# Vanuatu Modern and Fossil Coral Sr/Ca Data and SST Reconstruction from 1049-1152 CE and 1894-2006 CE
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/28590
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/lawman2019/lawman2019-11-tm-i1-depth.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges
#
# Dataset_DOI:
#
# Parameter_Keywords: trace metals
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2019-12-20
#---------------------------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2019-12-20
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Vanuatu Modern and Fossil Coral Sr/Ca Data and SST Reconstruction from 1049-1152 CE and 1894-2006 CE
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Lawman, A.E.; Quinn, T.M.; Partin, J.W.; Thirumalai, K.; Taylor, F.W.; Wu, C.-C.; Yu, T.-L.; Gorman, M.K.; Shen, C.-C.
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Fossil coral Sr/Ca data from Tasmaloum, Vanuatu, southwestern tropical Pacific
#         Provided Keywords: Medieval Climate Anomaly
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Lawman, A.E.; Quinn, T.M.; Partin, J.W.; Thirumalai, K.; Taylor, F.W.; Wu, C.-C.; Yu, T.-L.; Gorman, M.K.; Shen, C.-C.
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2020
# Published_Title: A Century of Reduced ENSO Variability During the Medieval Climate Anomaly
# Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
# Volume: 35
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 
# Report_Number: e2019PA003742
# DOI: 10.1029/2019PA003742
# Online_Resource: 
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Climate model simulations of El Niño–Southern Oscillation (ENSO) behavior for the last millennium demonstrate interdecadal to centennial changes in ENSO variability that can arise purely from stochastic processes internal to the climate system. That said, the instrumental record of ENSO does not have the temporal coverage needed to capture the full range of natural ENSO variability observed in long, unforced climate model simulations. Here we demonstrate a probabilistic framework to quantify changes in ENSO variability via histograms and probability density functions using monthly instrumental and coral‐based sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies from 1900–2005 and 1051–1150 CE. We find that reconstructed SST anomalies from modern corals from the southwest Pacific capture changes in ENSO variability that are consistent with instrumental SST data from the central equatorial Pacific. Fossil coral records indicate 100 years of relatively lower ENSO variability during part of the Medieval Climate Anomaly. Our results demonstrate that periods of reduced ENSO variability can last a century, far longer in duration than modern observations in the instrumental record of ENSO, but consistent with results from unforced climate model simulations.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: NSF
#    Grant: OCE 1103430
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology 
#    Grant: 107-2119-M-002-051
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: National Taiwan Univesity
#    Grant: 105R7625
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Education, Taiwan ROC
#    Grant: 107L901001
#---------------------------------------
# Site_Information
# Site_Name: Tasmaloum, Vanuatu
# Location: Vanuatu
# Country: Vanuatu
# Northernmost_Latitude: -15.6
# Southernmost_Latitude: -15.6
# Easternmost_Longitude: 166.9
# Westernmost_Longitude: 166.9
# Elevation: 
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: 11-TM-I1 Sr/Ca-depth Lawman2019
#   First_Year: 
#   Last_Year: 
#   Time_Unit: 
#   Core_Length: 0.62
#   Notes: U-Th absolute ages: 1125.7 +/- 6.2 AD (30.5 cm depth); 1142.6 +/- 4.9 (18.0 cm depth); 1149.0 +/- 4.1 (10.7 cm depth) 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
# 
# sample_id	Sample identification used by laboratory	
# depth_mid	Depth midpoint of the dating chip from core top (cm)	
# mat_dat	Material dated	
# date_met	Dating method (U-Th)	
# age	230Th age converted to calendar years (year AD)	
# age_err	Analytical error for the 230Th age, 2 sigma of the mean (year)	
# notes	Notes	
# 
# sample_id	depth_mid	mat_dat	date_met	age	age_err	notes	
# 11-TM-I1a-1	30.5	Porites lutea	U-Th	1125.7	6.2	Chemistry performed in September 2018 and instrumental analysis on MC-ICP-MS	
# 11-TM-I1a-2	18	Porites lutea	U-Th	1142.6	4.9	Chemistry performed in September 2018 and instrumental analysis on MC-ICP-MS	
# 11-TM-I1a-3	10.7	Porites lutea	U-Th	1149	4.1	Chemistry performed in September 2018 and instrumental analysis on MC-ICP-MS	
# 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## depth_cm	depth,,,centimeter,,Corals and Sclerosponges,,,N,
## Sr/Ca	strontium/calcium,Porites lutea,,millimole per mole,,Corals and Sclerosponges,raw,inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectroscopy,N,
#------------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NaN
depth_cm	Sr/Ca	
29.52	8.947	
29.43	8.975	
29.34	8.983	
29.25	9.034	
29.16	9.011	
29.07	9.038	
28.98	9.042	
28.89	9.044	
28.80	8.969	
28.71	8.901	
28.62	8.889	
28.53	8.857	
28.44	8.880	
28.35	8.864	
28.26	8.911	
28.17	8.924	
28.08	8.982	
27.99	9.011	
27.90	9.062	
27.81	9.072	
27.72	9.016	
27.63	9.014	
27.54	8.960	
27.45	8.913	
27.36	8.891	
27.27	8.860	
27.18	8.846	
27.09	8.873	
27.00	8.925	
26.91	8.904	
26.82	8.968	
26.73	9.017	
26.64	9.032	
26.55	9.078	
26.46	8.982	
26.37	8.985	
26.28	8.962	
26.19	8.989	
26.10	8.866	
26.01	8.852	
25.92	8.870	
25.83	8.937	
25.74	8.996	
25.65	9.038	
25.56	9.058	
25.47	9.067	
25.38	9.058	
25.29	8.987	
25.20	8.966	
25.11	8.906	
25.02	8.924	
24.93	8.873	
24.84	8.856	
24.75	8.919	
24.66	8.941	
24.57	8.981	
24.48	9.056	
24.39	9.061	
24.30	9.042	
24.21	8.932	
24.12	8.926	
24.03	8.946	
23.94	8.873	
23.85	8.862	
23.76	8.877	
23.67	8.887	
23.58	8.998	
23.49	8.999	
23.40	8.993	
23.31	9.012	
23.22	9.040	
23.13	9.034	
23.04	9.046	
22.95	9.036	
22.86	8.985	
22.77	8.900	
22.68	8.852	
22.59	8.830	
22.50	8.865	
22.41	8.892	
22.32	8.939	
22.23	9.025	
22.14	9.056	
22.05	9.054	
21.96	9.057	
21.87	9.015	
21.78	8.855	
21.69	8.909	
21.60	8.931	
21.51	8.892	
21.42	8.854	
21.33	8.937	
21.24	8.924	
21.15	8.938	
21.06	8.949	
20.97	9.026	
20.88	9.022	
20.79	8.987	
20.70	8.913	
20.61	8.915	
20.52	8.927	
20.43	8.847	
20.34	8.873	
20.25	8.914	
20.16	8.830	
20.07	8.880	
19.98	8.976	
19.89	9.041	
19.80	9.090	
19.71	9.058	
19.62	9.028	
19.53	9.004	
19.44	8.956	
19.35	9.020	
19.26	8.980	
19.17	8.896	
19.08	8.875	
18.99	8.926	
18.90	8.959	
18.81	8.972	
18.72	9.027	
18.63	9.026	
18.54	9.011	
18.45	8.945	
18.36	8.929	
18.27	8.920	
18.18	8.873	
18.09	8.900	
18.00	8.926	
17.91	9.028	
17.82	9.033	
17.73	9.107	
17.64	9.160	
17.55	9.071	
17.46	9.047	
17.37	9.037	
17.28	8.997	
17.19	8.909	
17.10	8.874	
17.01	8.918	
16.92	8.972	
16.83	9.037	
16.74	8.975	
16.65	9.046	
16.56	8.994	
16.47	8.980	
16.38	8.919	
16.29	8.883	
16.20	8.874	
16.11	8.855	
16.02	8.917	
15.93	8.951	
15.84	8.991	
15.75	9.014	
15.66	9.050	
15.57	9.042	
15.48	9.025	
15.39	8.995	
15.30	8.975	
15.21	8.930	
15.12	8.881	
15.03	8.885	
14.94	8.865	
14.85	8.873	
14.76	8.845	
14.67	8.812	
14.58	8.834	
14.49	8.877	
14.40	8.864	
14.31	8.885	
14.22	8.890	
14.13	8.915	
14.04	8.948	
13.95	8.980	
13.86	8.954	
13.77	8.921	
13.68	8.951	
13.59	8.907	
13.50	8.818	
13.41	8.806	
13.32	8.838	
13.23	8.857	
13.14	8.855	
13.05	8.881	
12.96	8.899	
12.87	8.925	
12.78	8.958	
12.69	8.993	
12.60	8.973	
12.51	9.029	
12.42	9.038	
12.33	9.028	
12.24	8.950	
12.15	8.901	
12.06	8.859	
11.97	8.842	
11.88	8.818	
11.79	8.841	
11.70	8.899	
11.61	8.923	
11.52	8.966	
11.43	9.015	
11.34	9.073	
11.25	9.077	
11.16	8.985	
11.07	8.941	
10.98	8.910	
10.89	8.869	
10.80	8.840	
10.71	8.861	
10.62	8.847	
10.53	8.857	
10.44	8.873	
10.35	9.014	
10.26	9.075	
10.17	9.115	
10.08	9.124	
9.99	9.000	
9.90	8.950	
9.81	8.865	
9.72	8.844	
9.63	8.896	
9.54	8.919	
9.45	8.934	
9.36	9.003	
9.27	9.042	
9.18	9.015	
9.09	8.976	
9.00	8.992	
8.91	8.937	
8.82	8.905	
8.73	8.885	
8.64	8.843	
8.55	8.825	
8.46	8.817	
8.37	8.865	
8.28	8.861	
8.19	8.898	
8.10	8.943	
8.01	9.026	
7.92	9.017	
7.83	8.949	
7.74	8.966	
7.65	8.937	
7.56	9.014	
7.47	8.938	
7.38	8.871	
7.29	8.850	
7.20	8.801	
7.11	8.781	
7.02	8.822	
6.93	8.863	
6.84	8.910	
6.75	8.979	
6.66	8.998	
6.57	9.010	
6.48	9.013	
6.39	8.920	
6.30	8.893	
6.21	8.850	
6.12	8.818	
6.03	8.850	
5.94	8.945	
5.85	8.877	
5.76	8.865	
5.67	8.917	
5.58	9.008	
5.49	9.020	
5.40	8.988	
5.31	8.965	
5.22	8.930	
5.13	8.888	
5.04	8.878	
4.95	8.837	
4.86	8.885	
4.77	8.844	
4.68	8.819	
4.59	8.858	
4.50	8.901	
4.41	8.943	
4.32	8.991	
4.23	9.026	
4.14	9.010	
4.05	8.972	
3.96	8.944	
3.87	8.896	
3.78	8.888	
3.69	8.831	
3.60	8.822	
3.51	8.832	
3.42	8.857	
3.33	8.869	
3.24	8.867	
3.15	8.908	
3.06	8.907	
2.97	8.949	
2.88	8.993	
2.79	8.993	
2.70	8.923	
2.61	8.920	
2.52	8.924	
2.43	8.868	
2.34	8.851	
2.25	8.951	
2.16	8.960	
2.07	8.907	
1.98	8.918	
1.89	8.957	
1.80	8.983	
1.71	8.969	
1.62	8.945	
1.53	8.904	
1.44	8.886	
1.35	8.868	
1.26	8.817	
1.17	8.817	
1.08	8.832	
0.99	8.825	
0.90	8.842	
0.81	8.877	
0.72	8.939	
0.63	9.045	
0.54	9.031	
0.45	9.006	
0.36	8.963	
0.27	8.928	
0.18	8.933	
0.09	8.919	
0.00	8.872