# REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29472 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/asia/china/reaches2020drought-severe.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Historical # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: document, phenology, crop harvests #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lin, K.-H.E.; Wang, P.K.; Pai, P.-L.; Lin, Y.-S.; Wang, C.-W. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Drought and associated data series reconstructed from REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database # for the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 CE). REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database is available at: # https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23410 # Provided Keywords: document, drought, phenology, crop harvests, famine #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Pao K. Wang, Pi-Ling Pai, Yu-Shiuan Lin, and Chih-Wei Wang # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-10-19 # Published_Title: Historical droughts in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) of China and the role of human interventions # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-2019-115 # Online_Resource: https://www.clim-past-discuss.net/cp-2019-115/ # Full_Citation: # Abstract: This study presents a new epistemology to analyze drought chronology through a clear-cut methodology for reconstructing past drought series as well as series for other associated ecological and societal variables. Instead of building grading system based on mixed criteria, this method can facilitate transparency in the reconstruction process and can enable statistical examinations of all variables when building the series. The data used is from the REACHES database, however other archival documentary and index data from independent sources are also applied to understand drought narratives and to cross check and validate the analysis derived from the REACHES. From time series analysis, six severe drought periods are identified in the Qing dynasty, and then spatial analysis is performed to demonstrate spatial distribution of drought and other variables in the six periods as well as social network analysis to reveal connections between drought and other ecological and societal variables. Research results clearly illustrate the role of human intervention to influence the impacts of drought on societal consequences. Particularly, the correlation between drought and socioeconomic is not strong; crop failure and famine are important intermediate factors, meanwhile ecological factor such as locust and disaster relief measures are all imperative to intervene between crop production and famine. Implications of the study on drought impact in provided as well as its significance on historical climatology reconstruction studies. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan # Grant: MOST 108-2621-M-001-007-MY3 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Center for Sustainability Science, Academia Sinica # Grant: AS-105-SS-A04 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Mainland China # Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China # Country: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 53 # Southernmost_Latitude: 18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 134.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: 73.5 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: REACHES2020drought-severe # Earliest_Year: 1644 # Most_Recent_Year: 1911 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age_CE age, , , year Common Era, , historical, , ,N, ## drought-all moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N, total number of geographic sites indicating drought; Total number 13693 ## drought-severe moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N, number of geographic sites indicating severe drought; Total number 6099 ## drought moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N, number of geographic sites indicating drought; Total number 7885 # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA # age_CE drought-all drought-severe drought 1644 49 28 21 1645 13 7 6 1646 103 85 20 1647 39 28 12 1648 23 13 10 1649 24 15 9 1650 36 18 19 1651 40 22 18 1652 132 99 35 1653 53 30 23 1654 44 27 18 1655 71 40 32 1656 42 21 22 1657 56 19 38 1658 17 8 10 1659 54 27 29 1660 42 21 23 1661 93 47 47 1662 69 29 40 1663 54 17 37 1664 77 26 51 1665 179 103 80 1666 59 10 49 1667 75 24 52 1668 29 17 12 1669 29 8 21 1670 96 41 56 1671 218 131 99 1672 70 19 51 1673 44 24 20 1674 80 28 53 1675 21 6 15 1676 11 6 5 1677 37 22 17 1678 109 58 54 1679 230 119 120 1680 85 28 58 1681 76 36 40 1682 35 20 16 1683 36 15 22 1684 63 29 34 1685 42 16 26 1686 47 17 32 1687 43 22 21 1688 41 14 27 1689 114 53 65 1690 109 40 71 1691 115 48 70 1692 62 26 37 1693 84 34 51 1694 19 2 17 1695 22 7 16 1696 57 21 38 1697 54 31 24 1698 24 6 18 1699 26 9 17 1700 15 2 13 1701 24 9 15 1702 32 16 16 1703 61 28 33 1704 39 13 26 1705 23 6 17 1706 39 15 24 1707 64 39 30 1708 64 28 37 1709 31 15 17 1710 37 16 23 1711 38 13 25 1712 27 11 17 1713 39 15 25 1714 99 43 60 1715 26 6 20 1716 73 23 50 1717 13 3 10 1718 27 10 17 1719 37 14 24 1720 86 33 55 1721 220 109 116 1722 135 68 68 1723 95 42 56 1724 30 8 23 1725 36 10 26 1726 21 6 16 1727 21 4 18 1728 34 13 23 1729 32 12 20 1730 17 4 13 1731 16 5 11 1732 26 10 16 1733 21 8 14 1734 9 3 6 1735 40 15 26 1736 25 10 16 1737 39 8 31 1738 85 34 53 1739 31 8 24 1740 14 6 8 1741 28 1 27 1742 48 13 35 1743 97 43 56 1744 52 19 33 1745 59 17 44 1746 17 7 10 1747 42 10 32 1748 71 24 48 1749 5 1 4 1750 26 12 15 1751 95 52 45 1752 63 18 45 1753 34 11 24 1754 11 4 7 1755 22 8 14 1756 29 15 14 1757 31 14 18 1758 31 17 18 1759 78 39 39 1760 27 17 12 1761 7 3 4 1762 16 8 8 1763 9 4 5 1764 22 5 17 1765 25 11 14 1766 9 4 5 1767 9 3 6 1768 72 33 43 1769 22 12 10 1770 20 6 14 1771 24 10 14 1772 19 7 13 1773 13 9 6 1774 57 19 38 1775 62 19 46 1776 18 7 12 1777 49 20 29 1778 193 105 91 1779 29 14 15 1780 15 2 13 1781 45 22 23 1782 32 7 25 1783 26 5 21 1784 47 16 32 1785 238 162 88 1786 120 59 64 1787 58 28 33 1788 23 13 11 1789 28 14 16 1790 15 5 10 1791 21 9 12 1792 77 35 42 1793 17 9 9 1794 32 6 28 1795 36 18 18 1796 27 10 17 1797 21 4 17 1798 28 4 24 1799 9 4 6 1800 40 12 28 1801 12 4 8 1802 121 43 79 1803 21 4 17 1804 39 15 24 1805 54 14 41 1806 32 15 18 1807 105 48 62 1808 30 9 21 1809 29 6 24 1810 49 14 36 1811 124 46 80 1812 63 23 40 1813 127 63 69 1814 141 87 56 1815 17 4 13 1816 25 11 15 1817 56 16 40 1818 23 7 16 1819 49 28 23 1820 133 69 69 1821 37 6 32 1822 26 9 17 1823 18 5 14 1824 39 15 24 1825 54 16 38 1826 48 17 32 1827 26 14 12 1828 30 16 14 1829 36 9 28 1830 40 20 20 1831 31 9 22 1832 94 50 46 1833 39 12 27 1834 46 15 31 1835 218 121 102 1836 73 30 45 1837 53 14 40 1838 36 18 18 1839 48 16 32 1840 24 9 15 1841 12 6 6 1842 26 8 18 1843 23 5 18 1844 20 6 14 1845 32 13 19 1846 90 37 53 1847 88 29 59 1848 19 4 15 1849 23 11 13 1850 31 16 16 1851 24 11 13 1852 41 18 24 1853 28 13 15 1854 30 13 17 1855 37 16 21 1856 211 137 83 1857 75 26 51 1858 39 15 25 1859 55 26 30 1860 29 9 20 1861 24 11 15 1862 46 21 25 1863 35 12 23 1864 72 26 46 1865 49 20 29 1866 50 27 23 1867 112 57 59 1868 26 7 19 1869 65 25 42 1870 61 23 39 1871 70 32 41 1872 37 11 26 1873 43 19 24 1874 38 13 25 1875 61 23 38 1876 169 71 106 1877 271 163 128 1878 112 49 65 1879 40 17 24 1880 28 13 15 1881 19 8 11 1882 20 11 9 1883 16 7 10 1884 26 14 16 1885 28 8 20 1886 42 24 19 1887 38 13 25 1888 44 20 24 1889 18 5 13 1890 20 6 14 1891 45 16 29 1892 79 28 53 1893 25 6 19 1894 32 12 21 1895 58 41 17 1896 24 5 19 1897 23 9 14 1898 46 22 25 1899 55 22 33 1900 153 89 71 1901 47 22 25 1902 83 44 43 1903 22 10 13 1904 17 7 11 1905 15 6 9 1906 40 29 11 1907 36 24 13 1908 37 18 22 1909 34 10 25 1910 20 4 16 1911 14 10 4