# REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/29472 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/historical/asia/china/reaches2020drought-category-records.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Historical # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: document, phenology, crop harvests #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2020-04-18 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database Qing Dynasty Drought Series #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Lin, K.-H.E.; Wang, P.K.; Pai, P.-L.; Lin, Y.-S.; Wang, C.-W. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Drought and associated data series reconstructed from REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database # for the Qing Dynasty (1644-1911 CE). REACHES Chinese Historical Climate Database is available at: # https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23410 # Provided Keywords: document, drought, phenology, crop harvests, famine #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Kuan-Hui Elaine Lin, Pao K. Wang, Pi-Ling Pai, Yu-Shiuan Lin, and Chih-Wei Wang # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-10-19 # Published_Title: Historical droughts in the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) of China and the role of human interventions # Journal_Name: Climate of the Past # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/cp-2019-115 # Online_Resource: https://www.clim-past-discuss.net/cp-2019-115/ # Full_Citation: # Abstract: This study presents a new epistemology to analyze drought chronology through a clear-cut methodology for reconstructing past drought series as well as series for other associated ecological and societal variables. Instead of building grading system based on mixed criteria, this method can facilitate transparency in the reconstruction process and can enable statistical examinations of all variables when building the series. The data used is from the REACHES database, however other archival documentary and index data from independent sources are also applied to understand drought narratives and to cross check and validate the analysis derived from the REACHES. From time series analysis, six severe drought periods are identified in the Qing dynasty, and then spatial analysis is performed to demonstrate spatial distribution of drought and other variables in the six periods as well as social network analysis to reveal connections between drought and other ecological and societal variables. Research results clearly illustrate the role of human intervention to influence the impacts of drought on societal consequences. Particularly, the correlation between drought and socioeconomic is not strong; crop failure and famine are important intermediate factors, meanwhile ecological factor such as locust and disaster relief measures are all imperative to intervene between crop production and famine. Implications of the study on drought impact in provided as well as its significance on historical climatology reconstruction studies. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology, Taiwan # Grant: MOST 108-2621-M-001-007-MY3 #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Center for Sustainability Science, Academia Sinica # Grant: AS-105-SS-A04 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Mainland China # Location: Asia>Eastern Asia>China # Country: China # Northernmost_Latitude: 53 # Southernmost_Latitude: 18 # Easternmost_Longitude: 134.5 # Westernmost_Longitude: 73.5 # Elevation: #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: REACHES2020droughtCategoryRecords # Earliest_Year: 1644 # Most_Recent_Year: 1911 # Time_Unit: Year CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age_CE age, , , year Common Era, , historical, , ,N, ## drought moisture index, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating drought; Total number 13241 ## locust phenological event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating locusts; Total number 3890 ## socio societal event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating Socioeconomic turmoil; Total number 6061 ## crop phenological event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating crop failure; Total number 15279 ## famine societal event, , , count, ,historical,,,N,number of records indicating famine; Total number 9180 # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA # age_CE drought locust socio crop famine 1644 50 2 40 35 38 1645 13 7 25 47 26 1646 108 42 44 73 44 1647 41 105 78 130 155 1648 23 29 59 88 119 1649 25 19 30 64 39 1650 38 24 27 69 42 1651 42 6 27 75 65 1652 143 4 53 94 77 1653 57 5 54 72 71 1654 47 1 35 81 49 1655 73 11 25 73 46 1656 45 34 26 45 21 1657 60 4 9 33 17 1658 18 2 13 65 26 1659 58 4 26 77 35 1660 47 4 7 35 23 1661 100 8 21 63 20 1662 70 2 29 84 13 1663 55 3 26 47 15 1664 81 8 39 94 32 1665 193 13 38 85 68 1666 61 9 6 26 9 1667 80 80 21 62 17 1668 29 12 36 95 25 1669 31 0 25 47 15 1670 101 4 50 101 26 1671 247 48 67 134 79 1672 76 155 26 131 64 1673 45 5 7 55 8 1674 81 7 6 59 19 1675 22 4 14 40 5 1676 11 3 14 39 11 1677 42 10 11 43 13 1678 117 15 25 74 55 1679 254 65 39 130 114 1680 91 7 44 82 91 1681 78 3 23 58 38 1682 38 5 13 82 19 1683 37 3 18 118 25 1684 65 5 16 64 37 1685 48 4 10 60 21 1686 51 21 24 38 16 1687 46 19 8 38 4 1688 44 5 10 46 14 1689 133 9 15 72 40 1690 121 30 18 115 51 1691 125 135 44 108 74 1692 67 21 31 54 52 1693 88 18 17 64 15 1694 20 28 4 34 22 1695 24 4 4 70 17 1696 63 3 36 72 70 1697 58 6 23 45 98 1698 25 2 13 17 39 1699 26 12 6 26 14 1700 16 4 5 28 6 1701 25 4 14 26 11 1702 33 3 10 42 24 1703 61 6 33 88 76 1704 39 7 51 47 96 1705 23 17 11 33 17 1706 39 3 12 28 28 1707 71 1 10 42 26 1708 66 9 21 68 42 1709 34 13 28 86 55 1710 40 5 16 27 31 1711 40 14 10 21 15 1712 28 6 9 44 18 1713 41 2 16 44 69 1714 103 11 9 49 27 1715 29 3 8 51 17 1716 74 4 6 41 22 1717 13 6 5 12 13 1718 27 4 19 40 6 1719 38 0 9 44 13 1720 90 3 16 75 44 1721 235 7 26 116 106 1722 144 13 22 78 84 1723 102 45 26 58 53 1724 33 29 26 61 19 1725 38 6 8 59 25 1726 22 3 15 81 59 1727 22 4 30 62 43 1728 38 2 6 24 7 1729 33 7 5 42 7 1730 17 2 17 81 21 1731 20 3 9 44 37 1732 27 5 34 64 21 1733 23 3 20 47 22 1734 9 2 4 25 5 1735 41 10 11 28 25 1736 26 3 4 37 9 1737 41 9 11 58 17 1738 90 13 5 55 27 1739 33 13 10 73 19 1740 14 27 7 46 9 1741 28 3 12 34 17 1742 49 3 21 77 40 1743 104 3 78 62 100 1744 54 33 25 47 19 1745 65 5 9 52 11 1746 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34 5 22 47 36 1851 24 13 14 52 8 1852 45 11 27 66 20 1853 29 40 41 132 40 1854 30 46 19 51 28 1855 39 42 13 73 10 1856 234 230 31 189 66 1857 78 304 51 162 127 1858 43 135 25 67 35 1859 57 24 13 68 25 1860 29 21 19 44 30 1861 26 12 34 43 19 1862 48 89 114 99 61 1863 35 29 33 77 35 1864 75 13 47 78 54 1865 55 5 28 66 31 1866 55 7 31 68 36 1867 125 9 31 90 41 1868 26 9 55 93 44 1869 71 16 25 118 31 1870 68 7 41 113 41 1871 81 7 37 128 31 1872 40 7 19 75 18 1873 50 7 18 79 8 1874 40 4 26 39 8 1875 62 10 20 97 16 1876 185 31 39 145 81 1877 336 84 198 319 251 1878 124 23 154 151 151 1879 44 8 23 80 13 1880 28 8 12 44 4 1881 21 10 29 57 15 1882 20 8 22 56 9 1883 17 1 15 73 22 1884 30 5 16 47 25 1885 29 5 17 53 16 1886 44 13 27 56 18 1887 41 1 36 52 19 1888 47 1 40 76 18 1889 18 3 41 112 47 1890 20 8 26 83 22 1891 46 28 20 82 15 1892 87 58 38 95 34 1893 27 8 25 79 26 1894 36 8 22 65 23 1895 61 9 38 78 35 1896 26 4 40 71 37 1897 24 6 30 62 34 1898 47 3 36 77 37 1899 59 12 23 92 28 1900 172 28 48 113 90 1901 53 11 44 101 40 1902 96 12 79 87 30 1903 23 4 24 42 14 1904 20 2 24 48 13 1905 15 2 18 32 7 1906 43 10 20 74 26 1907 38 4 15 52 19 1908 40 5 16 60 15 1909 35 8 18 71 18 1910 20 5 23 74 19 1911 14 6 31 74 16