# Ge et al. 2003 East-Central China Winter Half-year Temperature Reconstruction #---------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #---------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/6314 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-recon-6314.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Climate Reconstructions # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/v8gq-dt02 # # Science_Keywords: Air Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/china/china_winter_temp-10yr-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Winter Half-Year Temperature Reconstruction, 10-Year Resolution # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2003-07-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-07-08 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Ge et al. 2003 East-Central China Winter Half-year Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Ge, Q.(https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8712-8565); Zheng, J.; Fang, X.; Man, Z.; Zhang, X.; Zhang, P.; Wang, W.-C.(https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-8100) #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Winter half-year temperature reconstruction at 10 or 30 year resolution for the region between the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow and Yangtze Rivers. Reconstruction is based on phenological events (plant budding or flowering dates) from historical and documentary records, supplemented by winter snow day records from historical documents for some locations. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Ge, Q., J. Zheng, X. Fang, Z. Man, X. Zhang, P. Zhang, and W.-C. Wang. # Journal_Name: The Holocene # Published_Title: Winter half-year temperature reconstruction for the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River and Yangtze River, China, during the past 2000 years # Published_Date_or_Year: 2003 # Volume: 13 # Issue: 6 # Pages: 933-940 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1191/0959683603hl680rr # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Phenological cold/warm events recorded in Chinese historical documents are used to reconstruct, at 10–30 years' resolution, winter half-year (October to April) temperatures for the past 2000 years in the central region of eastern China. Because of the uneven spatial and temporal distribution of the phenological records, the reconstruction of the regional mean temperature involves two steps: reconstruction for individual sites within the region and calculation of the regional mean. For a single site, the reconstruction involves: identifying the difference in dates in phenological events for both historical and modern records; establishing the conversion function between the date difference and temperature change from the modern records; and converting the historical records into temperature variation. The spatial representativeness of the individual sites is studied by examining the correlation between individual sites and regional mean temperature from modern instrumental data. The correlation is then used as the basis for constructing the regional mean winter half-year temperature for the past 2000 years. From the beginning of the Christian era, climate became cooler at a rate of 0.17°C per century, and around the ad 490s temperature reached about 1°C lower than that of the present (the 1951– 80 mean). Then, abruptly, temperature entered a warm epoch from the ad 570s to 1310s with a warming trend of 0.04°C per century; the peak warming was about 0.3–0.6°C higher than present for 30-year periods, but over 0.9°C warmer on a 10-year basis. After the ad 1310s, temperature decreased rapidly at a rate of 0.10°C per century; the mean temperatures of the four cold troughs were 0.6–0.9°C lower than the present, with the coldest value 1.1°C lower. Temperature has been rising rapidly during the twentieth century, especially for the period 1981–99, and the mean temperature is now 0.5°C higher than for 1951–80. The most interesting aspect over the past 2000 years has been the rapid transitions between cold and warm periods. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US Department of Energy # Grant: #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS) # Grant: KZCX2–314, KZCX1-SW-01–09, CXIOG-A00–02 and CXIOG-E01–05-01) #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Central Eastern China # Location: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 38.0 # Southernmost_Latitude: 31.0 # Easternmost_Longitude: 120.0 # Westernmost_Longitude: 110.0 # Elevation_m: #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Ge2003 10yr # First_Year: 965 # Last_Year: 1995 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: reconstructions # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #-------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by '##' in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## age_CE age,,,year Common Era,,climate reconstructions;historical,,,N,midpoint of 10-year interval ## T.anom temperature,,,degree Celsius,Apr-Oct,climate reconstructions;historical,anomalized,,N, ## 3.pt.avg temperature,,,degree Celsius,Apr-Oct,climate reconstructions;historical,anomalized;smoothed,,N,three point moving average ## Error temperature,,range,degree Celsius,Apr-Oct,climate reconstructions;historical,,,N,Maximum estimated error range #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: age_CE T.anom 3.pt.avg Error 965 0.6 NA 1.2 975 0.3 0.2666667 1.1 985 -0.1 0.2666667 1 995 0.6 0.1666667 1.2 1005 0 0.1 1 1015 -0.3 0.03333333 1.1 1025 0.4 0.1333333 1.1 1035 0.3 0.3 1.1 1045 0.2 0.2 1.1 1055 0.1 0.4333333 1 1065 1 0.4333333 1.3 1075 0.2 0.5666667 1 1085 0.5 0.3666667 1.2 1095 0.4 0.4666667 1.2 1105 0.5 NA 1.2 1505 0 NA 0.9 1515 0.2 0.1333333 1.1 1525 0.2 0.03333333 1.1 1535 -0.3 0.06666667 1.2 1545 0.3 0 1.2 1555 0 -0.03333333 0.9 1565 -0.4 -0.2 1.3 1575 -0.2 -0.2666667 1.1 1585 -0.2 -0.2333333 1.1 1595 -0.3 -0.2 1.2 1605 -0.1 -0.2666667 1 1615 -0.4 -0.266667 1.3 1625 -0.3 -0.26667 1.2 1635 -0.1 -0.1333333 1 1645 0 -0.4666667 0.9 1655 -1.3 -0.8666667 1.5 1665 -1.3 -1.1 1.5 1675 -0.7 -0.9666666 1.4 1685 -0.9 -0.5666667 1.3 1695 -0.1 -0.2333333 1.2 1705 0.3 0.06666667 1.2 1715 0 0.03333333 0.9 1725 -0.2 -0.02266667 1.1 1735 0.1 -0.01266667 0.7 1745 0 0.03 0.6 1755 -0.1 0.096 0.6 1765 0.3 0.122 0.7 1775 0.1 0.09 0.6 1785 -0.2 -0.384 0.7 1795 -1.1 -0.644 1.1 1805 -0.7 -0.876 0.8 1815 -0.9 -0.808 0.9 1825 -0.9 -0.84 0.9 1835 -0.8 -0.858 0.9 1845 -0.9 -0.658 0.9 1855 -0.3 -0.424 0.7 1865 -0.1 -0.574 0.6 1875 -1.4 -0.914 1 1885 -1.3 -1.228 1 1895 -1 -0.928 0.9 1905 -0.5 -0.482 0.8 1915 0 -0.152 0.6 1925 0 -0.032 0.6 1935 -0.1 0.102 0.6 1945 0.4 0.07453175 0.7 1955 -0.1 0.09030159 NA 1965 -0.1 9.25186E-18 NA 1975 0.2 0.09664286 NA 1985 0.2 0.4056455 NA 1995 0.9 NA NA