# Polar Ice Cores 19th Century Nitrate Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), # and date accessed when using these downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/13219 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-13219.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Ice Cores # # Dataset_DOI: # # Science_Keywords: #------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/antarctica/wolff2012_DSS99_NO3-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; D4-2012NO3 Data # # Original_Source_URL: # Original_Source_Description: # #------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2012-08-10 #------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2021-09-27 #------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Polar Ice Cores 19th Century Nitrate Data #------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Wolff, E.W. (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5914-8531); Bigler, M. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0184-4013); Curran, M.A.J. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1874-4086); Dibb, J. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3096-7709); Frey, M.M. (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0535-0416); Legrand, M.; McConnell, J.R. (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9051-5240) #------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: High-resolution 19th Century nitrate data from 7 polar ice cores, examined for evidence of a nitrate spike resulting from the Carrington solar energetic particle event of 1859. Three Antarctic and 4 Greenland ice cores were examined. Biomass burning indicator variables (ammonium, black carbon, and/or vanillic acid) are also reported for some of the Greenland ice cores. These data files would allow the construction of the previously unpublished curves in figures 2-4 of Wolff et al. 2012. # # Ice Core Locations: # # Site Latitude Longitude # Law Dome Antarctic 66.78°S 112.82°E # ITASE00-5 Antarctic 77.6°S 123.99°W # ITASE02-1 Antarctic 82.00°S 110.01°W # D4 Greenland 71.4°N 44.0°W # Zoe, Summit Greenland 72.6°N 38.3°W # NEEM Greenland 77.45°N 51.06°W # (NGT)B20 Greenland 78.83°N 36.50°W #------------------- # Publication # Authors: Wolff, E.W., M. Bigler, M.A.J. Curran, J.E. Dibb, M.M. Frey, M. Legrand, J.R. McConnell # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Published_Title: The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records # Published_Date_or_Year: 2012 # Volume: 39 # Pages: # Issue: 8 # Report_Number: L08503 # DOI: 10.1029/2012GL051603 # Full_Citation: Wolff, E.W., M. Bigler, M.A.J. Curran, J.E. Dibb, M.M. Frey, M. Legrand, and J.R. McConnell. 2012. The Carrington event not observed in most ice core nitrate records. Geophys. Res. Lett., 39, L08503, doi:10.1029/2012GL051603 # Abstract: The Carrington Event of 1859 is considered to be among the largest space weather events of the last 150 years. We show that only one out of 14 well-resolved ice core records from Greenland and Antarctica has a nitrate spike dated to 1859. No sharp spikes are observed in the Antarctic cores studied here. In Greenland numerous spikes are observed in the 40 years surrounding 1859, but where other chemistry was measured, all large spikes have the unequivocal signal, including co-located spikes in ammonium, formate, black carbon and vanillic acid, of biomass burning plumes. It seems certain that most spikes in an earlier core, including that claimed for 1859, are also due to biomass burning plumes, and not to solar energetic particle (SEP) events. We conclude that an event as large as the Carrington Event did not leave an observable, widespread imprint in nitrate in polar ice. Nitrate spikes cannot be used to derive the statistics of SEPs. #------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Natural Environment Research Council, British Antarctic Survey Polar Science for Planet Earth Programme # Grant_Number: #------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: DSS9_LawDome # Location: Continent>North America>Antarctica # Northernmost_Latitude: -66.73 # Southernmost_Latitude: -66.73 # Easternmost_Longitude: 112.83 # Westernmost_Longitude: 112.83 # Elevation_m: #------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: DSS99-2012NO3 # First_Year: 1839 # Last_Year: 1881 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: chemistry # Notes: Discrete samples analysed by ion chromatography and supplied by Mark Curran, Australian Antarctic Division, Hobart. Dating by multi-species annual layer counting, tied by known volcanoes. See also Palmer, A. S., van Ommen, T. D., Curran, M. A. J., and Morgan, V.: Ice-core evidence for a small solar-source of atmospheric nitrate, Geophys. Res. Lett., 28, 1953-1956, 2001. #------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: #------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # variables format: shortname what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method, C(har) or N(umeric) data,additional information # ## SampleID sample identification,,,,,ice cores,,,N, ## Date ice age,,,year Common Era,,ice cores,,,N, ## NO3 nitrate,bulk ice,,microgram per kilogram,,ice cores,,ion chromatography,N, ## NO3_eq nitrate,bulk ice,,microequivalent per liter,,ice cores,,ion chromatography,N, #------------------------------- # DATA: # Missing_Values: NA SampleID Date NO3 NO3_eq DSS99-99.568 1881.01 14.68 0.24 DSS99-99.618 1880.95 12.69 0.20 DSS99-99.668 1880.89 29.06 0.47 DSS99-99.718 1880.83 11.73 0.19 DSS99-99.768 1880.76 6.51 0.11 DSS99-99.818 1880.70 8.85 0.14 DSS99-99.868 1880.64 7.83 0.13 DSS99-99.9155 1880.58 9.50 0.15 DSS99-99.978 1880.50 6.18 0.10 DSS99-100.028 1880.44 5.93 0.10 DSS99-100.078 1880.38 5.30 0.09 DSS99-100.128 1880.32 6.71 0.11 DSS99-100.178 1880.25 7.50 0.12 DSS99-100.228 1880.19 10.33 0.17 DSS99-100.278 1880.13 20.90 0.34 DSS99-100.328 1880.07 18.99 0.31 DSS99-100.378 1880.01 15.54 0.25 DSS99-100.428 1879.93 17.59 0.28 DSS99-100.478 1879.85 30.28 0.49 DSS99-100.528 1879.76 14.20 0.23 DSS99-100.578 1879.68 11.52 0.19 DSS99-100.628 1879.60 12.98 0.21 DSS99-100.678 1879.52 12.47 0.20 DSS99-100.728 1879.44 10.60 0.17 DSS99-100.778 1879.35 11.81 0.19 DSS99-100.828 1879.27 11.79 0.19 DSS99-100.896 1879.16 15.82 0.26 DSS99-100.946 1879.07 17.94 0.29 DSS99-100.996 1878.99 19.24 0.31 DSS99-101.046 1878.92 29.03 0.47 DSS99-101.096 1878.84 22.82 0.37 DSS99-101.146 1878.77 14.88 0.24 DSS99-101.196 1878.69 14.73 0.24 DSS99-101.246 1878.61 16.66 0.27 DSS99-101.296 1878.54 23.40 0.38 DSS99-101.346 1878.47 29.67 0.48 DSS99-101.396 1878.39 36.68 0.59 DSS99-101.446 1878.32 47.89 0.77 DSS99-101.496 1878.24 25.71 0.41 DSS99-101.546 1878.17 15.79 0.25 DSS99-101.596 1878.09 10.53 0.17 DSS99-101.646 1878.02 27.15 0.44 DSS99-101.696 1877.93 33.22 0.54 DSS99-101.7435 1877.84 26.68 0.43 DSS99-101.806 1877.72 12.77 0.21 DSS99-101.856 1877.63 10.77 0.17 DSS99-101.906 1877.54 12.10 0.20 DSS99-101.956 1877.45 9.05 0.15 DSS99-102.006 1877.36 13.91 0.22 DSS99-102.056 1877.27 21.19 0.34 DSS99-102.106 1877.18 26.58 0.43 DSS99-102.156 1877.10 23.07 0.37 DSS99-102.206 1877.00 36.72 0.59 DSS99-102.256 1876.92 18.47 0.30 DSS99-102.306 1876.85 13.44 0.22 DSS99-102.356 1876.78 11.46 0.18 DSS99-102.406 1876.70 10.04 0.16 DSS99-102.456 1876.62 13.39 0.22 DSS99-102.506 1876.54 14.24 0.23 DSS99-102.556 1876.47 14.54 0.23 DSS99-102.606 1876.39 8.83 0.14 DSS99-102.656 1876.31 9.15 0.15 DSS99-102.712 1876.23 18.12 0.29 DSS99-102.762 1876.15 29.98 0.48 DSS99-102.812 1876.07 22.52 0.36 DSS99-102.862 1875.99 19.61 0.32 DSS99-102.912 1875.91 27.66 0.45 DSS99-102.962 1875.83 17.01 0.27 DSS99-103.012 1875.75 11.20 0.18 DSS99-103.062 1875.67 12.59 0.20 DSS99-103.112 1875.59 10.11 0.16 DSS99-103.162 1875.50 8.80 0.14 DSS99-103.212 1875.43 7.56 0.12 DSS99-103.262 1875.35 12.12 0.20 DSS99-103.312 1875.27 22.84 0.37 DSS99-103.362 1875.19 26.32 0.42 DSS99-103.412 1875.11 14.16 0.23 DSS99-103.462 1875.05 18.07 0.29 DSS99-103.507 1874.97 23.01 0.37 DSS99-103.5445 1874.88 17.30 0.28 DSS99-103.582 1874.79 12.44 0.20 DSS99-103.632 1874.70 11.22 0.18 DSS99-103.682 1874.59 16.12 0.26 DSS99-103.732 1874.50 15.62 0.25 DSS99-103.782 1874.39 13.19 0.21 DSS99-103.832 1874.30 11.84 0.19 DSS99-103.882 1874.19 9.45 0.15 DSS99-103.932 1874.07 11.56 0.19 DSS99-103.982 1873.98 17.46 0.28 DSS99-104.032 1873.90 28.53 0.46 DSS99-104.082 1873.85 36.67 0.59 DSS99-104.132 1873.76 24.51 0.40 DSS99-104.182 1873.70 13.73 0.22 DSS99-104.232 1873.61 10.01 0.16 DSS99-104.282 1873.54 7.79 0.13 DSS99-104.332 1873.45 10.32 0.17 DSS99-104.382 1873.36 13.02 0.21 DSS99-104.427 1873.30 11.47 0.18 DSS99-104.4695 1873.22 15.40 0.25 DSS99-104.53 1873.13 15.00 0.24 DSS99-104.58 1873.04 14.06 0.23 DSS99-104.63 1872.95 33.19 0.54 DSS99-104.68 1872.88 52.77 0.85 DSS99-104.73 1872.80 31.31 0.50 DSS99-104.78 1872.72 15.75 0.25 DSS99-104.83 1872.64 15.89 0.26 DSS99-104.88 1872.57 12.90 0.21 DSS99-104.93 1872.49 2.94 0.05 DSS99-104.98 1872.41 7.86 0.13 DSS99-105.03 1872.33 10.59 0.17 DSS99-105.08 1872.25 12.67 0.20 DSS99-105.13 1872.17 6.36 0.10 DSS99-105.18 1872.09 21.15 0.34 DSS99-105.23 1872.02 14.77 0.24 DSS99-105.28 1871.92 25.63 0.41 DSS99-105.33 1871.81 21.45 0.35 DSS99-105.4 1871.67 17.31 0.28 DSS99-105.45 1871.57 12.22 0.20 DSS99-105.5 1871.46 11.56 0.19 DSS99-105.55 1871.37 13.03 0.21 DSS99-105.6 1871.26 13.12 0.21 DSS99-105.65 1871.16 9.31 0.15 DSS99-105.7 1871.06 6.65 0.11 DSS99-105.75 1870.97 4.81 0.08 DSS99-105.8 1870.89 11.91 0.19 DSS99-105.85 1870.81 27.06 0.44 DSS99-105.9 1870.73 45.03 0.73 DSS99-105.95 1870.65 35.47 0.57 DSS99-106 1870.57 19.14 0.31 DSS99-106.05 1870.49 16.36 0.26 DSS99-106.1 1870.41 11.91 0.19 DSS99-106.15 1870.33 8.25 0.13 DSS99-106.245 1870.18 10.35 0.17 DSS99-106.295 1870.10 24.31 0.39 DSS99-106.345 1870.02 20.71 0.33 DSS99-106.395 1869.96 19.85 0.32 DSS99-106.445 1869.89 19.12 0.31 DSS99-106.495 1869.83 25.89 0.42 DSS99-106.545 1869.77 11.02 0.18 DSS99-106.595 1869.70 11.40 0.18 DSS99-106.645 1869.64 10.74 0.17 DSS99-106.695 1869.58 9.32 0.15 DSS99-106.745 1869.52 7.86 0.13 DSS99-106.795 1869.45 3.46 0.06 DSS99-106.845 1869.39 7.98 0.13 DSS99-106.895 1869.33 8.50 0.14 DSS99-106.94 1869.27 8.96 0.14 DSS99-106.98 1869.22 8.78 0.14 DSS99-107.055 1869.12 14.28 0.23 DSS99-107.105 1869.06 6.73 0.11 DSS99-107.155 1869.00 8.87 0.14 DSS99-107.205 1868.94 19.54 0.32 DSS99-107.255 1868.89 35.18 0.57 DSS99-107.305 1868.83 48.59 0.78 DSS99-107.355 1868.77 20.04 0.32 DSS99-107.405 1868.71 13.52 0.22 DSS99-107.455 1868.66 13.45 0.22 DSS99-107.505 1868.60 9.94 0.16 DSS99-107.555 1868.54 8.73 0.14 DSS99-107.605 1868.48 8.93 0.14 DSS99-107.655 1868.43 10.62 0.17 DSS99-107.705 1868.37 14.78 0.24 DSS99-107.75 1868.31 23.59 0.38 DSS99-107.79 1868.27 22.38 0.36 DSS99-107.83 1868.22 21.45 0.35 DSS99-107.87 1868.17 23.81 0.38 DSS99-107.925 1868.11 20.29 0.33 DSS99-107.975 1868.05 18.51 0.30 DSS99-108.025 1867.98 25.67 0.41 DSS99-108.075 1867.90 13.35 0.22 DSS99-108.125 1867.81 13.76 0.22 DSS99-108.175 1867.72 16.40 0.26 DSS99-108.225 1867.62 20.35 0.33 DSS99-108.275 1867.53 13.59 0.22 DSS99-108.325 1867.44 13.13 0.21 DSS99-108.375 1867.35 12.27 0.20 DSS99-108.425 1867.26 6.99 0.11 DSS99-108.475 1867.16 15.63 0.25 DSS99-108.525 1867.07 12.07 0.19 DSS99-108.575 1866.97 23.84 0.38 DSS99-108.625 1866.87 20.52 0.33 DSS99-108.67 1866.78 14.08 0.23 DSS99-108.71 1866.70 11.47 0.19 DSS99-108.75 1866.62 12.55 0.20 DSS99-108.805 1866.51 12.77 0.21 DSS99-108.855 1866.41 9.74 0.16 DSS99-108.905 1866.32 9.99 0.16 DSS99-108.955 1866.22 10.97 0.18 DSS99-109.005 1866.12 17.29 0.28 DSS99-109.055 1866.03 20.88 0.34 DSS99-109.105 1865.95 25.68 0.41 DSS99-109.155 1865.88 23.56 0.38 DSS99-109.205 1865.80 16.05 0.26 DSS99-109.255 1865.74 17.02 0.27 DSS99-109.305 1865.66 18.59 0.30 DSS99-109.355 1865.59 20.19 0.33 DSS99-109.405 1865.52 15.10 0.24 DSS99-109.455 1865.45 15.14 0.24 DSS99-109.505 1865.39 12.23 0.20 DSS99-109.555 1865.32 12.27 0.20 DSS99-109.605 1865.25 15.84 0.26 DSS99-109.655 1865.19 13.70 0.22 DSS99-109.721 1865.11 14.35 0.23 DSS99-109.771 1865.04 18.92 0.31 DSS99-109.821 1864.97 18.83 0.30 DSS99-109.871 1864.86 15.94 0.26 DSS99-109.921 1864.78 12.72 0.21 DSS99-109.971 1864.67 10.27 0.17 DSS99-110.021 1864.58 12.23 0.20 DSS99-110.071 1864.47 10.51 0.17 DSS99-110.121 1864.39 12.47 0.20 DSS99-110.171 1864.28 12.30 0.20 DSS99-110.221 1864.17 16.53 0.27 DSS99-110.271 1864.07 27.77 0.45 DSS99-110.331 1863.96 44.40 0.72 DSS99-110.381 1863.88 34.01 0.55 DSS99-110.431 1863.80 54.21 0.87 DSS99-110.481 1863.72 41.30 0.67 DSS99-110.531 1863.64 19.31 0.31 DSS99-110.581 1863.56 14.39 0.23 DSS99-110.646 1863.45 14.31 0.23 DSS99-110.696 1863.37 15.35 0.25 DSS99-110.746 1863.29 8.37 0.14 DSS99-110.796 1863.20 18.12 0.29 DSS99-110.846 1863.12 31.29 0.50 DSS99-110.896 1863.04 21.97 0.35 DSS99-110.946 1862.95 21.05 0.34 DSS99-110.996 1862.85 36.90 0.60 DSS99-111.046 1862.76 30.08 0.49 DSS99-111.096 1862.66 18.86 0.30 DSS99-111.146 1862.57 15.84 0.26 DSS99-111.196 1862.47 16.00 0.26 DSS99-111.246 1862.38 13.84 0.22 DSS99-111.296 1862.28 9.32 0.15 DSS99-111.346 1862.18 13.14 0.21 DSS99-111.396 1862.08 4.61 0.07 DSS99-111.446 1861.99 9.80 0.16 DSS99-111.496 1861.92 21.08 0.34 DSS99-111.563 1861.83 39.01 0.63 DSS99-111.613 1861.76 37.20 0.60 DSS99-111.663 1861.70 29.17 0.47 DSS99-111.713 1861.63 23.64 0.38 DSS99-111.763 1861.55 13.00 0.21 DSS99-111.813 1861.49 13.09 0.21 DSS99-111.863 1861.41 12.27 0.20 DSS99-111.913 1861.35 3.94 0.06 DSS99-111.963 1861.28 3.27 0.05 DSS99-112.013 1861.21 5.99 0.10 DSS99-112.063 1861.14 14.10 0.23 DSS99-112.113 1861.08 18.63 0.30 DSS99-112.163 1861.01 29.87 0.48 DSS99-112.213 1860.93 17.91 0.29 DSS99-112.263 1860.85 14.13 0.23 DSS99-112.308 1860.79 4.27 0.07 DSS99-112.348 1860.73 11.14 0.18 DSS99-112.413 1860.64 13.35 0.22 DSS99-112.468 1860.55 18.81 0.30 DSS99-112.518 1860.48 19.13 0.31 DSS99-112.568 1860.41 15.33 0.25 DSS99-112.618 1860.33 11.11 0.18 DSS99-112.668 1860.26 10.93 0.18 DSS99-112.718 1860.19 13.19 0.21 DSS99-112.768 1860.12 12.13 0.20 DSS99-112.818 1860.04 7.87 0.13 DSS99-112.868 1859.97 12.57 0.20 DSS99-112.918 1859.87 33.66 0.54 DSS99-112.968 1859.78 27.09 0.44 DSS99-113.018 1859.69 20.88 0.34 DSS99-113.068 1859.60 20.19 0.33 DSS99-113.118 1859.51 16.62 0.27 DSS99-113.168 1859.41 17.70 0.29 DSS99-113.218 1859.32 12.08 0.19 DSS99-113.268 1859.23 13.10 0.21 DSS99-113.318 1859.13 17.63 0.28 DSS99-113.393 1858.99 30.18 0.49 DSS99-113.443 1858.92 14.44 0.23 DSS99-113.493 1858.84 18.33 0.30 DSS99-113.543 1858.76 13.81 0.22 DSS99-113.593 1858.68 12.95 0.21 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1852.05 21.17 0.34 DSS99-118.247 1851.96 20.99 0.34 DSS99-118.297 1851.88 19.22 0.31 DSS99-118.347 1851.79 14.54 0.23 DSS99-118.397 1851.69 12.72 0.21 DSS99-118.447 1851.59 14.48 0.23 DSS99-118.497 1851.50 15.89 0.26 DSS99-118.547 1851.39 11.84 0.19 DSS99-118.597 1851.30 10.78 0.17 DSS99-118.647 1851.20 8.16 0.13 DSS99-118.697 1851.11 17.66 0.28 DSS99-118.747 1851.00 15.95 0.26 DSS99-118.797 1850.91 18.51 0.30 DSS99-118.842 1850.82 26.31 0.42 DSS99-118.921 1850.67 17.28 0.28 DSS99-118.971 1850.57 16.24 0.26 DSS99-119.021 1850.48 12.50 0.20 DSS99-119.071 1850.38 11.18 0.18 DSS99-119.121 1850.28 12.19 0.20 DSS99-119.171 1850.19 16.09 0.26 DSS99-119.221 1850.08 14.03 0.23 DSS99-119.271 1849.99 11.55 0.19 DSS99-119.321 1849.90 39.32 0.63 DSS99-119.371 1849.81 31.57 0.51 DSS99-119.421 1849.73 27.44 0.44 DSS99-119.471 1849.65 33.13 0.53 DSS99-119.521 1849.56 45.09 0.73 DSS99-119.571 1849.47 39.53 0.64 DSS99-119.621 1849.39 30.08 0.49 DSS99-119.671 1849.31 23.64 0.38 DSS99-119.721 1849.23 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DSS99-121.285 1846.84 22.90 0.37 DSS99-121.335 1846.76 20.89 0.34 DSS99-121.385 1846.68 13.96 0.23 DSS99-121.435 1846.59 9.58 0.15 DSS99-121.485 1846.51 3.11 0.05 DSS99-121.5325 1846.43 9.66 0.16 DSS99-121.5875 1846.34 12.85 0.21 DSS99-121.645 1846.24 10.61 0.17 DSS99-121.695 1846.16 15.08 0.24 DSS99-121.745 1846.07 47.90 0.77 DSS99-121.795 1845.99 46.45 0.75 DSS99-121.845 1845.91 24.03 0.39 DSS99-121.895 1845.83 15.19 0.25 DSS99-121.945 1845.74 8.18 0.13 DSS99-121.995 1845.66 13.30 0.21 DSS99-122.045 1845.58 8.03 0.13 DSS99-122.095 1845.50 10.46 0.17 DSS99-122.145 1845.42 17.11 0.28 DSS99-122.195 1845.34 30.68 0.49 DSS99-122.245 1845.26 33.00 0.53 DSS99-122.295 1845.18 17.55 0.28 DSS99-122.345 1845.10 32.22 0.52 DSS99-122.395 1845.02 12.42 0.20 DSS99-122.435 1844.96 11.56 0.19 DSS99-122.4675 1844.92 24.85 0.40 DSS99-122.52 1844.85 26.03 0.42 DSS99-122.57 1844.78 22.67 0.37 DSS99-122.62 1844.72 20.17 0.33 DSS99-122.67 1844.65 17.21 0.28 DSS99-122.72 1844.58 18.02 0.29 DSS99-122.77 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1839.13 17.31 0.28 DSS-118.575 1839.05 33.09 0.53