# REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29472 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/asia/china/reaches2020drought-category-sites.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Historical # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: document, phenology, crop harvests #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lin, K.-H.E.; Wang, P.K.; Pai, P.-L.; Lin, Y.-S.; Wang, C.-W. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Drought and associated data series reconstructed from REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database # for the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 CE). REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database is available at: # https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23410 # Provided Keywords: document, drought, phenology, crop harvests, famine #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Pao K. Wang, Pi-Ling Pai, Yu-Shiuan Lin, and Chih-Wei Wang # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-10-19 # Published_Title: Historical droughts in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) of China and the role of human interventions # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-2019-115 # Online_Resource: https://www.clim-past-discuss.net/cp-2019-115/ # Full_Citation: # Abstract: This study presents a new epistemology to analyze drought chronology through a clear-cut methodology for reconstructing past drought series as well as series for other associated ecological and societal variables. Instead of building grading system based on mixed criteria, this method can facilitate transparency in the reconstruction process and can enable statistical examinations of all variables when building the series. The data used is from the REACHES database, however other archival documentary and index data from independent sources are also applied to understand drought narratives and to cross check and validate the analysis derived from the REACHES. From time series analysis, six severe drought periods are identified in the Qing dynasty, and then spatial analysis is performed to demonstrate spatial distribution of drought and other variables in the six periods as well as social network analysis to reveal connections between drought and other ecological and societal variables. Research results clearly illustrate the role of human intervention to influence the impacts of drought on societal consequences. Particularly, the correlation between drought and socioeconomic is not strong; crop failure and famine are important intermediate factors, meanwhile ecological factor such as locust and disaster relief measures are all imperative to intervene between crop production and famine. Implications of the study on drought impact in provided as well as its significance on historical climatology reconstruction studies. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan # Grant: MOST 108-2621-M-001-007-MY3 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Center for Sustainability Science, Academia Sinica # Grant: AS-105-SS-A04 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Mainland China # Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China # Country: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 53 # Southernmost_Latitude: 18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 134.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: 73.5 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: REACHES2020droughtCategorySites # Earliest_Year: 1644 # Most_Recent_Year: 1911 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age_CE age, , , year Common Era, , historical, , ,N, ## drought moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of geographic sites indicating drought; Total number 14645 ## locust phenological event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of geographic sites indicating locusts; Total number 4175 ## socio societal event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of geographic sites indicating Socioeconomic turmoil; Total number 6458 ## crop phenological event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of geographic sites indicating crop failure; Total number 17072 ## famine societal event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of geographic sites indicating famine; Total number 9624 # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA # age_CE drought locust socio crop famine 1644 49 2 39 34 38 1645 11 7 24 41 26 1646 102 38 41 69 43 1647 37 100 73 117 146 1648 21 28 56 80 113 1649 23 18 30 58 39 1650 36 22 27 61 39 1651 38 6 27 72 62 1652 130 4 48 89 73 1653 51 5 50 65 67 1654 42 1 35 72 48 1655 66 10 24 64 45 1656 42 32 25 44 21 1657 54 4 8 33 17 1658 17 2 13 60 26 1659 53 4 26 71 34 1660 39 4 7 33 23 1661 91 8 19 60 20 1662 67 2 29 75 12 1663 50 3 23 46 15 1664 75 7 36 88 31 1665 173 13 36 77 67 1666 52 9 6 25 9 1667 74 76 19 57 16 1668 27 11 36 87 24 1669 27 0 21 41 14 1670 94 4 45 78 26 1671 217 43 60 116 72 1672 63 136 26 112 59 1673 40 5 7 48 8 1674 78 7 6 51 19 1675 18 3 13 37 5 1676 8 3 14 34 10 1677 33 9 11 37 13 1678 104 12 25 68 53 1679 229 57 38 114 113 1680 80 6 42 71 88 1681 72 3 22 52 37 1682 32 5 13 65 18 1683 33 3 16 98 23 1684 63 5 15 61 35 1685 37 4 9 51 19 1686 43 20 24 36 16 1687 40 18 8 34 4 1688 37 5 10 44 13 1689 110 8 13 63 39 1690 100 29 18 97 49 1691 111 119 42 91 71 1692 54 20 29 53 49 1693 82 18 17 60 14 1694 18 26 4 33 22 1695 22 4 4 56 16 1696 57 3 33 65 67 1697 53 6 23 42 95 1698 24 2 13 15 39 1699 26 11 5 25 14 1700 15 4 5 26 6 1701 24 4 12 26 10 1702 29 3 10 39 23 1703 58 5 30 82 69 1704 36 7 47 46 90 1705 23 17 11 33 17 1706 39 3 12 25 28 1707 64 1 10 41 24 1708 62 9 20 62 38 1709 27 12 27 75 53 1710 37 5 15 24 31 1711 37 14 10 20 14 1712 26 6 9 42 17 1713 38 2 15 39 63 1714 98 10 8 45 27 1715 25 3 8 46 16 1716 71 4 6 37 22 1717 12 6 5 12 13 1718 26 4 18 38 6 1719 36 0 9 41 12 1720 85 3 16 62 43 1721 213 7 25 104 104 1722 130 13 21 70 82 1723 94 43 25 57 52 1724 29 27 20 50 18 1725 35 6 8 54 25 1726 21 3 15 75 57 1727 21 4 29 57 42 1728 34 2 6 24 7 1729 31 7 5 40 7 1730 17 2 17 77 21 1731 16 3 9 40 37 1732 25 5 22 57 19 1733 21 3 18 44 20 1734 9 2 4 25 4 1735 40 10 11 25 25 1736 24 3 4 36 9 1737 39 9 11 55 16 1738 85 13 5 53 26 1739 30 12 10 69 18 1740 14 26 7 45 9 1741 27 3 11 34 15 1742 47 3 21 74 39 1743 96 3 72 57 94 1744 49 33 22 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