# Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#----------------------------------------------------
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                  and
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/15794
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-coral-15794.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Corals and Sclerosponges
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/c3je-0760
#
# Science_Keywords: Little Ice Age (LIA)
#--------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource:  https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/coral/west_pacific/papua_new_guinea/misima2013mic-resampled-noaa.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Modern sample MiC, resampled
#
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2013-12-20
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2025-07-28
#--------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Papua New Guinea 230 Year Fossil and Modern Coral Isotope and Sr/Ca Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Hereid, K.A.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0322-2664); Quinn, T.M.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0323-9175); Taylor, F.W.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4579-441X); Shen, C.-C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2833-2771); Edwards, R.L.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7027-5881); Cheng, H.(https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5305-9458)
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: Coral Sr/Ca and oxygen isotopes from a suite of fossil and near-modern Porites colonies were collected from storm deposits at Misima Island, Milne Bay Province, Papua New Guinea, Nariam Village Reef. The data are analyzed to investigate mean climate changes and ENSO variability during the initiation of the Little Ice Age. The compiled fossil record is 233 years long, and the near-modern record is 28 years long. Analytical precision on stable isotopic determinations is 0.05 per mil for d18O, and 0.02 per mil for d13C (1sigma, n = 393). Analytical precision for Sr/Ca ratios is 0.015 mmol/mol (1sigma). Isotopic values are reported in delta notation relative to the Vienna PeeDee Belemnite (VPDB) isotopic standard. Notes: Fossil samples MiF and MiG, age range: 1411.625-1644.625 CE. Modern sample MiC, age range: 1916.958-1944.958 CE. Resampled = linear resampling to monthly resolution. Filtered = wavelet filter, 2-8 years.
#--------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Kelly A. Hereid, Terrence M. Quinn, Frederick W. Taylor, Chuan-Chou Shen, R. Lawrence Edwards and Hai Cheng
#   Journal_Name: Geology
#   Published_Title: Coral record of reduced El Niño activity in the early 15th to middle 17th centuries
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2013
#   Volume: 41
#   Issue: 1
#   Pages: 51-54
#   Report_Number: 
#   DOI: 10.1130/G33510.1
#   Full_Citation:
#   Abstract: El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) powers global interannual climate variability through changes in trade wind strength, temperature and salinity anomalies, sea level, and atmospheric circulation patterns. ENSO variability is well characterized in modern times, but instrumental records cannot fully describe natural ENSO variability due to the imprint of anthropogenic climate forcing. ENSO activity may also be affected by solar variability, but the response of ENSO to such changes is difficult to predict. We constructed a continuous, monthly resolved, spliced fossil Porites coral d18O and Sr/Ca record from Misima Island, Papua New Guinea, in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, spanning 233 yr (1411-1644 CE [Common Era]). The Misima coral record indicates that the surface ocean in this region experienced a small change in hydrologic balance with no change in temperature, extended periods of quiescence in El Niño activity, and no change in average amplitudes of El Niño events relative to signals captured in regional modern records. The reduced El Niño variability occurs during a known change in solar forcing, the initiation of the Little Ice Age. However, there is no clear relationship between the timing of changes in solar forcing and ENSO activity, implying that ENSO variability changes arise from internal dynamics. The century-scale switch between active and inactive El Niño states has not previously been recorded, and provides a new baseline for climate models and reconstructions.
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#   Grant: OCE-0202549, OCE-042349, OCE-0401810, OCE-0742217
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Taiwan National Science Council
#   Grant: 100-2116-M-002-009
#--------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: The University of Texas at Austin
#   Grant: Jackson School of Geosciences, Institute for Geophysics Ewing-Worzel Fellowship
#--------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Misima
#   Location: Papua New Guinea
#   Northernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Southernmost_Latitude: -10.6907
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Westernmost_Longitude: 152.8115
#   Elevation_m: 0
#--------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Misima2013MiCresampled
#   First_Year: 1916
#   Last_Year: 1944
#   Time_Unit: CE
#   Core_Length_m:
#   Parameter_Keywords: chemistry
#   Notes: 
#--------------------
# Chronology_Information
#   Chronology: Uranium-Thorium
#   Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-uth-terms.csv
#     Chronology_Download_Description: Uranium-Thorium terms and definitions.
#   Chronology_Notes: 230Th dating information. List of timing and error on dates used to constrain coral chronology. Sections of coral core were shifted within noted error ranges to match a known historical ENSO event. Samples were dated using a Finnegan MAT Element inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the University of Minnesota Isotope Laboratory, a Thermo Neptune multicollector inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometer at the National Taiwan University, and a Thermo Scientific Triton thermal ionizaiton mass spectrometer at the University of Texas at Austin. The coral geochemistry was converted from the depth domain to the time domain by assigning maximum (minimum) coral Sr/Ca to minimum (maximum) SST climatology, then linearly interpolating to monthly intervals; the Sr/Ca chronology was applied to the isotopic records.
#   Rejection_Rationale:
#   238U_Decay_Constant:
#   234U_Decay_Constant:
#   230Th_Decay_Constant:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th:
#   Initial_230Th/232Th_Method:
#   Age_Model_Method:
#   Missing_Values: na
#   Chronology_Table:
# d234U_meas_permil	d234U_meas_2s_permil	230Th_238U_act	230Th_238U_act_2s	230Th_232Th_atom_ppm	230Th_232Th_atom_2s_ppm	age_uncorr_BM	age_uncorr_2s_yr	age_corr_BM	age_corr_2s_yr	d234U_init_permil	d234U_init_2s_permil	age_corr_CE	age_corr_2s_yr	notes
# 148.4	2.1	0.0008	0.000013	36	0.8	75	1	66	5	148	2	1940	5	University of Minnesota
# 147.8	1.6	0.0062	0.000029	2187	143.6	589	3	588	3	148	2	1418	3	University of Minnesota
# 149.2	3.1	0.0047	0.000025	4483	214	452.1	2.7	451.7	2.7	149.4	3.1			National Taiwan University
# 150.8	3.5	0.0047	0.000032	5345	508	450.9	3.4	450.6	3.4	151.0	3.5			National Taiwan University
#							wt-averaged date	451.3	2.1			1559	2
# 146.3	0.8	0.0046	0.000032	3656	118	442.5	3.1	440.6	3.6	146.4	0.8	1569	4	University of Texas
# 145.1	0.7	0.0041	0.000033	2813	76	396.0	3.2	393.9	3.8	145.2	0.7	1615	4	University of Texas
#--------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## age_CE	age,,,year Common Era,,corals and sclerosponges,,,N,
## d18OcarbVPDB	delta 18O,Porites sp.,,per mil VPDB,,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
## Sr/Cacarb	strontium/calcium,Porites sp.,,millimole per mole,,corals and sclerosponges,interpolated,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N,
#--------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values:
age_CE	d18OcarbVPDB	Sr/Cacarb
1916.958333	-5.316666667	9.027390047
1917.041667	-5.353333333	9.025801388
1917.125	-5.37	9.020070835
1917.208333	-5.595	9.009303063
1917.291667	-5.52	9.111560376
1917.375	-5.395	9.16032314
1917.458333	-5.253333333	9.13322791
1917.541667	-5.091666667	9.099164686
1917.625	-5.05	9.165374153
1917.708333	-5.095833379	9.160793263
1917.791667	-5.191666868	9.047245182
1917.875	-5.217500028	8.970308568
1917.958333	-5.19999989	8.923172152
1918.041667	-5.3300011	8.926036492
1918.125	-5.48	9.036260186
1918.208333	-5.409167996	9.09431165
1918.291667	-5.253333187	9.032177987
1918.375	-5.294999835	9.022267875
1918.458333	-5.268334122	9.052609503
1918.541667	-4.884166951	9.161616679
1918.625	-4.6	9.192472566
1918.708333	-4.700833434	9.116473207
1918.791667	-5.101667528	9.091933344
1918.875	-5.134999835	9.038705353
1918.958333	-5.12	9.000499409
1919.041667	-5.067499587	9.002961473
1919.125	-5.125	8.911751275
1919.208333	-5.22	9.088749743
1919.291667	-5.183333737	9.099756124
1919.375	-5.11	9.042375742
1919.458333	-5.058333902	9.014626053
1919.541667	-4.795833379	9.055218295
1919.625	-4.75	9.083839131
1919.708333	-4.891666667	9.086502777
1919.791667	-5.006666667	9.048099794
1919.875	-5.065	9.057601621
1919.958333	-5.116666667	8.96992752
1920.041667	-5.173333333	9.014868636
1920.125	-5.09	9.035405897
1920.208333	-5.04	9.059699599
1920.291667	-5.05	9.021210625
1920.375	-5.045	9.00076295
1920.458333	-5.023333333	9.014905187
1920.541667	-5.005	8.995744635
1920.625	-4.98	9.050647587
1920.708333	-4.98	9.002072835
1920.791667	-5.04	8.982645265
1920.875	-5.205	8.968544575
1920.958333	-5.343333333	8.935950986
1921.041667	-5.356666667	8.934868815
1921.125	-5.39	8.999385777
1921.208333	-5.423333333	9.070052084
1921.291667	-5.463333333	9.087418248
1921.375	-5.39	8.981903081
1921.458333	-5.236666667	8.977617969
1921.541667	-5.068333333	9.041627672
1921.625	-4.86	9.140995459
1921.708333	-5.051666667	9.075183044
1921.791667	-5.096666667	8.97760116
1921.875	-5.15	9.011907497
1921.958333	-5.253333333	8.988470623
1922.041667	-5.381666667	9.067353994
1922.125	-5.49	9.064681318
1922.208333	-5.606666667	9.071909954
1922.291667	-5.596666667	9.014317266
1922.375	-5.545	9.068788497
1922.458333	-5.403333333	9.102812066
1922.541667	-5.191666667	9.098236596
1922.625	-5.2	9.119812466
1922.708333	-5.36833282	8.933381891
1922.791667	-5.446666667	8.893022973
1922.875	-5.445	8.919530792
1922.958333	-5.463333333	8.946038791
1923.041667	-5.5433338	8.951104601
1923.125	-5.44	8.956170411
1923.208333	-5.4616669	9.009953738
1923.291667	-5.413333333	8.981763052
1923.375	-5.345	9.021526283
1923.458333	-5.23	9.095762954
1923.541667	-4.98333212	9.124113878
1923.625	-4.92	9.167035573
1923.708333	-4.94000048	9.117809041
1923.791667	-5.05999952	9.099144094
1923.875	-5.22	8.912091158
1923.958333	-5.27000016	8.967990851
1924.041667	-5.30999984	8.95000008
1924.125	-5.25	8.93500002
1924.208333	-5.45999972	8.94625002
1924.291667	-5.39000028	8.947499935
1924.375	-5.36	8.97749995
1924.458333	-5.32999976	8.951249965
1924.541667	-5.27000024	8.981249885
1924.625	-5.19	9.022395807
1924.708333	-5.09999987	9.017363764
1924.791667	-5.02000039	8.996666623
1924.875	-5.215000585	8.96053667
1924.958333	-5.333333117	8.92200326
1925.041667	-5.333333767	8.948261332
1925.125	-5.33	8.959991989
1925.208333	-5.384999025	8.965400621
1925.291667	-5.493333117	8.937868761
1925.375	-5.48000013	8.92946307
1925.458333	-5.411666818	8.983894063
1925.541667	-4.950833864	9.088365294
1925.625	-4.88	9.101979159
1925.708333	-5.054166841	9.04890147
1925.791667	-5.111666758	9.013607879
1925.875	-5.202500303	8.96736733
1925.958333	-5.296667033	8.975984951
1926.041667	-5.347500138	8.966732787
1926.125	-5.315	8.965
1926.208333	-5.294999725	8.946562842
1926.291667	-5.356666373	8.900681863
1926.375	-5.36000055	8.905473444
1926.458333	-5.196666813	8.931855978
1926.541667	-5.125833379	8.981799196
1926.625	-5.08	9.011354158
1926.708333	-5.092500032	8.982091291
1926.791667	-5.148333702	8.933894193
1926.875	-5.332500553	8.924214694
1926.958333	-5.456666623	8.896265867
1927.041667	-5.470833604	8.8787661
1927.125	-5.585	8.904991989
1927.208333	-5.652500163	8.925184292
1927.291667	-5.633333377	8.878670144
1927.375	-5.637499967	8.866570417
1927.458333	-5.565000195	8.920648902
1927.541667	-5.311666948	8.992227495
1927.625	-5.18	9.041145827
1927.708333	-5.163333333	9.032208333
1927.791667	-5.24	8.9965
1927.875	-5.32	8.935
1927.958333	-5.386666667	8.883625
1928.041667	-5.438333333	8.874833333
1928.125	-5.43	8.887916667
1928.208333	-5.438333333	8.8915
1928.291667	-5.373333333	8.916583333
1928.375	-5.36	8.94
1928.458333	-5.316666667	8.963416667
1928.541667	-5.185	8.992583333
1928.625	-5.16	9.003333329
1928.708333	-5.040833214	8.974100347
1928.791667	-5.188333682	8.945463967
1928.875	-5.317500358	8.924999945
1928.958333	-5.43000044	8.907263223
1929.041667	-5.411666208	8.929110064
1929.125	-5.455	8.945
1929.208333	-5.502500413	8.923305101
1929.291667	-5.456666593	8.917433579
1929.375	-5.445000275	8.954289697
1929.458333	-5.34000033	8.971202626
1929.541667	-5.164166951	8.995236694
1929.625	-4.88	9.060416647
1929.708333	-5.135000195	9.014999935
1929.791667	-5.318333572	8.956947032
1929.875	-5.404999935	8.928285209
1929.958333	-5.423333767	8.934335072
1930.041667	-5.477499837	8.972428053
1930.125	-5.385	9.009935916
1930.208333	-5.344999675	9.001266262
1930.291667	-5.363333377	8.987067249
1930.375	-5.255000455	9.013285144
1930.458333	-5.053333767	9.057772365
1930.541667	-4.946666753	9.065681084
1930.625	-4.99	9.083124983
1930.708333	-5.109166786	9.012168493
1930.791667	-5.236666923	8.96018933
1930.875	-5.41000055	8.942973471
1930.958333	-5.39999967	8.946666703
1931.041667	-5.288332692	8.955814435
1931.125	-5.235	8.955
1931.208333	-5.256666483	8.958361658
1931.291667	-5.23000055	8.980085123
1931.375	-5.13999989	9.002026474
1931.458333	-5.14000033	9.015927989
1931.541667	-4.975000165	9.044100347
1931.625	-4.81	9.065104152
1931.708333	-4.993333517	9.001335169
1931.791667	-5.135000275	8.956666593
1931.875	-5.19000011	8.921420387
1931.958333	-5.286667143	8.923674338
1932.041667	-5.25999945	8.964896084
1932.125	-5.215	8.965
1932.208333	-5.324165521	8.923342988
1932.291667	-5.406667363	8.924270638
1932.375	-5.197500908	8.987499807
1932.458333	-4.948333352	9.038882516
1932.541667	-4.949166566	9.050833324
1932.625	-5.05	9.051979159
1932.708333	-5.105000055	9.004232895
1932.791667	-5.235000275	8.946306758
1932.875	-5.297500138	8.951316335
1932.958333	-5.24999967	8.946751826
1933.041667	-5.272500413	8.934204508
1933.125	-5.325	8.945
1933.208333	-5.34	8.955795492
1933.291667	-5.313333627	8.960340821
1933.375	-5.232500303	8.97655303
1933.458333	-5.141666758	8.978986703
1933.541667	-5.106666593	9.010132548
1933.625	-5.18	9.023645827
1933.708333	-5.282500162	8.995697075
1933.791667	-5.428333442	8.953333247
1933.875	-5.51000052	8.915785176
1933.958333	-5.59999961	8.914535385
1934.041667	-5.556666883	8.939711561
1934.125	-5.615	8.935016021
1934.208333	-5.568334092	8.94137812
1934.291667	-5.516666623	8.938068944
1934.375	-5.422500423	8.967892458
1934.458333	-5.256667013	9.026754709
1934.541667	-5.239166656	9.048197108
1934.625	-5.24	9.04375
1934.708333	-5.273333333	8.99925
1934.791667	-5.4	8.937125
1934.875	-5.44	8.925
1934.958333	-5.413333333	8.923
1935.041667	-5.42	8.891875
1935.125	-5.52	8.891041667
1935.208333	-5.486666667	8.900958333
1935.291667	-5.386666667	8.953208333
1935.375	-5.265	9.005
1935.458333	-5.166666667	9.029791667
1935.541667	-5.101666667	9.036125
1935.625	-5.01	9.051145828
1935.708333	-5.165833489	9.016467772
1935.791667	-5.163333297	8.991477209
1935.875	-5.31000055	8.946420332
1935.958333	-5.386666813	8.930170466
1936.041667	-5.405833379	8.941638342
1936.125	-5.41	8.945
1936.208333	-5.422499862	8.95253775
1936.291667	-5.46999967	8.962907243
1936.375	-5.48000055	8.958683665
1936.458333	-5.316666813	8.987130615
1936.541667	-5.232500193	9.015331424
1936.625	-5.04	9.009895829
1936.708333	-5.10000092	8.994999935
1936.791667	-5.32999908	8.95125011
1936.875	-5.23	8.911250005
1936.958333	-5.50999972	8.888749995
1937.041667	-5.44000028	8.921249885
1937.125	-5.36	8.96499998
1937.208333	-5.37999964	8.976249995
1937.291667	-5.29000036	8.96749996
1937.375	-5.4	8.98999996
1937.458333	-5.26999968	8.97124999
1937.541667	-5.19000032	9.004999935
1937.625	-5.1	9.016458326
1937.708333	-5.017499918	8.998598447
1937.791667	-5.143333627	8.951391956
1937.875	-5.38000077	8.918920414
1937.958333	-5.463333407	8.929659179
1938.041667	-5.510833654	8.934185565
1938.125	-5.46	8.935
1938.208333	-5.413332967	8.944166621
1938.291667	-5.44000022	8.943077708
1938.375	-5.37000033	8.952367275
1938.458333	-5.26000022	9.006287824
1938.541667	-5.159166676	9.01
1938.625	-5.15	9.007916667
1938.708333	-5.283333333	8.992583333
1938.791667	-5.383333333	8.963416667
1938.875	-5.435	8.94
1938.958333	-5.473333333	8.936833333
1939.041667	-5.528333333	8.943125
1939.125	-5.57	8.925208333
1939.208333	-5.503333333	8.936666667
1939.291667	-5.516666667	8.953333333
1939.375	-5.505	8.97
1939.458333	-5.393333333	8.990041667
1939.541667	-5.176666667	9.019083333
1939.625	-4.96	9.051458333
1939.708333	-5.12	9.033333333
1939.791667	-5.21	9.003333333
1939.875	-5.23	8.971666667
1939.958333	-5.496666667	8.95
1940.041667	-5.563333333	8.946666667
1940.125	-5.43	8.96
1940.208333	-5.483333333	8.973333333
1940.291667	-5.47	8.97
1940.375	-5.39	8.960833333
1940.458333	-5.243333333	9.016666667
1940.541667	-5.08	9.08
1940.625	-4.9	9.12749998
1940.708333	-5.08000024	9.09374985
1940.791667	-5.13999976	9.01625015
1940.875	-5.35	8.97500002
1940.958333	-5.33999948	8.96874999
1941.041667	-5.21000052	8.96374998
1941.125	-5.19	8.97499998
1941.208333	-5.37999972	8.96124996
1941.291667	-5.31000028	8.957499935
1941.375	-5.13	8.99749999
1941.458333	-4.84999912	9.038750145
1941.541667	-4.63000088	9.12249984
1941.625	-4.52	9.15499994
1941.708333	-4.7100006	9.09374983
1941.791667	-4.8599994	9.0337502
1941.875	-5.14	8.95250005
1941.958333	-5.12999968	8.94375003
1942.041667	-5.05000032	8.96125003
1942.125	-5.22	8.93250001
1942.208333	-5.2999998	8.91750001
1942.291667	-5.2500002	8.9499999
1942.375	-5.2	8.986249985
1942.458333	-5.159999	9.002500045
1942.541667	-4.910001	9.027499955
1942.625	-4.94	9.032916697
1942.708333	-5.0583331	9.000565563
1942.791667	-5.16	8.990267855
1942.875	-5.31	8.97
1942.958333	-5.46	8.952946405
1943.041667	-5.31999888	9.037946743
1943.125	-5.39	9.102500105
1943.208333	-5.40999944	9.042768133
1943.291667	-5.563333333	8.965208326
1943.375	-5.58	8.965119058
1943.458333	-5.41	8.993869051
1943.541667	-5.21999916	9.032589414
1943.625	-5.14	9.060208354
1943.708333	-5.406666623	9.019455055
1943.791667	-5.371666688	8.950560816
1943.875	-5.405000325	8.936570547
1943.958333	-5.483333377	8.935464615
1944.041667	-5.515000325	8.914527269
1944.125	-5.48	8.945008011
1944.208333	-5.421666558	8.981017571
1944.291667	-5.503332857	8.944735828
1944.375	-5.65999948	8.921177862
1944.458333	-5.675000065	8.948245096
1944.541667	-5.257500488	9.020424603
1944.625	-4.97	9.07322916
1944.708333	-5.21	9.067379755
1944.791667	-5.208333312	9.009911784
1944.875	-5.235000455	8.976321976
1944.958333	-5.35000013	8.930400496