# Amédée Island, New Caledonia, 350 Year Coral Sr/Ca SST Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), # and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13035 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-13035.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: Sea Surface Temperature Reconstruction #------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/amedee2012_d13C-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Delong2012 Data # # Original_Source_URL: # Original_Source_Description: # #------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2012-06-25 #------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2021-09-17 #------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Amédée Island, New Caledonia, 350 Year Coral Sr/Ca SST Reconstruction #------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: DeLong, K.L. (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6320-421X); Quinn, T.M. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-9175); Taylor, F.W. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-441X); Lin, K.; Shen, C.-C. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2771) #------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Coral Sr/Ca data and Sea Surface Temperature (SST) reconstruction for the past 350 years for New Caledonia, western tropical Pacific. Cores sampled include: two long cores (92-PAA1 and 92-PAA2) and one shorter core (99-PAA) from a single massive Porites lutea colony (PAA), and two cores (92-PAC and 92-PAD) from nearby colonies of the same species, all recovered from colonies offshore of Amédée Island, New Caledonia (Stephans et al., 2004; DeLong et al, 2007; DeLong et al, 2012a; DeLong et al, 2012b). Previous studies with this suite of coral colonies discuss the location and sampling methods (Quinn et al, 1996; Quinn et al, 1998; Stephans et al, 2004; DeLong et al, 2007). # # Elemental ratio (Sr/Ca) determinations follow the method previously described by DeLong et al. (2007). The elemental data were analyzed on a Perkin Elmer Optima 4300DV ICP-OES following the drift-correction methods of Schrag (1999) at the University of South Florida (USF) and University of Texas. For cores 92-PAA1 and 92PAA2, the one-sigma analytical precision of a laboratory internal gravimetric standard is ±0.010 mmol per mol (n = 2,445) and of a homogenized powder from a Porites lutea coral is ±0.018 mmol per mol (n = 3,343), which is an additional estimate of precision. For cores 99-PAA, 92-PAC and 92-PAD, the analytical precision is reported by Stephans et al. 2004 and summarized here. Analytical precision (1 sigma) for the Sr/Ca determinations is 0.2% (0.018 mmol per mol), based on a laboratory standard solution of dissolved Porites lutea. The isotope data were analyzed at the University of South Florida College of Marine Science, on a Finnigan Delta Plus XL mass spectrometer and attached Kiel Carbonate Device with an analytical precision of 0.04 per mil for carbon and 0.08 per mil for oxygen (1 sigma) determined by repeated measurements of NBS 19 relative to VPDB. Stable isotopic and Sr/Ca determinations on samples from Cores 99-PAA, 92-PAC and 92-PAD were made at USF. Stable isotopic determinations on samples from core 92-PAA made at the University of Michigan. # # Depth series were converted to time series using AnalySeries software (Paillard et al., 1996) to match Sr/Ca minima to SST maxima and vice versa. We established our master chronology with sclerochronology methods (DeLong et al., 2007; DeLong et al., 2012b) confirmed with 11 high-precision Th-230 dates (DeLong et al., 2012b; Shen et al., 2008). Coral Sr/Ca variations were compiled into a single time series by averaging contemporaneous monthly coral Sr/Ca variations from sampling paths within each colony, and then by averaging the coral Sr/Ca variations from the colonies together. The monthly-resolved coral Sr/Ca variations were converted to SST with the transfer equation previously determined for these corals, which were calibrated to 32-years of in situ SST (IRD-SST) from Institut de Recherche pour le Développement - Etudes Climatiques de l’Océan Pacifique tropical (IRD-ECOP) from Amédée Island, New Caledonia (DeLong et al., 2007). This calibration was verified with the 1-degree grid centre on our study site (22.5ºS, 166.5ºE; HadISST-AI) extracted from the HadISST1.1 database (Rayner et al., 2003), which was adjusted to match mean and variance of IRD-SST (DeLong et al., 2007). # # The error of the reconstruction was evaluated for varying scales from a single core to five cores by determining the standard error of regression (sR) for the calibration interval (1967-1992). This allows the sR shown by error bars in Fig. 2 of DeLong et al., 2012 Nature Climate Change to vary with time based on the number of cores. Time series smoothed with low pass finite impulse response (LPFIR) filter (Bloomfield, 2000). Anomalies determined with respect to average monthly values for the given interval. Time were detrended with a second order polynomial fit, see DeLong et al. 2012 Nature Climate change for equations. # # The columns contain reference to figure numbers from cited references. The data from problematic paths presented in Figure 7 of DeLong et al., 2012 in P3 is given for instructions purposes ONLY and SHOULD NOT BE USED FOR CLIMATE RECONSTRUCTIONS. # # Note: A portion of this data replaces the data previously reported and archived by Stephans et al., 2004. # # Amédée Island, New Caledonia: 22°28.5'S, 166°28'E, water depth 3 m. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kristine L. DeLong, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Ke Lin, Chuan-Chou Shen # Journal_Name: Nature Climate Change # Published_Title: Sea surface temperature variability in the southwest tropical Pacific since AD 1649 # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012 # Volume: 2 # Pages: 799-804 # Issue: 11 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/nclimate1583 # Full_Citation: DeLong, K.L., T.M. Quinn, F.W. Taylor, K. Lin, and C.-C. Shen. 2012. Sea surface temperature variability in the southwest tropical Pacific since AD 1649. Nature Climate Change, 2, no. 11, 10.1038/nclimate1583. # Abstract: A prime focus of research is differentiating the contributions of natural climate variability from those that are anthropogenically forced, especially as it relates to climate prediction. The short length of instrumental records, particularly from the South Pacific, hampers this research, specifically for investigations of decadal to centennial scale variability. Here we present a sea surface temperature (SST) reconstruction derived from highly reproducible records of strontium-to-calcium ratios (Sr/Ca) in corals from New Caledonia to investigate natural SST variability in the southwest tropical Pacific from AD 1649-1999. Our results reveal periods of warmer and colder temperatures of the order of decades during the Little Ice Age that do not correspond to long-term variations in solar irradiance or the 11-year sunspot cycle. We suggest that solar variability does not explain decadal to centennial scale SST variability in reconstructions from the southwest tropical Pacific. Our SST reconstruction covaries with the Southern Hemisphere Pacific decadal oscillation and the South Pacific decadal oscillation, from which SST anomalies in the southwest Pacific are linked to precipitation anomalies in the western tropical Pacific. We find that decadal scale SST variability has changed in strength and periodicity after 1893, suggesting a shift in natural variability for this location. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: DeLong, K.L., T.M. Quinn, F.W. Taylor, K. Lin, and C.-C. Shen # Journal_Name: Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology # Published_Title: Improving coral-based paleoclimate reconstructions by replicating 350 years of coral Sr/Ca variations. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2013 # Volume: 373 # Pages: 6-24 # Issue: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.08.019 # Full_Citation: DeLong, K.L., T.M. Quinn, F.W. Taylor, K. Lin, and C.-C. Shen. 2013. Improving coral-based paleoclimate reconstructions by replicating 350 years of coral Sr/Ca variations. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 373, 6-24, doi:10.1016/j.palaeo.2012.08.019 # Abstract: Coral-based climate reconstructions are typically based on a single record and this lack of replication leads to questions in regards to chronology accuracy and reliability of the inclusive geochemical variations to record climate viability. Here we present two multi-century coral Sr/Ca records recovered from a Porites lutea colony offshore of Amédée Island, New Caledonia (22°28.8′S, 166°27.9′E). The chronology was developed by cross dating the coral Sr/Ca time series and verifying the chronology with high precision absolute 230Th dating. We identify chronological discrepancies of − 2.3 and + 3.7 years century− 1 for reconstructions based on a single core with uncertainty increasing after ~ 250 years. We assess the impact of Porites skeletal architecture on coral geochemistry by characterizing centimeter-scale architectural structures with respect to sampling. Optimal sampling paths are those on the slab surface parallel to the growth direction of individual corallites along the central axis of an actively extending corallite fan. Coral Sr/Ca time series extracted from optimal skeletal structures are highly reproducible with a mean absolute difference of 0.021 mmol mol− 1 or 0.39 °C for monthly determinations. Suboptimal skeletal architecture is characterized by corallites extending through the slab surface, and the coral Sr/Ca determinations derived from suboptimal paths tend to produce a warm bias that varies between + 0.04 and + 2.30 °C. Disorganized skeletal architecture is characterized by small, terminating, or unclear corallite fans that produce a cold bias of − 0.11 to − 2.45 °C in coral Sr/Ca determinations. These problematic architecture types also produce biases in coral δ18O determinations, but to a lesser extent. We assess the impact of sampling a coral colony along paths that vary from vertical to horizontal in large and small Porites colonies with extension rates > 6 mm year− 1 and we determine there is no significant difference in the coral Sr/Ca records. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: DeLong, K.L., T.M. Quinn, and F.W. Taylor # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Published_Title: Reconstructing twentieth-century sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific: A replication study using multiple coral Sr/Ca records from New Caledonia # Published_Date_or_Year: 2007 # Volume: 22 # Pages: # Issue: 4 # Report_Number: PA4212 # DOI: 10.1029/2007PA001444 # Full_Citation: DeLong, K.L., T.M. Quinn, and F.W. Taylor. 2007. Reconstructing twentieth-century sea surface temperature variability in the southwest Pacific: A replication study using multiple coral Sr/Ca records from New Caledonia. Paleoceanography, 22, PA4212, doi:10.1029/2007PA001444. # Abstract: Coral-based climate reconstructions typically have not used multiple cores from a region to capture and replicate a climate signal largely because of concerns of coral conservation, analytical expense, and time constraints. Coral Sr/Ca reproducibility through the twentieth century was investigated using three intracolony and three intercolony coral records from the reefs offshore of Amédée Island, New Caledonia. Different sampling resolutions were examined in coral Sr/Ca (fortnightly and monthly) and δ18O (fortnightly, monthly, and seasonally) as well as similar scale subsampling of the daily in situ sea surface temperature (SST) record. The mean coral Sr/Ca, δ18O, and SST values do not change as a function of sampling resolution. The coral Sr/Ca signal is highly reproducible; the average absolute offset between coeval monthly Sr/Ca determinations between any two coral time series is 0.035 ± 0.026 mmol/mol (1σ) (~0.65°C), which is less than twice the analytical precision of the coral Sr/Ca measurements. The stack average of the monthly coral Sr/Ca variations and monthly anomalies are significantly correlated with monthly in situ SST (1967–1992; r = −0.96 and −0.64, respectively; p < 0.05; and n = 302) and 1° grid monthly SST data product (1900–1999; r = −0.95 and −0.56, respectively; p < 0.05; and n = 1198). The coral Sr/Ca–SST reconstruction exhibits interannual and decadal- timescale fluctuations that exceed those observed in the gridded SST record, which may reflect true differences between SST at a shallow reef site and those averaged over a 1° grid box or inadequacies in the methodology used to create the gridded SST product when few observations are available. A warming trend of ~0.6°C is observed in the twentieth century coral Sr/Ca–SST record. #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Stephans, C., T.M. Quinn, F. Taylor, and T. Correge # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Published_Title: Assessing the Reproducibility of Coral-based Climate Records # Published_Date_or_Year: 2004 # Volume: 31 # Pages: # Issue: 18 # Report_Number: L18210 # DOI: 10.1029/2004GL020343 # Full_Citation: Stephans, C., T.M. Quinn, F. Taylor, and T. Correge. 2004. Assessing the Reproducibility of Coral-based Climate Records. Geophysical Research Letters, 31,18, L18210, 10.1029/2004GL020343 # Abstract: We perform replication tests using monthly variations in Sr/Ca and δ18O in four cores from three Porites lutea coral heads from New Caledonia to assess the reproducibility of coral-based climate records. Coral Sr/Ca (δ18O) records are well correlated to each other and to the instrumental SST record (1967–1992), especially in terms of differences in the mean values of 25-year SST records (∼0.2°C, Sr/Ca-SST; 0.6°C, δ18O-SST). The average error associated with the coral Sr/Ca-SST (δ18O-SST) of any particular month, season or year is ~0.8°C (1.1°C), 0.6°C (0.8°C) and 0.5°C (0.6°C), respectively. “Stacking” or averaging the individual proxy records reduces the error between observed and predicted SST, although the reduction is small for coral Sr/Ca. Excellent reproducibility among the coral proxies implies that reliable climate records can be generated from a single coral core and that coral Sr/Ca-SST records are not compromised, beyond the errors stated herein, by non-temperature-related biological effects. #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Gulf Oceanographic Charitable Trust # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Carl Riggs Endowed Fellowships of the College of Marine Science # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Taiwan ROC NSC # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Amedee Lighthouse # Location: Ocean>Pacific Ocean>South Pacific Ocean>Melanesia>New Caledonia # Northernmost_Latitude: -22.48 # Southernmost_Latitude: -22.48 # Easternmost_Longitude: 166.47 # Westernmost_Longitude: 166.47 # Elevation_m: #------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: amedee2012_d13C-noaa # First_Year: 1954 # Last_Year: 1999 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: trace metals # Notes: Coral delta 13C for individual cores, 99PAA, 92PAA1, 92PAD1, 92PAC1, updated from Stephans et al, 2004. Stack PAA is the average of the two cores from the colony PAA, and stack colony is the average from the three colonies. Units are per mil VPDB. #------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # variables format: shortname what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method, C(har) or N(umeric) data,additional information # ## Year age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N, ## 99PAA delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,core 99PAA ## 92PAA1 delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,core 92PAA1 ## StackPAA delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,composited;interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,average of the two cores from the colony PAA ## 92PAD1 delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,core 92PAD1 ## 92PAC1 delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,core 92PAC1 ## StackColony delta 13C,Porites lutea,,per mil VPDB,monthly,corals and sclerosponges,composited;interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,average of the three colonies #------------------------------- # DATA: # Missing_Values: NA Year 99PAA 92PAA1 StackPAA 92PAD1 92PAC1 StackColony 1999.96 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1999.88 NA NA NA NA NA NA 1999.79 -1.39 NA -1.39 NA NA -1.39 1999.71 -1.52 NA -1.52 NA NA -1.52 1999.63 -1.83 NA -1.83 NA NA -1.83 1999.54 -1.97 NA -1.97 NA NA -1.97 1999.46 -1.82 NA -1.82 NA NA -1.82 1999.38 -1.79 NA -1.79 NA NA -1.79 1999.29 -1.51 NA -1.51 NA NA -1.51 1999.21 -1.29 NA -1.29 NA NA -1.29 1999.13 -1.40 NA -1.40 NA NA -1.40 1999.04 -1.66 NA -1.66 NA NA -1.66 1998.96 -1.84 NA -1.84 NA NA -1.84 1998.88 -1.73 NA -1.73 NA NA -1.73 1998.79 -1.53 NA -1.53 NA NA -1.53 1998.71 -1.55 NA -1.55 NA NA -1.55 1998.63 -1.53 NA -1.53 NA NA -1.53 1998.54 -1.66 NA -1.66 NA NA -1.66 1998.46 -1.86 NA -1.86 NA NA -1.86 1998.38 -1.78 NA -1.78 NA NA -1.78 1998.29 -1.66 NA -1.66 NA NA -1.66 1998.21 -1.43 NA -1.43 NA NA -1.43 1998.13 -1.51 NA -1.51 NA NA -1.51 1998.04 -1.56 NA -1.56 NA NA -1.56 1997.96 -1.65 NA -1.65 NA NA -1.65 1997.88 -1.74 NA -1.74 NA NA -1.74 1997.79 -1.65 NA -1.65 NA NA -1.65 1997.71 -1.55 NA -1.55 NA NA -1.55 1997.63 -1.54 NA -1.54 NA NA -1.54 1997.54 -1.56 NA -1.56 NA NA -1.56 1997.46 -1.59 NA -1.59 NA NA -1.59 1997.38 -1.65 NA -1.65 NA NA -1.65 1997.29 -1.72 NA -1.72 NA NA -1.72 1997.21 -1.54 NA -1.54 NA NA -1.54 1997.13 -1.14 NA -1.14 NA NA -1.14 1997.04 -1.07 NA -1.07 NA NA -1.07 1996.96 -0.90 NA -0.90 NA NA -0.90 1996.88 -0.78 NA -0.78 NA NA -0.78 1996.79 -1.14 NA -1.14 NA NA -1.14 1996.71 -1.15 NA -1.15 NA NA -1.15 1996.63 -1.25 NA -1.25 NA NA -1.25 1996.54 -1.63 NA -1.63 NA NA -1.63 1996.46 -1.60 NA -1.60 NA NA -1.60 1996.38 -1.59 NA -1.59 NA NA -1.59 1996.29 -1.89 NA -1.89 NA NA -1.89 1996.21 -1.91 NA -1.91 NA NA -1.91 1996.13 -1.74 NA -1.74 NA NA -1.74 1996.04 -1.83 NA -1.83 NA NA -1.83 1995.96 -1.53 NA -1.53 NA NA -1.53 1995.88 -1.68 NA -1.68 NA NA -1.68 1995.79 -1.80 NA -1.80 NA NA -1.80 1995.71 -1.78 NA -1.78 NA NA -1.78 1995.63 -1.65 NA -1.65 NA NA -1.65 1995.54 -1.67 NA -1.67 NA NA -1.67 1995.46 -1.65 NA -1.65 NA NA -1.65 1995.38 -1.55 NA -1.55 NA NA -1.55 1995.29 -1.39 NA -1.39 NA NA -1.39 1995.21 -1.20 NA -1.20 NA NA -1.20 1995.13 -1.35 NA -1.35 NA NA -1.35 1995.04 -1.27 NA -1.27 NA NA -1.27 1994.96 -1.32 NA -1.32 NA NA -1.32 1994.88 -1.41 NA -1.41 NA NA -1.41 1994.79 -1.28 NA -1.28 NA NA -1.28 1994.71 -1.42 NA -1.42 NA NA -1.42 1994.63 -1.48 NA -1.48 NA NA -1.48 1994.54 -1.62 NA -1.62 NA NA -1.62 1994.46 -1.64 NA -1.64 NA NA -1.64 1994.38 -1.51 NA -1.51 NA NA -1.51 1994.29 -1.41 NA -1.41 NA NA -1.41 1994.21 -1.39 NA -1.39 NA NA -1.39 1994.13 -1.54 NA -1.54 NA NA -1.54 1994.04 -1.70 NA -1.70 NA NA -1.70 1993.96 -1.76 NA -1.76 NA NA -1.76 1993.88 -1.79 NA -1.79 NA NA -1.79 1993.79 -1.64 NA -1.64 NA NA -1.64 1993.71 -1.66 NA -1.66 NA NA -1.66 1993.63 -1.60 NA -1.60 NA NA -1.60 1993.54 -1.70 NA -1.70 NA NA -1.70 1993.46 -1.58 NA -1.58 NA NA -1.58 1993.38 -1.47 NA -1.47 NA NA -1.47 1993.29 -1.49 NA -1.49 NA NA -1.49 1993.21 -1.57 NA -1.57 NA NA -1.57 1993.13 -1.55 NA -1.55 NA NA -1.55 1993.04 -1.34 NA -1.34 NA NA -1.34 1992.96 -1.44 NA -1.44 NA NA -1.44 1992.88 -1.38 NA -1.38 NA NA -1.38 1992.79 -1.22 NA -1.22 NA NA -1.22 1992.71 -1.31 NA -1.31 NA NA -1.31 1992.63 -1.40 -2.17 -1.79 NA NA -1.79 1992.54 -1.59 -1.88 -1.73 NA -0.73 -1.23 1992.46 -1.47 -1.69 -1.58 -2.00 -1.12 -1.57 1992.38 -1.25 -1.72 -1.49 -1.87 -1.07 -1.48 1992.29 -1.21 -1.53 -1.37 -1.97 -0.93 -1.42 1992.21 -1.35 -1.32 -1.34 -1.96 -0.92 -1.40 1992.13 -1.50 -1.42 -1.46 -1.93 -1.01 -1.47 1992.04 -1.57 -1.34 -1.46 -1.87 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-1.44 -1.47 -0.86 -1.26 1990.04 -1.73 -1.22 -1.48 -1.45 -0.47 -1.13 1989.96 -1.62 -1.31 -1.47 -1.31 -0.46 -1.08 1989.88 -1.52 -1.28 -1.40 -1.06 -0.48 -0.98 1989.79 -1.40 -1.34 -1.37 -0.95 -0.40 -0.91 1989.71 -1.32 -1.37 -1.35 -1.10 -0.40 -0.95 1989.63 -1.31 -1.38 -1.35 -1.39 -0.41 -1.05 1989.54 -1.33 -1.42 -1.38 -1.53 -0.63 -1.18 1989.46 -1.37 -1.46 -1.41 -1.76 -0.80 -1.32 1989.38 -1.60 -1.54 -1.57 -1.79 -0.92 -1.43 1989.29 -1.65 -1.66 -1.66 -1.78 -0.90 -1.44 1989.21 -1.42 -1.78 -1.60 -1.63 -0.69 -1.31 1989.13 -1.44 -1.56 -1.50 -1.55 -0.73 -1.26 1989.04 -1.47 -1.34 -1.41 -1.42 -0.50 -1.11 1988.96 -1.57 -2.03 -1.80 -1.33 -0.52 -1.22 1988.88 -1.58 -2.37 -1.98 -1.22 -0.62 -1.27 1988.79 -1.49 -1.91 -1.70 -1.20 -0.67 -1.19 1988.71 -1.38 -1.46 -1.42 -1.31 -0.43 -1.06 1988.63 -1.42 -1.41 -1.41 -1.48 -0.44 -1.11 1988.54 -1.46 -1.35 -1.41 -1.65 -0.72 -1.26 1988.46 -1.67 -1.45 -1.56 -1.63 -0.97 -1.39 1988.38 -1.72 -1.53 -1.63 -1.71 -0.79 -1.38 1988.29 -1.57 -1.51 -1.54 -1.46 -0.68 -1.23 1988.21 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