# Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/15794
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-15794.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/c3je-0760
#
# Science_Keywords: Little Ice Age (LIA)
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-filtered-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Modern sample MiC, filtered
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2013-12-20
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2025-07-28
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Hereid, K.A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2664); Quinn, T.M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-9175); Taylor, F.W.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-441X); Shen, C.-C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2771); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Coral Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes from a suite of fossil and near-modern Porites colonies were collected from storm deposits at Misima Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Nariam Village Reef. The data are analyzed to investigate mean climate changes and ENSO variability during the initiation of the Little Ice Age. The compiled fossil record is 233 years long, and the near-modern record is 28 years long. Analytical precision on stable isotopic determinations is 0.05 per mil for d18O, and 0.02 per mil for d13C (1sigma, n = 393). Analytical precision for Sr/Ca ratios is 0.015 mmol/mol (1sigma). Isotopic values are reported in delta notation relative to the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) isotopic standard. Notes: Fossil samples MiF and MiG, age range: 1411.625-1644.625 CE. Modern sample MiC, age range: 1916.958-1944.958 CE. Resampled = linear resampling to monthly resolution. Filtered = wavelet filter, 2-8 years.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Kelly A. Hereid, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Chuan-Chou Shen, R. Lawrence Edwards and Hai Cheng
#   Journal_Name: Geology
#   Published_Title: Coral record of reduced El Niño activity in the early 15th to middle 17th centuries
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2013
#   Volume: 41
#   Issue: 1
#   Pages: 51-54
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1130/G33510.1
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) powers global interannual climate variability through changes in trade wind strength, temperature and salinity anomalies, sea level, and atmospheric circulation patterns. ENSO variability is well characterized in modern times, but instrumental records cannot fully describe natural ENSO variability due to the imprint of anthropogenic climate forcing. ENSO activity may also be affected by solar variability, but the response of ENSO to such changes is difficult to predict. We constructed a continuous, monthly resolved, spliced fossil Porites coral d18O and Sr/Ca record from Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, spanning 233 yr (1411-1644 CE [Common Era]). The Misima coral record indicates that the surface ocean in this region experienced a small change in hydrologic balance with no change in temperature, extended periods of quiescence in El Niño activity, and no change in average amplitudes of El Niño events relative to signals captured in regional modern records. The reduced El Niño variability occurs during a known change in solar forcing, the initiation of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no clear relationship between the timing of changes in solar forcing and ENSO activity, implying that ENSO variability changes arise from internal dynamics. The century-scale switch between active and inactive El Niño states has not previously been recorded, and provides a new baseline for climate models and reconstructions.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: OCE-0202549, OCE-042349, OCE-0401810, OCE-0742217
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Taiwan National Science Council
#   Grant: 100-2116-M-002-009
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: The University of Texas at Austin
#   Grant: Jackson School of Geosciences, Institute for Geophysics Ewing-Worzel Fellowship
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Misima
#   Location: Papua New Guinea
#   Northernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Southernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Elevation_m: 0
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Misima2013MiCfiltered
#   First_Year: 1916
#   Last_Year: 1944
#   Time_Unit: CE
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology: Uranium-Thorium
#   Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv
#     Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions.
#   Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating information. List of timing and error on dates used to constrain coral chronology. Sections of coral core were shifted within noted error ranges to match a known historical ENSO event. Samples were dated using a Finnegan MAT Element inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the University of Minnesota Isotope Laboratory, a Thermo Neptune multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the National Taiwan University, and a Thermo Scientific Triton thermal ionizaiton mass spectrometer at the University of Texas at Austin. The coral geochemistry was converted from the depth domain to the time domain by assigning maximum (minimum) coral Sr/Ca to minimum (maximum) SST climatology, then linearly interpolating to monthly intervals; the Sr/Ca chronology was applied to the isotopic records.
#   Rejection_Rationale:
#   238U_Decay_Constant:
#   234U_Decay_Constant:
#   230Th_Decay_Constant:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th_Method:
#   Age_Model_Method:
#   Missing_Values: na
#   Chronology_Table:
# d234U_meas_permil	d234U_meas_2s_permil	230Th_238U_act	230Th_238U_act_2s	230Th_232Th_atom_ppm	230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm	age_uncorr_BM	age_uncorr_2s_yr	age_corr_BM	age_corr_2s_yr	d234U_init_permil	d234U_init_2s_permil	age_corr_CE	age_corr_2s_yr	notes
# 148.4	2.1	0.0008	0.000013	36	0.8	75	1	66	5	148	2	1940	5	University of Minnesota
# 147.8	1.6	0.0062	0.000029	2187	143.6	589	3	588	3	148	2	1418	3	University of Minnesota
# 149.2	3.1	0.0047	0.000025	4483	214	452.1	2.7	451.7	2.7	149.4	3.1			National Taiwan University
# 150.8	3.5	0.0047	0.000032	5345	508	450.9	3.4	450.6	3.4	151.0	3.5			National Taiwan University
#							wt-averaged date	451.3	2.1			1559	2
# 146.3	0.8	0.0046	0.000032	3656	118	442.5	3.1	440.6	3.6	146.4	0.8	1569	4	University of Texas
# 145.1	0.7	0.0041	0.000033	2813	76	396.0	3.2	393.9	3.8	145.2	0.7	1615	4	University of Texas
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_CE	age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta 18O,Porites sp.,,per mil VPDB,,corals and sclerosponges,filtered;interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
age_CE	d18OcarbVPDB
1916.958333	-0.106455066
1917.041667	-0.111315379
1917.125	-0.114729607
1917.208333	-0.116532259
1917.291667	-0.116596034
1917.375	-0.11483619
1917.458333	-0.111213155
1917.541667	-0.105733313
1917.625	-0.098447989
1917.708333	-0.089450763
1917.791667	-0.078873346
1917.875	-0.066880302
1917.958333	-0.053662977
1918.041667	-0.039432987
1918.125	-0.024415658
1918.208333	-0.008843737
1918.291667	0.007048316
1918.375	0.023029259
1918.458333	0.038875082
1918.541667	0.054372065
1918.625	0.069318936
1918.708333	0.083528255
1918.791667	0.096827224
1918.875	0.109058143
1918.958333	0.120078766
1919.041667	0.129762781
1919.125	0.138000595
1919.208333	0.144700536
1919.291667	0.149790521
1919.375	0.153220106
1919.458333	0.154962783
1919.541667	0.155018269
1919.625	0.153414509
1919.708333	0.150209027
1919.791667	0.145489326
1919.875	0.139371993
1919.958333	0.132000324
1920.041667	0.123540305
1920.125	0.114174991
1920.208333	0.104097421
1920.291667	0.093502376
1920.375	0.082577441
1920.458333	0.071493923
1920.541667	0.060398275
1920.625	0.049404707
1920.708333	0.038589641
1920.791667	0.02798858
1920.875	0.017595853
1920.958333	0.00736748
1921.041667	-0.002772779
1921.125	-0.01292441
1921.208333	-0.023198582
1921.291667	-0.033704731
1921.375	-0.044536142
1921.458333	-0.055755541
1921.541667	-0.067381778
1921.625	-0.07937869
1921.708333	-0.091647121
1921.791667	-0.104020955
1921.875	-0.116267741
1921.958333	-0.128094224
1922.041667	-0.139156765
1922.125	-0.14907626
1922.208333	-0.157456879
1922.291667	-0.163907591
1922.375	-0.168065243
1922.458333	-0.16961776
1922.541667	-0.168325982
1922.625	-0.164042654
1922.708333	-0.15672724
1922.791667	-0.146455424
1922.875	-0.133422473
1922.958333	-0.117940019
1923.041667	-0.100426182
1923.125	-0.081389418
1923.208333	-0.061406837
1923.291667	-0.041098115
1923.375	-0.021096414
1923.458333	-0.002017934
1923.541667	0.015568196
1923.625	0.031167945
1923.708333	0.044386713
1923.791667	0.054948558
1923.875	0.062709185
1923.958333	0.067661951
1924.041667	0.069936501
1924.125	0.069790113
1924.208333	0.067592222
1924.291667	0.063802984
1924.375	0.058947066
1924.458333	0.053584121
1924.541667	0.048277565
1924.625	0.043563361
1924.708333	0.039920494
1924.791667	0.037744719
1924.875	0.037326963
1924.958333	0.038837495
1925.041667	0.042316679
1925.125	0.047672717
1925.208333	0.054686489
1925.291667	0.063023139
1925.375	0.072249794
1925.458333	0.081858411
1925.541667	0.091292568
1925.625	0.09997676
1925.708333	0.107346705
1925.791667	0.11287908
1925.875	0.116119187
1925.958333	0.116705149
1926.041667	0.11438743
1926.125	0.109042714
1926.208333	0.100681472
1926.291667	0.089448878
1926.375	0.075619053
1926.458333	0.059582969
1926.541667	0.041830652
1926.625	0.022928619
1926.708333	0.003493695
1926.791667	-0.015835443
1926.875	-0.034427559
1926.958333	-0.051687526
1927.041667	-0.067082922
1927.125	-0.080167283
1927.208333	-0.090598856
1927.291667	-0.098154006
1927.375	-0.102734677
1927.458333	-0.104369638
1927.541667	-0.103209568
1927.625	-0.099516365
1927.708333	-0.093647338
1927.791667	-0.086035219
1927.875	-0.077165112
1927.958333	-0.067549646
1928.041667	-0.057703634
1928.125	-0.048119577
1928.208333	-0.039245204
1928.291667	-0.03146414
1928.375	-0.025080566
1928.458333	-0.020308494
1928.541667	-0.017266001
1928.625	-0.015974498
1928.708333	-0.016362819
1928.791667	-0.018275683
1928.875	-0.021485859
1928.958333	-0.025709201
1929.041667	-0.030621617
1929.125	-0.03587699
1929.208333	-0.041125062
1929.291667	-0.046028385
1929.375	-0.050277529
1929.458333	-0.053603901
1929.541667	-0.055789702
1929.625	-0.056674729
1929.708333	-0.05615993
1929.791667	-0.05420779
1929.875	-0.050839787
1929.958333	-0.046131281
1930.041667	-0.040204313
1930.125	-0.033218836
1930.208333	-0.025362933
1930.291667	-0.016842586
1930.375	-0.007871517
1930.458333	0.001338439
1930.541667	0.010586018
1930.625	0.019687944
1930.708333	0.028484864
1930.791667	0.036845619
1930.875	0.044669807
1930.958333	0.051888613
1931.041667	0.05846399
1931.125	0.064386311
1931.208333	0.069670649
1931.291667	0.07435192
1931.375	0.078479128
1931.458333	0.082108991
1931.541667	0.085299259
1931.625	0.088102045
1931.708333	0.090557501
1931.791667	0.092688179
1931.875	0.094494396
1931.958333	0.095950914
1932.041667	0.097005186
1932.125	0.097577375
1932.208333	0.09756229
1932.291667	0.096833265
1932.375	0.095247938
1932.458333	0.092655759
1932.541667	0.088906945
1932.625	0.083862505
1932.708333	0.077404849
1932.791667	0.06944842
1932.875	0.059949746
1932.958333	0.048916285
1933.041667	0.036413444
1933.125	0.022569233
1933.208333	0.007576078
1933.291667	-0.008310526
1933.375	-0.024776704
1933.458333	-0.041458216
1933.541667	-0.05795162
1933.625	-0.073828184
1933.708333	-0.088649986
1933.791667	-0.10198749
1933.875	-0.113437767
1933.958333	-0.122642436
1934.041667	-0.129304396
1934.125	-0.133202447
1934.208333	-0.134202953
1934.291667	-0.132267868
1934.375	-0.12745859
1934.458333	-0.119935347
1934.541667	-0.109952011
1934.625	-0.097846542
1934.708333	-0.084027422
1934.791667	-0.068956736
1934.875	-0.05313069
1934.958333	-0.037058527
1935.041667	-0.021240894
1935.125	-0.006148727
1935.208333	0.007796252
1935.291667	0.020238488
1935.375	0.030902121
1935.458333	0.039600444
1935.541667	0.046240851
1935.625	0.050825068
1935.708333	0.053444716
1935.791667	0.054272525
1935.875	0.053549697
1935.958333	0.051570167
1936.041667	0.048662638
1936.125	0.045171375
1936.208333	0.041436804
1936.291667	0.037776956
1936.375	0.03447072
1936.458333	0.03174378
1936.541667	0.029757917
1936.625	0.028604196
1936.708333	0.028300318
1936.791667	0.028792173
1936.875	0.029959436
1936.958333	0.031624775
1937.041667	0.033566098
1937.125	0.035531061
1937.208333	0.037252989
1937.291667	0.038467259
1937.375	0.03892721
1937.458333	0.038418675
1937.541667	0.036772331
1937.625	0.033873202
1937.708333	0.029666817
1937.791667	0.024161749
1937.875	0.017428455
1937.958333	0.00959459
1938.041667	0.000837133
1938.125	-0.008628085
1938.208333	-0.018558783
1938.291667	-0.028699715
1938.375	-0.038796374
1938.458333	-0.048608044
1938.541667	-0.057919355
1938.625	-0.066549627
1938.708333	-0.074359429
1938.791667	-0.081253963
1938.875	-0.087183105
1938.958333	-0.092138168
1939.041667	-0.09614565
1939.125	-0.099258483
1939.208333	-0.101545435
1939.291667	-0.103079487
1939.375	-0.103926054
1939.458333	-0.10413199
1939.541667	-0.103716229
1939.625	-0.102662845
1939.708333	-0.100917161
1939.791667	-0.098385315
1939.875	-0.094937484
1939.958333	-0.090414694
1940.041667	-0.084638902
1940.125	-0.077425807
1940.208333	-0.068599617
1940.291667	-0.058008867
1940.375	-0.045542271
1940.458333	-0.03114355
1940.541667	-0.014824229
1940.625	0.003326525
1940.708333	0.023135763
1940.791667	0.044344865
1940.875	0.066612176
1940.958333	0.089520206
1941.041667	0.112587109
1941.125	0.135281965
1941.208333	0.157043082
1941.291667	0.177298447
1941.375	0.195487251
1941.458333	0.211081419
1941.541667	0.223606055
1941.625	0.232657801
1941.708333	0.237920254
1941.791667	0.239175745
1941.875	0.236313031
1941.958333	0.22933066
1942.041667	0.218336035
1942.125	0.203540404
1942.208333	0.185250216
1942.291667	0.163855428
1942.375	0.139815482
1942.458333	0.113643687
1942.541667	0.08589081
1942.625	0.05712857
1942.708333	0.027933722
1942.791667	-0.001126767
1942.875	-0.029509019
1942.958333	-0.056703754
1943.041667	-0.082245894
1943.125	-0.105722219
1943.208333	-0.126777181
1943.291667	-0.145117018
1943.375	-0.160512359
1943.458333	-0.172799537
1943.541667	-0.181880781
1943.625	-0.187723458
1943.708333	-0.190358451
1943.791667	-0.189877746
1943.875	-0.186431212
1943.958333	-0.180222562
1944.041667	-0.171504418
1944.125	-0.160572446
1944.208333	-0.147758509
1944.291667	-0.133422868
1944.375	-0.11794548
1944.458333	-0.101716533
1944.541667	-0.085126449
1944.625	-0.06855561
1944.708333	-0.052364175
1944.791667	-0.036882361
1944.875	-0.022401598
1944.958333	-0.009166958