# Greenland Ice Sheet Holocene Ice Mass Loss Simulations and Climate Reconstructions #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/30172 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/briner2020/briner2020industrial-ice-loss.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Data Type: Paleoclimate Modeling # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: other model #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-07-20 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-07-20 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Greenland Ice Sheet Holocene Ice Mass Loss Simulations and Climate Reconstructions #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Briner, J.P.; Cuzzone, J.K.; Badgeley, J.A.; Steig, E.J.; Morlighem, M.; Schlegel, N.-J.; Larour, E. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Greenland ice sheet mass loss simulations from an ensemble (n=9) spanning 12,000 years ago to 1850 CE. # It also includes Gt/yr data from an ensemble of simulations from 1850 to 2012 CE, and Gt/yr data from an ensemble of # simulations from 2000-2100 CE following representative concentration pathway climates as part of CMIP6/ISMIP6. # Gridded temperature and precipitation reconstructions for the past 20,000 years are also included in netCDF file format. # Greenland gridded temperature and precipitation reconstructions are from data assimilation of ice-core data and a transient climate model. # # Provided Keywords: ice sheet model, Holocene, Greenland Ice Sheet, Ice mass loss, mass loss rate, 2100, RCP, Paleoclimate, climate change # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Jason P. Briner, Joshua K. Cuzzone, Jessica A. Badgeley, Nicolás E. Young, Eric J. Steig, Mathieu Morlighem, Nicole-Jeanne Schlegel, Gregory J. Hakim, Joerg M. Schaefer, Jesse V. Johnson, Alia J. Lesnek, Elizabeth K. Thomas, Estelle Allan, Ole Bennike, Allison A. Cluett, Beata Csatho, Anne de Vernal, Jacob Downs, Eric Larour, Sophie Nowicki # Published_Date_or_Year: 2020-10-01 # Published_Title: Rate of mass loss from the Greenland Ice Sheet will exceed Holocene values this century # Journal_Name: Nature # Volume: 586 # Edition: # Issue: 7827 # Pages: 70-74 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1038/s41586-020-2742-6 # Online_Resource: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41586-020-2742-6 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The Greenland Ice Sheet (GIS) is losing mass at a high rate. Given the short-term nature of the observational record, it is difficult to assess the historical importance of this mass-loss trend. Unlike records of greenhouse gas concentrations and global temperature, in which observations have been merged with palaeoclimate datasets, there are no comparably long records for rates of GIS mass change. Here we reveal unprecedented mass loss from the GIS this century, by placing contemporary and future rates of GIS mass loss within the context of the natural variability over the past 12,000 years. We force a high-resolution ice-sheet model with an ensemble of climate histories constrained by ice-core data. Our simulation domain covers southwestern Greenland, the mass change of which is dominated by surface mass balance. The results agree favourably with an independent chronology of the history of the GIS margin. The largest pre-industrial rates of mass loss (up to 6,000 billion tonnes per century) occurred in the early Holocene, and were similar to the contemporary (ad 2000-2018) rate of around 6,100 billion tonnes per century. Simulations of future mass loss from southwestern GIS, based on Representative Concentration Pathway (RCP) scenarios corresponding to low (RCP2.6) and high (RCP8.5) greenhouse gas concentration trajectories, predict mass loss of between 8,800 and 35,900 billion tonnes over the twenty-first century. These rates of GIS mass loss exceed the maximum rates over the past 12,000 years. Because rates of mass loss from the southwestern GIS scale linearly with the GIS as a whole, our results indicate, with high confidence, that the rate of mass loss from the GIS will exceed Holocene rates this century. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1504267 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Greenland Ice Sheet # Location: North America>Greenland # Country: Greenland # Northernmost_Latitude: 87.16 # Southernmost_Latitude: 53.81 # Easternmost_Longitude: -3.75 # Westernmost_Longitude: -86.25 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Briner2020IndustrialIceLoss # Earliest_Year: 1850 # Most_Recent_Year: 2012 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age age, , , year Common Era, , paleoclimatic modeling, , ,N, ## sim1 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 1 ## sim2 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 2 ## sim3 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 3 ## sim4 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 4 ## sim5 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 5 ## sim6 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 6 ## sim7 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 7 ## sim8 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 8 ## sim9 ice mass loss, , , gigaton per year, ,paleoclimatic modeling,,,N,simulation 9 # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # age sim1 sim2 sim3 sim4 sim5 sim6 sim7 sim8 sim9 1850 -6.3984 -0.0063 0.0884 3.528 3.528 7.5161 -6.3984 -0.0063 0.0884 1851 22.0365 21.9969 26.9718 20.8974 20.8974 33.4322 22.0365 21.9969 26.9718 1852 0.2227 4.0848 5.1796 2.8742 2.8742 14.4626 0.2227 4.0848 5.1796 1853 10.3598 14.1932 15.124 13.814 13.814 23.6175 10.3598 14.1932 15.124 1854 30.4664 37.0091 36.3879 29.9271 29.9271 45.779 30.4664 37.0091 36.3879 1855 70.9724 70.075 73.0306 72.5504 72.5504 78.843 70.9724 70.075 73.0306 1856 41.8655 40.8617 41.6012 42.9679 42.9679 54.3231 41.8655 40.8617 41.6012 1857 -17.6895 -7.2623 -6.2706 -11.3172 -11.3172 -2.8032 -17.6895 -7.2623 -6.2706 1858 8.6053 9.0339 13.2654 7.8588 7.8588 21.3604 8.6053 9.0339 13.2654 1859 -0.804 2.9738 3.2216 1.829 1.829 11.5621 -0.804 2.9738 3.2216 1860 -3.9049 -4.6385 2.8457 3.6755 3.6755 8.447 -3.9049 -4.6385 2.8457 1861 51.977 55.8243 55.0154 50.6923 50.6923 62.9209 51.977 55.8243 55.0154 1862 42.6203 54.5029 50.1139 50.2406 50.2406 60.2168 42.6203 54.5029 50.1139 1863 98.5064 85.1929 96.4219 89.4901 89.4901 93.9519 98.5064 85.1929 96.4219 1864 44.1385 58.0935 53.1641 48.843 48.843 60.0822 44.1385 58.0935 53.1641 1865 58.4295 54.3419 62.1279 58.5803 58.5803 68.8291 58.4295 54.3419 62.1279 1866 37.4192 39.2147 43.3331 41.0592 41.0592 50.0909 37.4192 39.2147 43.3331 1867 24.6768 35.5244 28.405 31.2786 31.2786 40.4254 24.6768 35.5244 28.405 1868 69.7081 60.5332 76.7957 67.8911 67.8911 75.3945 69.7081 60.5332 76.7957 1869 28.0754 35.1495 32.836 29.8188 29.8188 41.0571 28.0754 35.1495 32.836 1870 10.8328 8.7381 13.8823 13.9956 13.9956 23.8458 10.8328 8.7381 13.8823 1871 -34.872 -27.2572 -26.4998 -32.1424 -32.1424 -19.5446 -34.872 -27.2572 -26.4998 1872 -41.2366 -34.9789 -32.903 -32.745 -32.745 -26.4618 -41.2366 -34.9789 -32.903 1873 26.5742 22.4494 27.0655 20.3619 20.3619 36.1965 26.5742 22.4494 27.0655 1874 2.3802 5.8957 7.147 6.3332 6.3332 15.9164 2.3802 5.8957 7.147 1875 22.5393 24.5959 26.6581 22.7541 22.7541 30.9237 22.5393 24.5959 26.6581 1876 -33.0337 -26.8196 -27.2826 -21.1745 -21.1745 -13.7773 -33.0337 -26.8196 -27.2826 1877 -92.2691 -79.0199 -75.0222 -77.1318 -77.1318 -71.5667 -92.2691 -79.0199 -75.0222 1878 30.6685 21.2977 22.1367 16.1744 16.1744 33.153 30.6685 21.2977 22.1367 1879 27.9037 30.0528 31.3625 26.9104 26.9104 38.1659 27.9037 30.0528 31.3625 1880 -3.0173 3.3455 5.297 4.4522 4.4522 12.8609 -3.0173 3.3455 5.297 1881 3.3249 4.2925 6.7434 3.557 3.557 12.7877 3.3249 4.2925 6.7434 1882 -12.2466 -7.0205 -6.0188 -8.0661 -8.0661 1.32 -12.2466 -7.0205 -6.0188 1883 -8.1673 -5.0551 -0.9326 -6.3897 -6.3897 6.1882 -8.1673 -5.0551 -0.9326 1884 23.9257 25.8344 24.2912 26.4647 26.4647 31.7087 23.9257 25.8344 24.2912 1885 40.5491 42.8224 43.1078 39.3002 39.3002 48.2856 40.5491 42.8224 43.1078 1886 22.7367 25.7401 31.1375 28.7809 28.7809 37.0806 22.7367 25.7401 31.1375 1887 47.6201 49.8957 51.6604 46.3883 46.3883 53.076 47.6201 49.8957 51.6604 1888 -0.1192 4.6164 10.0645 9.2643 9.2643 15.6843 -0.1192 4.6164 10.0645 1889 57.5301 52.1411 52.869 52.8404 52.8404 65.2976 57.5301 52.1411 52.869 1890 -4.9562 9.1225 6.1499 2.6481 2.6481 12.6178 -4.9562 9.1225 6.1499 1891 22.7138 17.7667 21.9185 21.1655 21.1655 29.7875 22.7138 17.7667 21.9185 1892 -16.4751 -4.8356 -6.0363 -7.4987 -7.4987 0.5929 -16.4751 -4.8356 -6.0363 1893 7.9921 8.3021 11.1987 7.2459 7.2459 18.5419 7.9921 8.3021 11.1987 1894 16.2542 20.3933 22.5151 19.7379 19.7379 28.6753 16.2542 20.3933 22.5151 1895 26.7148 27.7024 28.7855 27.0103 27.0103 37.0355 26.7148 27.7024 28.7855 1896 21.004 23.7919 25.093 22.8762 22.8762 32.6695 21.004 23.7919 25.093 1897 14.9212 19.2734 22.2451 22.573 22.573 29.064 14.9212 19.2734 22.2451 1898 53.1681 52.2335 57.2919 49.6012 49.6012 57.0842 53.1681 52.2335 57.2919 1899 -8.1128 -3.8214 -8.5078 -12.8823 -12.8823 5.6249 -8.1128 -3.8214 -8.5078 1900 -72.6304 -50.0312 -45.6009 -60.1993 -60.1993 -55.496 -72.6304 -50.0312 -45.6009 1901 72.9957 54.5317 51.3402 60.1762 60.1762 78.3416 72.9957 54.5317 51.3402 1902 -6.7298 0.5205 2.353 1.5917 1.5917 7.8076 -6.7298 0.5205 2.353 1903 -43.509 -38.7564 -35.4996 -38.742 -38.742 -28.2838 -43.509 -38.7564 -35.4996 1904 -69.6696 -59.7298 -65.2392 -59.2928 -59.2928 -56.5343 -69.6696 -59.7298 -65.2392 1905 2.1632 -0.2051 -0.7777 -6.8788 -6.8788 9.0122 2.1632 -0.2051 -0.7777 1906 -53.2615 -46.0252 -38.3333 -43.3917 -43.3917 -33.4114 -53.2615 -46.0252 -38.3333 1907 -21.7055 -20.3262 -19.2575 -25.6535 -25.6535 -11.1379 -21.7055 -20.3262 -19.2575 1908 -36.9701 -30.2863 -29.553 -28.8116 -28.8116 -23.372 -36.9701 -30.2863 -29.553 1909 -18.256 -17.2729 -14.5795 -15.9137 -15.9137 -5.7465 -18.256 -17.2729 -14.5795 1910 4.9572 10.5151 10.3457 10.141 10.141 15.5643 4.9572 10.5151 10.3457 1911 38.8417 27.1403 30.0034 28.5291 28.5291 42.6815 38.8417 27.1403 30.0034 1912 -59.1687 -41.1299 -41.2392 -41.5988 -41.5988 -36.9425 -59.1687 -41.1299 -41.2392 1913 -18.8263 -10.6054 -8.6606 -12.609 -12.609 -6.8006 -18.8263 -10.6054 -8.6606 1914 49.1694 33.1189 43.3757 24.0255 24.0255 56.1642 49.1694 33.1189 43.3757 1915 -47.7919 -28.4153 -30.8512 -23.5454 -23.5454 -30.7325 -47.7919 -28.4153 -30.8512 1916 11.2624 11.6982 9.4921 10.2263 10.2263 18.5149 11.2624 11.6982 9.4921 1917 -2.3865 -1.8991 -1.7328 -2.6829 -2.6829 5.1629 -2.3865 -1.8991 -1.7328 1918 9.5396 12.5783 12.9699 13.2263 13.2263 21.4765 9.5396 12.5783 12.9699 1919 17.1805 22.5395 23.3762 19.8006 19.8006 29.5892 17.1805 22.5395 23.3762 1920 8.9056 9.9689 12.1378 10.902 10.902 17.129 8.9056 9.9689 12.1378 1921 15.5046 13.8745 17.0879 11.5531 11.5531 22.6286 15.5046 13.8745 17.0879 1922 10.4257 27.7669 29.2225 24.7766 24.7766 38.4437 10.4257 27.7669 29.2225 1923 -36.137 -46.6419 -46.3478 -41.1302 -41.1302 -37.6903 -36.137 -46.6419 -46.3478 1924 -62.6152 -56.7152 -52.6828 -61.0389 -61.0389 -50.4815 -62.6152 -56.7152 -52.6828 1925 -3.1357 0.8701 -4.764 0.1321 0.1321 12.3371 -3.1357 0.8701 -4.764 1926 -111.2054 -111.8682 -100.3795 -102.3978 -102.3978 -105.1071 -111.2054 -111.8682 -100.3795 1927 -75.2779 -77.4641 -75.8577 -72.8114 -72.8114 -58.1863 -75.2779 -77.4641 -75.8577 1928 -183.3692 -159.3524 -162.8119 -174.8956 -174.8956 -172.8094 -183.3692 -159.3524 -162.8119 1929 -78.1246 -79.887 -81.2825 -74.5448 -74.5448 -59.9268 -78.1246 -79.887 -81.2825 1930 -82.2448 -89.3457 -78.933 -83.5992 -83.5992 -66.2429 -82.2448 -89.3457 -78.933 1931 -191.9767 -171.6472 -174.673 -186.131 -186.131 -184.7958 -191.9767 -171.6472 -174.673 1932 -59.9693 -70.0144 -62.9614 -57.9935 -57.9935 -47.4796 -59.9693 -70.0144 -62.9614 1933 -42.1448 -38.8261 -37.2051 -39.5433 -39.5433 -28.9429 -42.1448 -38.8261 -37.2051 1934 -46.9826 -38.5728 -50.5673 -43.4053 -43.4053 -29.4684 -46.9826 -38.5728 -50.5673 1935 -132.4617 -126.0483 -119.3126 -124.5555 -124.5555 -121.8654 -132.4617 -126.0483 -119.3126 1936 -86.5725 -87.6166 -84.5807 -86.6728 -86.6728 -74.1631 -86.5725 -87.6166 -84.5807 1937 -36.7392 -28.1974 -32.3375 -31.0062 -31.0062 -22.7286 -36.7392 -28.1974 -32.3375 1938 -2.2796 -1.6825 1.3931 -6.682 -6.682 7.5202 -2.2796 -1.6825 1.3931 1939 -43.8998 -34.2575 -37.8524 -38.6856 -38.6856 -31.2677 -43.8998 -34.2575 -37.8524 1940 -4.691 -13.5478 -4.2135 -1.3361 -1.3361 4.1899 -4.691 -13.5478 -4.2135 1941 -82.4262 -67.1383 -72.7996 -77.7334 -77.7334 -62.5442 -82.4262 -67.1383 -72.7996 1942 -35.6874 -33.5509 -31.5688 -31.4386 -31.4386 -23.0985 -35.6874 -33.5509 -31.5688 1943 -26.0992 -26.1763 -24.4205 -29.215 -29.215 -21.3329 -26.0992 -26.1763 -24.4205 1944 12.3905 20.3764 20.2171 20.5414 20.5414 30.0935 12.3905 20.3764 20.2171 1945 24.7241 25.8774 30.8114 25.6739 25.6739 35.5717 24.7241 25.8774 30.8114 1946 -9.6866 -2.5823 -4.2358 -3.1318 -3.1318 3.7477 -9.6866 -2.5823 -4.2358 1947 -25.5285 -25.366 -22.8726 -24.6707 -24.6707 -15.2821 -25.5285 -25.366 -22.8726 1948 -46.9004 -41.5199 -41.9912 -43.4931 -43.4931 -34.2418 -46.9004 -41.5199 -41.9912 1949 -42.4126 -40.6445 -38.9202 -41.5469 -41.5469 -29.987 -42.4126 -40.6445 -38.9202 1950 -61.9503 -55.9803 -55.2312 -57.801 -57.801 -48.8025 -61.9503 -55.9803 -55.2312 1951 -68.899 -65.3076 -60.6964 -64.4791 -64.4791 -55.8853 -68.899 -65.3076 -60.6964 1952 -28.4995 -20.6438 -25.4075 -26.5145 -26.5145 -15.8753 -28.4995 -20.6438 -25.4075 1953 -4.2357 -2.3117 -0.3149 -1.6447 -1.6447 6.3129 -4.2357 -2.3117 -0.3149 1954 3.657 6.8013 8.7743 6.9737 6.9737 14.6455 3.657 6.8013 8.7743 1955 14.7113 16.3303 18.6031 15.8359 15.8359 24.0788 14.7113 16.3303 18.6031 1956 1.1148 1.3385 3.7453 1.7635 1.7635 13.3711 1.1148 1.3385 3.7453 1957 -52.1747 -46.1605 -44.791 -44.8396 -44.8396 -39.7759 -52.1747 -46.1605 -44.791 1958 -54.1707 -43.5268 -46.906 -48.8217 -48.8217 -45.5302 -54.1707 -43.5268 -46.906 1959 -0.3418 1.087 -0.1197 -3.6053 -3.6053 13.2131 -0.3418 1.087 -0.1197 1960 -93.9105 -88.491 -81.2057 -83.2693 -83.2693 -77.699 -93.9105 -88.491 -81.2057 1961 -55.765 -54.7541 -50.8237 -54.3843 -54.3843 -41.7873 -55.765 -54.7541 -50.8237 1962 -60.2735 -55.9737 -52.1547 -53.628 -53.628 -51.1314 -60.2735 -55.9737 -52.1547 1963 14.7092 19.6198 17.1926 12.8877 12.8877 28.8674 14.7092 19.6198 17.1926 1964 10.2326 8.3635 14.5517 11.2157 11.2157 20.2149 10.2326 8.3635 14.5517 1965 -32.1691 -23.4364 -24.9528 -29.7632 -29.7632 -18.347 -32.1691 -23.4364 -24.9528 1966 -65.0087 -57.8768 -66.0279 -57.2253 -57.2253 -59.0257 -65.0087 -57.8768 -66.0279 1967 16.6391 12.8479 30.3546 14.5474 14.5474 35.1909 16.6391 12.8479 30.3546 1968 -16.0201 -7.9824 -13.2999 -11.408 -11.408 -6.1873 -16.0201 -7.9824 -13.2999 1969 -1.0147 0.5388 3.3386 2.009 2.009 9.9067 -1.0147 0.5388 3.3386 1970 39.2316 38.9621 41.5423 34.0306 34.0306 45.3912 39.2316 38.9621 41.5423 1971 0.2244 2.4945 1.1629 12.3376 12.3376 12.1583 0.2244 2.4945 1.1629 1972 43.9067 46.1085 49.3528 39.4659 39.4659 49.5988 43.9067 46.1085 49.3528 1973 16.1689 20.9883 12.3465 14.7657 14.7657 28.5243 16.1689 20.9883 12.3465 1974 -42.8015 -32.8043 -29.4343 -33.0457 -33.0457 -30.8844 -42.8015 -32.8043 -29.4343 1975 35.8284 30.2108 35.6477 33.1439 33.1439 42.7818 35.8284 30.2108 35.6477 1976 37.8636 36.7522 41.6399 38.9562 38.9562 45.9458 37.8636 36.7522 41.6399 1977 7.5518 14.6764 12.7504 12.0634 12.0634 20.3043 7.5518 14.6764 12.7504 1978 19.0451 19.6883 22.631 20.1368 20.1368 28.5601 19.0451 19.6883 22.631 1979 1.559 3.3601 5.8721 4.386 4.386 10.7093 1.559 3.3601 5.8721 1980 -27.8174 -23.4602 -22.0186 -28.2664 -28.2664 -17.6571 -27.8174 -23.4602 -22.0186 1981 -37.939 -32.8833 -31.7955 -31.794 -31.794 -25.3598 -37.939 -32.8833 -31.7955 1982 5.5397 6.8843 10.4938 9.5588 9.5588 9.4544 5.5397 6.8843 10.4938 1983 118.8269 125.6478 118.0327 119.8437 119.8437 127.6772 118.8269 125.6478 118.0327 1984 45.5229 55.5482 62.9306 41.8282 41.8282 63.3239 45.5229 55.5482 62.9306 1985 -29.0287 -30.2878 -29.4367 -23.5846 -23.5846 -22.2077 -29.0287 -30.2878 -29.4367 1986 -5.302 -4.7052 -3.3784 -2.2982 -2.2982 3.2626 -5.302 -4.7052 -3.3784 1987 -1.9165 0.3054 2.4775 0.2745 0.2745 8.7597 -1.9165 0.3054 2.4775 1988 -6.0955 -4.0952 -0.2362 -3.914 -3.914 3.9304 -6.0955 -4.0952 -0.2362 1989 -17.5069 -14.4581 -13.6485 -14.3228 -14.3228 -6.9046 -17.5069 -14.4581 -13.6485 1990 17.0227 17.4258 19.3564 17.3381 17.3381 23.3617 17.0227 17.4258 19.3564 1991 20.684 25.495 26.0274 23.4353 23.4353 31.2318 20.684 25.495 26.0274 1992 36.219 41.9527 38.3999 40.3413 40.3413 41.5751 36.219 41.9527 38.3999 1993 -17.9797 -21.3745 -12.8832 -19.9452 -19.9452 -7.4027 -17.9797 -21.3745 -12.8832 1994 -25.1906 -28.3251 -21.2586 -23.7107 -23.7107 -12.4039 -25.1906 -28.3251 -21.2586 1995 -41.0096 -11.5601 -23.9731 -29.7159 -29.7159 -31.1109 -41.0096 -11.5601 -23.9731 1996 103.4706 94.948 93.8335 110.6855 110.6855 111.6555 103.4706 94.948 93.8335 1997 -10.7951 -17.6412 -6.5324 -17.8783 -17.8783 -2.5375 -10.7951 -17.6412 -6.5324 1998 -28.1208 -19.4725 -24.9304 -24.485 -24.485 -17.1914 -28.1208 -19.4725 -24.9304 1999 -0.8773 -4.809 4.9837 -0.4562 -0.4562 8.9041 -0.8773 -4.809 4.9837 2000 -20.4837 -12.9952 -15.6426 -16.4458 -16.4458 -12.7667 -20.4837 -12.9952 -15.6426 2001 -9.7017 4.0825 -12.5926 -0.3777 -0.3777 13.6282 -9.7017 4.0825 -12.5926 2002 -139.9376 -142.0125 -128.8414 -148.7452 -148.7452 -139.9563 -139.9376 -142.0125 -128.8414 2003 -93.9484 -95.4498 -85.6211 -86.7525 -86.7525 -84.7221 -93.9484 -95.4498 -85.6211 2004 0.4249 8.9601 -1.7045 2.8229 2.8229 12.1176 0.4249 8.9601 -1.7045 2005 35.4266 47.9633 52.8262 40.3014 40.3014 58.4763 35.4266 47.9633 52.8262 2006 -104.6703 -108.8465 -117.8554 -111.8665 -111.8665 -106.7181 -104.6703 -108.8465 -117.8554 2007 -45.2847 -47.7962 -38.8456 -42.1804 -42.1804 -33.1273 -45.2847 -47.7962 -38.8456 2008 -34.5151 -38.9165 -35.3386 -28.6549 -28.6549 -19.2655 -34.5151 -38.9165 -35.3386 2009 -123.9425 -110.1313 -117.5099 -119.1763 -119.1763 -110.182 -123.9425 -110.1313 -117.5099 2010 -200.9303 -196.5534 -191.0476 -204.2539 -204.2539 -195.4053 -200.9303 -196.5534 -191.0476 2011 -134.1099 -131.6691 -136.9872 -135.5832 -135.5832 -126.929 -134.1099 -131.6691 -136.9872 2012 -77.7898 -76.929 -68.5754 -72.8299 -72.8299 -60.432 -77.7898 -76.929 -68.5754