# LOVECLIM Earth System Model Last Glacial Maximum oceanic d13C and D14C data
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#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
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#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
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# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/22850
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: http://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/menviel2016/menviel-loveclim.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
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# Original_Source_URL:  http://doi.org/10.4225/41/58192cb8bff06
#      Description: DOI Link to original landing page
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# Archive: Paleoclimatic Modeling
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# Dataset_DOI: 10.4225/41/58192cb8bff06
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# Parameter_Keywords: ocean model
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# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2017-10-20
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2017-10-20
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# Title
#    Study_Name: LOVECLIM Earth System Model Last Glacial Maximum oceanic d13C and D14C data
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# Investigators
#      Investigators: Menviel, Laurie
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: This dataset is a collection of outputs of numerical simulations performed with LOVECLIM, an Earth System Model. The model was forced with Last Glacial Maximum (~20 ka B.P.) boundary conditions (orbital parameters, ice-sheet topography and albedo, CO2, d13CO2 and D14CO2). The dataset are oceanic d13C values for 28 Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) experiments, as well as oceanic D14C values for a subset of the LGM experiments. d13C and D14C values are the isotopic signatures of oceanic DIC and respectively represent a measure of the ratio of stable isotopes  13C  and radioactive isotope 14C with respect to the standard . Both are reported in parts per thousand. 
# LOVECLIM is an acronym made from the names of the five different models that have been coupled to built the Earth system model: LOch-Vecode-Ecbilt-CLio-agIsm Model (LOVECLIM). LOVECLIM 1.2 includes representations of the atmosphere, the ocean and sea ice, the land surface (including vegetation), the ice sheets, the icebergs and the carbon cycle. 
# The atmospheric component is ECBilt2, a T21, 3-level quasi-geostrophic model. The oceanic component is CLIO3, which is made up of an ocean general circulation model coupled to a comprehensive thermodynamic-dynamic sea-ice model. Its horizontal resolution is 3° y 3°, and there are 20 levels in the ocean. ECBilt-CLIO is coupled to VECODE, a vegetationmodel that simulates the dynamics of two main terrestrial plant functional types, trees and grasses, as well as desert. VECODE also simulates the evolution of the carbon cycle over land while the oceanic carbon cycle is represented in LOCH, a comprehensive model that takes into account both the solubility and biological pumps.
# LOVECLIM description is an extract from http://www.academia.edu/12279222/Description_of_the_Earth_system_model_of_intermediate_complexity_LOVECLIM_version_1.2
# Reference: Menviel, L., J. Yu, F. Joos, A. Mouchet, K. Meissner, M. England, "Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: a data-model comparison study", 2016, Paleoceanography,2016PA003024, under Review.
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# 3 dimensional netcdf data of dc13 (permil, c13_X.nc) and DC14 (permil, c14_X.nc), where X denotes the name of the experiments described in Tables 1 and S1. PI denotes the pre-industrial control run.
# Experiments list  from reference paper
# 
#   V1     52 ± 53GtC
#               NADW, AABW,  SO XP,  CT 
# V1L            S     S     -      -142
# V1LNAoff      Off    I     -      -19 
# V1LNAw         W     I     -      -22 
# V1LNAwSOw      I     I     -      -6 
# V1LNAwSOs      I     S     -      -75 
# V1LNAwGR       I     I     +9%    -17
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#   V2     205 ± 47GtC
#               NADW, AABW,  SO XP,  CT 
# V2L            S    I     -       171
# V2LNAoff      Off   I     -       217
# V2LNAw         W    I     -       208
# V2LNAwSOw      W    W     -       212
# V2LNAwSOs      W    S     -       181
# V2LNAwSHWw     W    W     -       244
# V2LNAwGR       W    I     +9%     237
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# V3       351 ± 44GtC
#               NADW, AABW,  SO XP,  CT 
# V3L            S    I     -       313
# V3LNAoff      Off   I     -       357
# V3LNAw         W    I     -       346 
# V3LNAwSOw      W    W     -       369
# V3LNAwSHWw     W    W     -       392
# V3LNAwSOwSHWw  W    W     -       426
# V3LSOs         S    S     -       289 
# V3LNAwSOs      I    S     -       320 
# V3LNAwGR       W    I     +9%     357 
# V3LNAwGRSOs    I    S     +9%     343
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#   V 4, 567 ± 39GtC
# V4LNAw         W    S     -       514
# V4LNAwSHWw     W    W     -       605
# V4LNAwSOwSHWw  W    W     -       609
# V4LNAwSOs      I    S     -       534
# V4LNAwGR       W    I     +9%     574
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# Table 1. Main characteristics of LGM experiments. CT indicates the difference between the late Holocene and LGM terrestrial carbon stock (GtC) for all the experiments performed and calculated following Equation 3. The mean CT and standard deviation for each set of experiments (V1-V4) is also shown. The relative formation rates of NADW and AABW are indicated as follows: for NADW, S=Strong (>= 20 Sv), I=Intermediate (15-20 Sv), W=Weak (10-15 Sv) or Off= shutdown (2-3 Sv); for the AABW transport in the Indo-Pacific basin, S=Strong (10-16 Sv), I=Intermediate (8-10 Sv) and W=Weak (<= 7 Sv). All symbols are filled except experiments in which export production (SO XP) was enhanced by 9% over the Southern Ocean (56-36S) compared to the pre-industrial control run.
#
# Contact: l.menviel@unsw.edu.au for any question on the dataset content and provenance
#         paola.petrelli@utas.edu.au for questions or issues with THREDDS file accessibility
#         Provided Keywords: Carbon isotopes, Last Glacial Maximum, Palaeoclimatology , Physical Oceanography
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# Publication
# Authors: Menviel, L., J. Yu, F. Joos, A. Mouchet, K.J. Meissner, and M.H. England
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2017
# Published_Title: Poorly ventilated deep ocean at the Last Glacial Maximum inferred from carbon isotopes: a data-model comparison study
# Journal_Name: Paleoceanography
# Volume: 32
# Edition: 
# Issue: 
# Pages: 2-17
# Report Number: 
# DOI: 10.1002/2016PA003024
# Online_Resource: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/2016PA003024/abstract;jsessionid=C5562158ADD0E948C4CE653BFA845A5B.f03t04
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Atmospheric CO2 was ~90 ppmv lower at the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) compared to the late Holocene, but the mechanisms responsible for this change remain elusive. Here we employ a carbon isotope-enabled Earth System Model to investigate the role of ocean circulation in setting the LGM oceanic d13C distribution, thereby improving our understanding of glacial/interglacial atmospheric CO2 variations. We find that the mean ocean d13C change can be explained by a 378 ± 88 Gt C(2s) smaller LGM terrestrial carbon reservoir compared to the Holocene. Critically, in this model, differences in the oceanic d13C spatial pattern can only be reconciled with a LGM ocean circulation state characterized by a weak (10–15 Sv) and relatively shallow (2000–2500 m) North Atlantic Deep Water cell, reduced Antarctic Bottom Water transport (=10 Sv globally integrated), and relatively weak (6–8 Sv) and shallow (1000–1500 m) North Pacific Intermediate Water formation. This oceanic circulation state is corroborated by results from the isotope-enabled Bern3D ocean model and further confirmed by high LGM ventilation ages in the deep ocean, particularly in the deep South Atlantic and South Pacific. This suggests a poorly ventilated glacial deep ocean which would have facilitated the sequestration of carbon lost from the terrestrial biosphere and atmosphere.
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# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: Australian Research Council
#    Grant: DE150100107
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# Site Information
# Site_Name: Global
# Location: Global
# Country: 
# Northernmost_Latitude: 90
# Southernmost_Latitude: -90
# Easternmost_Longitude: 180
# Westernmost_Longitude: -180
# Elevation: 
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# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: Global LOVECLIM Menviel2016
#   First_Year: 21000
#   Last_Year: 18000
#   Time_Unit: cal yr BP
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
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# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
## d13C	delta 13C,,,per mil,,,climate modeling,,N,
## D14C	Delta 14C,,,per mil,,,climate modeling,,N,
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# Data
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Value: 
Data can be found at NOAA/WDS Paleoclimatology in the directory:
https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/gcmoutput/menviel2016/