF99-A-7b 4608 4058 14 yearly&bulk 8.866 0.002 -0.72 1.51 TF99-A-5 4698 4156 15 yearly 8.866 0.014 -0.72 1.53 LB99-A-7 4778 4220 12 yearly 8.926 0.033 -1.7 1.61 P01-A-4a 5325 4847 4 yearly&bulk 8.877 0.002 -0.9 1.51 P01-A-2 5790 5321 9 bulk 8.911 0.003 -1.45 1.51 P01-A-3 5676 5298 7 bulk 8.873 0.011 -0.83 1.52 TN01-A-7 6149 5650 15 bulk 8.844 0.009 -0.35 1.52 TN01-A-6 6445 6002 10 bulk 8.782 0.005 0.66 1.51 TN99-A-1 Y35 6517 6133 8 yearly 8.762 0.021 0.99 1.55 TN99-A-1 Y85 6567 6183 12 yearly 8.685 0.022 2.25 1.55 TM01-A-9 6642 6160 9 bulk 8.684 0.01 2.27 1.52 SK01-A-1 6854 6334 11 bulk 8.8 0.005 0.37 1.51 TM01-A-3b 6854 6334 9 yearly&bulk 8.745 0.005 1.27 1.51 TM01-A-4 7126 6646 11 yearly 8.73 0.019 1.51 1.54 TM01-A-2 7143 6642 9 bulk 8.904 0.006 -1.34 1.51 TM01-A-1 7244 6794 7 bulk 8.897 0.031 -1.22 1.59