# ModE-RA Global Climate Reanalysis from 1421-2008 CE
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#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space
# Data lines have no '#'
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# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38239
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-38239.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
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# Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions
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# Dataset_DOI:
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# Science_Keywords: Air Temperature Reconstruction, Precipitation Reconstruction
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# Resource_Links
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# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/ModE/valler2023-ModE-readme.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; ModE Description File
#
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/ModE/Data/
#   Data_Download_Description: Data Folder; ModE-RA, ModE-Sim, ModE-RAclim Data
#
# Related_Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/ModE/ModE_description_NOAA.pdf
#   Related_Recource_Description: PDF File; ModE Project Description
#
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# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2023-06-15
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2023-06-15
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# Title
#   Study_Name: ModE-RA Global Climate Reanalysis from 1421-2008 CE
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# Investigators
#   Investigators: Valler, Veronika (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2515-1433); Franke, Jörg (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7897-4225); Hand, Ralf(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4169-5016); Brugnara, Yuri (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8427-0064); Burgdorf, Angela-Maria (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8971-4741); Lundstad, Elin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3443-2480); Samakinwa, Eric (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1907-060X); Brönnimann, Stefan (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9502-7991)
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description:
#       ModE is the output of the PALAEO-RA project hosted at the Oeschger Centre for Climate Change Research between 2019 to 2023, funded by the European Research Council through the H2020 program (ERC Grant PALAEO-RA 787574).
#
# The aim of PALAEO-RA was to create a monthly, 3-dimensional climate reconstruction of the past 600 years. The basis is a 20-member ensemble with a state-of-the-art atmospheric general circulation model. We assimilate all available historical climate information, including early instrumental data, documentary data, and proxy data with an offline data assimilation technique. For more information on the project, visit https://www.palaeo-ra.unibe.ch/.
#
# The project output provided here consists of three parts: ModE-RA (main product), and ModE- RAclim (sensitivity experiment), and ModE-Sim, the original AGCM ensemble prior to data assimilation.
#
#                             ModE-RA            ModE-RAclim            ModE-Sim
# Members                        20                   100                   20*
# Time dependent forcings        yes                  no                    yes
# Assimilation                   yes                  yes                   no
# Variability                 >71-year:           >71-year:              model response 
#                             model response      NO variability         to forcing
#                             to forcing         <71 year: 
#                             <71 year:          assimilated 
#                             assimilated        observations
#                             observations
#
# * ModE-Sim has additional members. Here we refer to the 20 members used to generate 
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# ModE-RA
#
# ModE-RA is a monthly 3-dimensional reanalysis product covering the period from 1420 to 2009. Observed anomalies were assimilated with an offline Ensemble Kalman filtering technique. The assimilation was done twice per year reflecting the resolution of the available proxy data. This dataset provides the 20 individual ensemble members of ModE-RA, called members 041 to 060 ensemble and well as ensemble means, ensemble standard deviations and ensemble minima/maxima of the ModE-RA reanalysis product. The data are provided as monthly anomalies w.r.t. 1901-2000 climatologies computed for each member separately. For a detailed description of ModE-RA please refer to the documentation paper (reference provided in the summary at the experiment level).
#
# ModE-RAclim
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# ModE-RAclim, is an alternative version of ModE-RA, the main reanalysis product of this project. ModE-RAclim uses 100 randomly picked years from ModE-Sim as a priori state thereby assuming stationarity in the covariance structure and eliminating the externally forced signal in the model simulations. In contrast, ModE-RA uses 20 distinct transient members of ModE-Sim, retaining the externally forced signal.
# Please note: ModE-RAclim does not contain centennial scale climate variability. For most users the main product ModE-RA therefore should be used for regular studies on past climate.
#
# ModE-Sim
#
# ModE-Sim (short for Modern Era Simulations) is a medium-size ensemble of model simulations using the ECHAM6 atmosphere general circulation model (model version 6.3.5p2). Its setup is based on the PMIP4 experiments, but uses a forced AGCM rather than a fully coupled model. The ensemble uses observed/reconstructed forcings and boundary conditions, while accounting in uncertainties in these. Here we provide the 20 members of the larger ModE-Sim ensemble that serve as a basis for ModE-RA and ModE-RAclim. From 1420 to 1850 CE uses SST and sea ice reconstructions as boundary conditions and perturbed volcanic forcings from the easy volcanic aerosol (EVA) model to account for uncertainties in the strength and the timing of volcanic eruptions. For 1850 to 2009 ModE-Sim uses PMIP4 radiative forcings. As ocean boundary conditions the simulations use different realizations of HadISST2.
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# File names of ModE-RA, ModE-RAclim and ModE-Sim
#
# Files are provided as NetCDF files, with one variable from one ensemble member per file for the whole period. Filenames are structured as in the following example:
# ModE-RA_m041_geopoth_50000_anom_wrt_1901-2000_1421-2008_mon.nc, where
# - ModE-RA is the experiment name.
# - m041 is the member number or statistical property (e.g. «std» for standard deviation).
# - geopoth_50000 is the variable name (geopoth) including, for 3D variables, the level (here: 500 hPa). A list of the variables can be found below.
# - anom stands for anomalies.
# - wrt_1901-2000 is the reference period for the anomalies.
# - 1421-2008 is the period covered.
# - mon means monthly time resolution.
#
# List of variables
#
# The following variables are included in the ensemble statistics, whereas the ensemble members are only provided for the first four variables:
# - slp           mean sea level pressure [Pa]
# - temp2         2m air temperature [K]
# - totprec       total precipitation [kg m-2 s-1] 
# - geopoth_50000 500 hPa geopotential height [m] 
# - geopoth_30000 300 hPa geopotential height [m] 
# - geopoth_20000 200 hPa geopotential height [m] 
# - u_50000       500 hPa u-wind [m s-1] 
# - u_85000       850 hPa u-wind [m s-1]
# - u10           10 m u-wind [m s-1]
# - v_50000       500 hPa v-wind [m s-1]
# - v_85000       850 hPa v-wind [m s-1]
# - v10           10 m v-wind [m s-1] 
# - omega_50000   500 hPa vertical velocity [Pa s-1]
#
# References
#
# ModE-RA and ModE-RAclim: 
# Valler, Veronika, Franke, J., Brönnimann, S. et al., 2023 (in review): A 600-year long global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the Modern Era, submitted to Nature scientific data.
#
# ModE-Sim: 
# Hand, Ralf, Samakinwa, E., Lipfert, L., and Brönnimann, S., 2023 (in review): ModE- Sim – A medium size AGCM ensemble to study climate variability during the past 600 years, Submitted to Geoscientific Model Development.
#
#         Provided Keywords: Data assimilation, Paleo-reanalysis
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Valler, Veronika; Franke, Jörg; Hand, Ralf; Brugnara, Yuri; Burgdorf, Angela-Maria; Lundstad, Elin; Samakinwa, Eric; Brönnimann, Stefan
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2024
#   Published_Title:  A 600-year long global monthly paleo-reanalysis of the Modern Era
#   Journal_Name: Scientific Data
#   Volume: 11
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: 36
#   DOI: 10.1038/s41597-023-02733-8
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: The Modern Era Reanalysis (ModE-RA) is a global monthly paleo-reanalysis covering the period between 1421 and 2008. To reconstruct past climate fields an offline data assimilation approach is used, blending together information from an ensemble of transient atmospheric model simulations and observations. In the early period, ModE-RA utilizes natural proxies and documentary data, while from the 17th century onward instrumental measurements are also assimilated. The impact of each observation on the reconstruction is stored in the observation feedback archive, which provides additional information on the input data such as preprocessing steps and the regression-based forward models. The monthly resolved reconstructions include estimates of the most important climate fields. Furthermore, we provide a reconstruction, ModE-RAclim, which together with ModE-RA and the model simulations allows to disentangle the role of observations and model forcings. ModE-RA is best suited to study intra-annual to multi-decadal climate variability and to analyze the causes and mechanisms of past extreme climate events.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: European Research Council
#   Grant: 787574
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# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Global
#   Location: Global
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 90
#   Southernmost_Latitude: -90
#   Easternmost_Longitude: 180
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -180
#   Elevation_m: 
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: ModE-RA Global Valler2023
#   First_Year: 1421
#   Last_Year: 2008
#   Time_Unit: year Common Era
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: atmospheric model
#   Notes: Variables: 500, 300, 200 hPa geopotential height; 10m, 850, 500 hPa u-wind; 10m, 850, 500 hPa v-wind; 500 hPa vertical velocity alias omega; sea level pressure; 2m temperature; total precipitation. All data are anomalies with respect to the period 1901 to 2000 C.E. ATTENTION if you use the precipitation data: The assimilation of non-gaussian monthly mean precipitation data caused a precipitation trend in some dry region during the 19th century. 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## geopoth_500	geopotential height,,,meter,,climate modeling,,,N,500 hPa geopotential height
## geopoth_300	geopotential height,,,meter,,climate modeling,,,N,300 hPa geopotential height
## geopoth_200	geopotential height,,,meter,,climate modeling,,,N,200 hPa geopotential height
## u10	eastward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,10m u-wind
## u_850	eastward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,850 hPa u-wind
## u_500	eastward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,500 hPa u-wind
## v10	northward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,10m v-wind
## v_850	northward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,850 hPa v-wind
## v_500	northward wind speed,,,meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,500 hPa v-wind
## omega	vertical pressure velocity,,,pascal per second,,climate modeling,,,N,500 hPa vertical velocity, also known as omega
## slp	sea level pressure,,,pascal,,climate modeling,,,N,sea level pressure
## temp2	air temperature,,,kelvin,,climate modeling,,,N,2m temperature
## totprec	precipitation,,,kilogram per square meter per second,,climate modeling,,,N,total precipitation
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# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NA
# ModE Data can be found at Data Download Links above.