# REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29472 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/asia/china/reaches2020drought.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Historical # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: document, phenology, crop harvests #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lin, K.-H.E.; Wang, P.K.; Pai, P.-L.; Lin, Y.-S.; Wang, C.-W. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Drought and associated data series reconstructed from REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database # for the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 CE). REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database is available at: # https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23410 # Provided Keywords: document, drought, phenology, crop harvests, famine #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Pao K. Wang, Pi-Ling Pai, Yu-Shiuan Lin, and Chih-Wei Wang # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-10-19 # Published_Title: Historical droughts in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) of China and the role of human interventions # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-2019-115 # Online_Resource: https://www.clim-past-discuss.net/cp-2019-115/ # Full_Citation: # Abstract: This study presents a new epistemology to analyze drought chronology through a clear-cut methodology for reconstructing past drought series as well as series for other associated ecological and societal variables. Instead of building grading system based on mixed criteria, this method can facilitate transparency in the reconstruction process and can enable statistical examinations of all variables when building the series. The data used is from the REACHES database, however other archival documentary and index data from independent sources are also applied to understand drought narratives and to cross check and validate the analysis derived from the REACHES. From time series analysis, six severe drought periods are identified in the Qing dynasty, and then spatial analysis is performed to demonstrate spatial distribution of drought and other variables in the six periods as well as social network analysis to reveal connections between drought and other ecological and societal variables. Research results clearly illustrate the role of human intervention to influence the impacts of drought on societal consequences. Particularly, the correlation between drought and socioeconomic is not strong; crop failure and famine are important intermediate factors, meanwhile ecological factor such as locust and disaster relief measures are all imperative to intervene between crop production and famine. Implications of the study on drought impact in provided as well as its significance on historical climatology reconstruction studies. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan # Grant: MOST 108-2621-M-001-007-MY3 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Center for Sustainability Science, Academia Sinica # Grant: AS-105-SS-A04 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Mainland China # Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China # Country: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 53 # Southernmost_Latitude: 18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 134.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: 73.5 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: REACHES2020drought # Earliest_Year: 1644 # Most_Recent_Year: 1911 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age_CE age, , , year Common Era, , historical, , ,N, ## drought moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating drought (REACHES code 3001 and 3002); Total number 12775 ## dried moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating dried water body (REACHES code 3011; 3021; 3031; 3041; 3051); Total number 569 # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA # age_CE drought dried 1644 41 8 1645 11 0 1646 98 5 1647 37 0 1648 21 0 1649 22 1 1650 35 1 1651 37 1 1652 115 20 1653 50 2 1654 36 6 1655 65 0 1656 40 2 1657 52 2 1658 16 1 1659 51 2 1660 39 0 1661 90 3 1662 65 2 1663 50 0 1664 75 0 1665 169 4 1666 51 1 1667 72 2 1668 26 1 1669 27 0 1670 94 0 1671 210 16 1672 60 3 1673 39 1 1674 76 2 1675 16 2 1676 6 2 1677 32 3 1678 103 1 1679 215 14 1680 80 0 1681 69 3 1682 27 6 1683 30 3 1684 60 3 1685 34 3 1686 42 1 1687 37 3 1688 36 1 1689 107 7 1690 94 8 1691 106 6 1692 50 4 1693 79 4 1694 18 0 1695 21 1 1696 55 3 1697 52 1 1698 24 0 1699 26 0 1700 15 0 1701 23 1 1702 28 1 1703 56 2 1704 36 0 1705 22 1 1706 39 0 1707 57 8 1708 61 0 1709 27 0 1710 36 1 1711 37 0 1712 24 2 1713 38 0 1714 97 1 1715 25 0 1716 70 1 1717 11 1 1718 26 0 1719 34 2 1720 83 3 1721 203 11 1722 125 5 1723 90 5 1724 28 1 1725 34 2 1726 20 1 1727 21 0 1728 33 1 1729 30 1 1730 17 0 1731 15 1 1732 25 0 1733 21 0 1734 9 0 1735 38 2 1736 22 3 1737 38 1 1738 80 5 1739 29 1 1740 14 0 1741 27 0 1742 46 1 1743 96 1 1744 48 1 1745 53 5 1746 15 1 1747 41 1 1748 64 5 1749 4 1 1750 25 0 1751 92 4 1752 61 0 1753 32 3 1754 10 1 1755 21 0 1756 29 0 1757 26 2 1758 30 1 1759 72 2 1760 26 1 1761 6 1 1762 16 0 1763 8 1 1764 18 2 1765 24 0 1766 7 1 1767 9 0 1768 68 7 1769 18 1 1770 17 1 1771 17 6 1772 12 0 1773 13 0 1774 55 0 1775 57 6 1776 16 2 1777 49 0 1778 189 2 1779 28 0 1780 15 0 1781 41 4 1782 28 2 1783 25 0 1784 45 1 1785 214 27 1786 112 4 1787 46 2 1788 19 2 1789 26 0 1790 11 0 1791 17 0 1792 76 0 1793 16 0 1794 31 0 1795 36 0 1796 26 0 1797 18 0 1798 26 0 1799 8 0 1800 39 1 1801 11 0 1802 120 2 1803 18 0 1804 36 2 1805 52 0 1806 29 1 1807 104 2 1808 29 1 1809 27 0 1810 47 0 1811 122 0 1812 59 2 1813 116 9 1814 128 10 1815 15 0 1816 20 4 1817 54 1 1818 22 0 1819 42 5 1820 131 4 1821 37 0 1822 24 1 1823 18 0 1824 37 0 1825 54 0 1826 46 2 1827 25 1 1828 30 1 1829 32 2 1830 40 0 1831 30 0 1832 94 0 1833 37 1 1834 44 1 1835 209 8 1836 70 2 1837 51 0 1838 34 1 1839 46 1 1840 24 0 1841 11 0 1842 25 1 1843 22 0 1844 20 0 1845 30 1 1846 89 1 1847 84 1 1848 18 0 1849 22 0 1850 28 4 1851 20 3 1852 36 4 1853 26 1 1854 26 3 1855 34 0 1856 195 27 1857 73 1 1858 37 1 1859 55 1 1860 28 0 1861 23 1 1862 42 4 1863 35 0 1864 66 4 1865 43 2 1866 44 4 1867 102 11 1868 25 1 1869 64 0 1870 58 3 1871 66 7 1872 33 3 1873 37 7 1874 35 0 1875 59 0 1876 165 4 1877 257 13 1878 89 3 1879 34 4 1880 24 3 1881 16 0 1882 19 1 1883 15 1 1884 25 2 1885 23 1 1886 40 2 1887 33 4 1888 38 0 1889 18 0 1890 19 1 1891 44 1 1892 76 0 1893 24 0 1894 32 0 1895 56 2 1896 23 0 1897 21 1 1898 42 3 1899 52 1 1900 149 5 1901 35 6 1902 77 2 1903 17 0 1904 16 1 1905 15 0 1906 36 5 1907 28 4 1908 35 1 1909 32 1 1910 18 2 1911 11 3