# Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/15794
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-15794.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/c3je-0760
#
# Science_Keywords: Little Ice Age (LIA)
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-raw-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Modern sample MiC, raw
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2013-12-20
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2025-07-28
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Hereid, K.A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2664); Quinn, T.M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-9175); Taylor, F.W.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-441X); Shen, C.-C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2771); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Coral Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes from a suite of fossil and near-modern Porites colonies were collected from storm deposits at Misima Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Nariam Village Reef. The data are analyzed to investigate mean climate changes and ENSO variability during the initiation of the Little Ice Age. The compiled fossil record is 233 years long, and the near-modern record is 28 years long. Analytical precision on stable isotopic determinations is 0.05 per mil for d18O, and 0.02 per mil for d13C (1sigma, n = 393). Analytical precision for Sr/Ca ratios is 0.015 mmol/mol (1sigma). Isotopic values are reported in delta notation relative to the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) isotopic standard. Notes: Fossil samples MiF and MiG, age range: 1411.625-1644.625 CE. Modern sample MiC, age range: 1916.958-1944.958 CE. Resampled = linear resampling to monthly resolution. Filtered = wavelet filter, 2-8 years.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Kelly A. Hereid, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Chuan-Chou Shen, R. Lawrence Edwards and Hai Cheng
#   Journal_Name: Geology
#   Published_Title: Coral record of reduced El Niño activity in the early 15th to middle 17th centuries
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2013
#   Volume: 41
#   Issue: 1
#   Pages: 51-54
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1130/G33510.1
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) powers global interannual climate variability through changes in trade wind strength, temperature and salinity anomalies, sea level, and atmospheric circulation patterns. ENSO variability is well characterized in modern times, but instrumental records cannot fully describe natural ENSO variability due to the imprint of anthropogenic climate forcing. ENSO activity may also be affected by solar variability, but the response of ENSO to such changes is difficult to predict. We constructed a continuous, monthly resolved, spliced fossil Porites coral d18O and Sr/Ca record from Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, spanning 233 yr (1411-1644 CE [Common Era]). The Misima coral record indicates that the surface ocean in this region experienced a small change in hydrologic balance with no change in temperature, extended periods of quiescence in El Niño activity, and no change in average amplitudes of El Niño events relative to signals captured in regional modern records. The reduced El Niño variability occurs during a known change in solar forcing, the initiation of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no clear relationship between the timing of changes in solar forcing and ENSO activity, implying that ENSO variability changes arise from internal dynamics. The century-scale switch between active and inactive El Niño states has not previously been recorded, and provides a new baseline for climate models and reconstructions.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: OCE-0202549, OCE-042349, OCE-0401810, OCE-0742217
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Taiwan National Science Council
#   Grant: 100-2116-M-002-009
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: The University of Texas at Austin
#   Grant: Jackson School of Geosciences, Institute for Geophysics Ewing-Worzel Fellowship
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Misima
#   Location: Papua New Guinea
#   Northernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Southernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Elevation_m: 0
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Misima2013MiCraw
#   First_Year: 1916
#   Last_Year: 1945
#   Time_Unit: CE
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology: Uranium-Thorium
#   Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv
#     Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions.
#   Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating information. List of timing and error on dates used to constrain coral chronology. Sections of coral core were shifted within noted error ranges to match a known historical ENSO event. Samples were dated using a Finnegan MAT Element inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the University of Minnesota Isotope Laboratory, a Thermo Neptune multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the National Taiwan University, and a Thermo Scientific Triton thermal ionizaiton mass spectrometer at the University of Texas at Austin. The coral geochemistry was converted from the depth domain to the time domain by assigning maximum (minimum) coral Sr/Ca to minimum (maximum) SST climatology, then linearly interpolating to monthly intervals; the Sr/Ca chronology was applied to the isotopic records.
#   Rejection_Rationale:
#   238U_Decay_Constant:
#   234U_Decay_Constant:
#   230Th_Decay_Constant:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th_Method:
#   Age_Model_Method:
#   Missing_Values: na
#   Chronology_Table:
# d234U_meas_permil	d234U_meas_2s_permil	230Th_238U_act	230Th_238U_act_2s	230Th_232Th_atom_ppm	230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm	age_uncorr_BM	age_uncorr_2s_yr	age_corr_BM	age_corr_2s_yr	d234U_init_permil	d234U_init_2s_permil	age_corr_CE	age_corr_2s_yr	notes
# 148.4	2.1	0.0008	0.000013	36	0.8	75	1	66	5	148	2	1940	5	University of Minnesota
# 147.8	1.6	0.0062	0.000029	2187	143.6	589	3	588	3	148	2	1418	3	University of Minnesota
# 149.2	3.1	0.0047	0.000025	4483	214	452.1	2.7	451.7	2.7	149.4	3.1			National Taiwan University
# 150.8	3.5	0.0047	0.000032	5345	508	450.9	3.4	450.6	3.4	151.0	3.5			National Taiwan University
#							wt-averaged date	451.3	2.1			1559	2
# 146.3	0.8	0.0046	0.000032	3656	118	442.5	3.1	440.6	3.6	146.4	0.8	1569	4	University of Texas
# 145.1	0.7	0.0041	0.000033	2813	76	396.0	3.2	393.9	3.8	145.2	0.7	1615	4	University of Texas
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_CE	age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta 18O,Porites sp.,,per mil VPDB,,corals and sclerosponges,raw,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
age_CE	d18OcarbVPDB
1916.925	-5.3
1917.025	-5.35
1917.125	-5.37
1917.225	-5.64
1917.325	-5.46
1917.425	-5.33
1917.525	-5.1
1917.625	-5.05
1917.715909	-5.1
1917.806818	-5.21
1917.897727	-5.22
1917.988636	-5.19
1918.079545	-5.43
1918.170455	-5.53
1918.261364	-5.24
1918.352273	-5.28
1918.443182	-5.34
1918.534091	-4.91
1918.625	-4.6
1918.715909	-4.71
1918.806818	-5.18
1918.897727	-5.12
1918.988636	-5.12
1919.079545	-5.03
1919.170455	-5.22
1919.261364	-5.22
1919.352273	-5.11
1919.443182	-5.11
1919.534091	-4.8
1919.625	-4.75
1919.725	-4.92
1919.825	-5.05
1919.925	-5.08
1920.025	-5.19
1920.125	-5.09
1920.225	-5.03
1920.325	-5.06
1920.425	-5.03
1920.525	-5.01
1920.625	-4.98
1920.725	-4.98
1920.825	-5.07
1920.925	-5.34
1921.025	-5.35
1921.125	0
1921.225	-5.43
1921.325	-5.48
1921.425	-5.3
1921.525	-5.11
1921.625	-4.86
1921.725	-5.09
1921.825	-5.1
1921.925	-5.2
1922.025	-5.36
1922.125	-5.49
1922.225	-5.63
1922.325	-5.58
1922.425	-5.51
1922.525	-5.19
1922.625	-5.2
1922.696429	-5.35
1922.767857	-5.46
1922.839286	-5.42
1922.910714	-5.47
1922.982143	-5.46
1923.053571	-5.56
1923.125	-5.44
1923.196429	-5.47
1923.267857	-5.42
1923.339286	-5.4
1923.410714	-5.29
1923.482143	-5.2
1923.553571	-4.94
1923.625	-4.92
1923.708333	-4.94
1923.791667	-5.06
1923.875	-5.22
1923.958333	-5.27
1924.041667	-5.31
1924.125	-5.25
1924.208333	-5.46
1924.291667	-5.39
1924.375	-5.36
1924.458333	-5.33
1924.541667	-5.27
1924.625	-5.19
1924.701923	-5.11
1924.778846	-4.99
1924.855769	-5.17
1924.932692	-5.35
1925.009615	-5.3
1925.086538	-5.38
1925.163462	-5.28
1925.240385	-5.46
1925.317308	-5.51
1925.394231	-5.47
1925.471154	-5.4
1925.548077	-4.91
1925.625	-4.88
1925.715909	-5.07
1925.806818	-5.12
1925.897727	-5.23
1925.988636	-5.33
1926.079545	-5.36
1926.170455	-5.27
1926.261364	-5.33
1926.352273	-5.41
1926.443182	-5.21
1926.534091	-5.13
1926.625	-5.08
1926.701923	-5.09
1926.778846	-5.12
1926.855769	-5.29
1926.932692	-5.46
1927.009615	-5.45
1927.086538	-5.5
1927.163462	-5.67
1927.240385	-5.64
1927.317308	-5.63
1927.394231	-5.64
1927.471154	-5.55
1927.548077	-5.29
1927.625	-5.18
1927.725	-5.16
1927.825	-5.28
1927.925	-5.36
1928.025	-5.44
1928.125	-5.43
1928.225	-5.44
1928.325	-5.34
1928.425	-5.38
1928.525	-5.19
1928.625	-5.16
1928.715909	-5.03
1928.806818	-5.22
1928.897727	-5.35
1928.988636	-5.47
1929.079545	-5.37
1929.170455	-5.54
1929.261364	-5.45
1929.352273	-5.47
1929.443182	-5.37
1929.534091	-5.19
1929.625	-4.88
1929.701923	-5.12
1929.778846	-5.3
1929.855769	-5.41
1929.932692	-5.39
1930.009615	-5.49
1930.086538	-5.46
1930.163462	-5.31
1930.240385	-5.37
1930.317308	-5.36
1930.394231	-5.22
1930.471154	-5.02
1930.548077	-4.94
1930.625	-4.99
1930.715909	-5.12
1930.806818	-5.26
1930.897727	-5.46
1930.988636	-5.37
1931.079545	-5.23
1931.170455	-5.24
1931.261364	-5.28
1931.352273	-5.13
1931.443182	-5.17
1931.534091	-4.99
1931.625	-4.81
1931.715909	-5.01
1931.806818	-5.16
1931.897727	-5.2
1931.988636	-5.33
1932.079545	-5.21
1932.170455	-5.22
1932.261364	-5.47
1932.352273	-5.28
1932.443182	-4.95
1932.534091	-4.94
1932.625	-5.05
1932.715909	-5.11
1932.806818	-5.26
1932.897727	-5.31
1932.988636	-5.22
1933.079545	-5.31
1933.170455	-5.34
1933.261364	-5.34
1933.352273	-5.26
1933.443182	-5.15
1933.534091	-5.1
1933.625	-5.18
1933.701923	-5.27
1933.778846	-5.42
1933.855769	-5.47
1933.932692	-5.63
1934.009615	-5.54
1934.086538	-5.58
1934.163462	-5.65
1934.240385	-5.51
1934.317308	-5.52
1934.394231	-5.39
1934.471154	-5.23
1934.548077	-5.24
1934.625	-5.24
1934.725	-5.28
1934.825	-5.46
1934.925	-5.42
1935.025	-5.4
1935.125	-5.52
1935.225	-5.48
1935.325	-5.34
1935.425	-5.19
1935.525	-5.12
1935.625	-5.01
1935.715909	-5.18
1935.806818	-5.16
1935.897727	-5.36
1935.988636	-5.4
1936.079545	-5.41
1936.170455	-5.41
1936.261364	-5.44
1936.352273	-5.53
1936.443182	-5.33
1936.534091	-5.25
1936.625	-5.04
1936.708333	-5.1
1936.791667	-5.33
1936.875	-5.23
1936.958333	-5.51
1937.041667	-5.44
1937.125	-5.36
1937.208333	-5.38
1937.291667	-5.29
1937.375	-5.4
1937.458333	-5.27
1937.541667	-5.19
1937.625	-5.1
1937.715909	-5.01
1937.806818	-5.17
1937.897727	-5.45
1937.988636	-5.47
1938.079545	-5.54
1938.170455	-5.38
1938.261364	-5.46
1938.352273	-5.4
1938.443182	-5.28
1938.534091	-5.16
1938.625	-5.15
1938.725	-5.31
1938.825	-5.42
1938.925	-5.45
1939.025	-5.52
1939.125	-5.57
1939.225	-5.49
1939.325	-5.53
1939.425	-5.48
1939.525	-5.22
1939.625	-4.96
1939.75	-5.2
1939.875	-5.23
1940	-5.63
1940.125	-5.43
1940.25	-5.51
1940.375	-5.39
1940.5	-5.17
1940.625	-4.9
1940.708333	-5.08
1940.791667	-5.14
1940.875	-5.35
1940.958333	-5.34
1941.041667	-5.21
1941.125	-5.19
1941.208333	-5.38
1941.291667	-5.31
1941.375	-5.13
1941.458333	-4.85
1941.541667	-4.63
1941.625	-4.52
1941.708333	-4.71
1941.791667	-4.86
1941.875	-5.14
1941.958333	-5.13
1942.041667	-5.05
1942.125	-5.22
1942.208333	-5.3
1942.291667	-5.25
1942.375	-5.2
1942.458333	-5.16
1942.541667	-4.91
1942.625	-4.94
1942.696429	-5.05
1942.767857	-5.1
1942.839286	-5.28
1942.910714	-5.34
1942.982143	-5.52
1943.053571	-5.28
1943.125	-5.39
1943.196429	-5.39
1943.267857	-5.51
1943.339286	-5.67
1943.410714	-5.49
1943.482143	-5.37
1943.553571	-5.19
1943.625	-5.14
1943.701923	-5.41
1943.778846	-5.37
1943.855769	-5.38
1943.932692	-5.48
1944.009615	-5.49
1944.086538	-5.55
1944.163462	-5.41
1944.240385	-5.43
1944.317308	-5.54
1944.394231	-5.7
1944.471154	-5.67
1944.548077	-5.22
1944.625	-4.97
1944.701923	-5.21
1944.778846	-5.21
1944.855769	-5.2
1944.932692	-5.34
1945.009615	-5.37