# Greenland Ice Cores 1,250 Year d18O, Accumulation, and North Atlantic Jet Stream Reconstruction
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/33773
#      Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/osman2021/act11d-2021d18o.txt
#      Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Data_Type: Ice Cores
#
# Dataset_DOI:
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#    Date: 2021-09-17
#---------------------------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#    Date: 2021-09-17
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#    Study_Name: Greenland Ice Cores 1,250 Year d18O, Accumulation, and North Atlantic Jet Stream Reconstruction
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#      Investigators: Osman, M.B.; Coats, S.; Das, S.B.; McConnell, J.R.; Chellman, N.
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#        Description: Previously unpublished raw (i.e., unsmoothed, unaveraged) d18O of precipitation and annually accumulated snowfall ice core measurements for 14/45 ice core records described in Osman et al. (2021, PNAS).  Information on the source and accessibility of the remaining (previously published) ice core records are provided in Table S1 of  the "Supplementary Information" of Osman et al. (2021, PNAS).
#         Provided Keywords: Greenland, North Atlantic, jet stream, water isotope, accumulation, ice core
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Matthew B. Osman, Sloan Coats, Sarah B. Das, Joseph R. McConnell, and Nathan Chellman
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2021-09-21
# Published_Title: North Atlantic jet stream projections in the context of the past 1,250 years
# Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 
# Volume: 118
# Edition: e2104105118
# Issue: 38
# Pages: 
# Report_Number: 
# DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2104105118
# Online_Resource: https://www.pnas.org/content/118/38/e2104105118
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Reconstruction of the North Atlantic jet stream (NAJ) presents a critical, albeit largely unconstrained, paleoclimatic target. Models suggest northward migration and changing variance of the NAJ under 21st-century warming scenarios, but assessing the significance of such projections is hindered by a lack of long-term observations. Here, we incorporate insights from an ensemble of last-millennium water isotope–enabled climate model simulations and a wide array of mean annual water isotope (δ18O) and annually accumulated snowfall records from Greenland ice cores to reconstruct North Atlantic zonal-mean zonal winds back to the 8th century CE. Using this reconstruction we provide preobservational constraints on both annual mean NAJ position and intensity to show that late 20th- and early 21st-century NAJ variations were likely not unique relative to natural variability. Rather, insights from our 1,250 year reconstruction highlight the overwhelming role of natural variability in thus far masking the response of midlatitude atmospheric dynamics to anthropogenic forcing, consistent with recent large-ensemble transient modeling experiments. This masking is not projected to persist under high greenhouse gas emissions scenarios, however, with model projected annual mean NAJ position emerging as distinct from the range of reconstructed natural variability by as early as 2060 CE.
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
# Authors: Joseph R. McConnell, Nathan J. Chellman, Andrew I. Wilson, Andreas Stohl, Monica M. Arienzo, Sabine Eckhardt, Diedrich Fritzsche, Sepp Kipfstuhl, Thomas Opel, Philip F. Place, and Jorgen Peder Steffensen
# Published_Date_or_Year: 2019-07-23
# Published_Title: Pervasive Arctic lead pollution suggests substantial growth in medieval silver production modulated by plague, climate, and conflict
# Journal_Name: Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America (PNAS)
# Volume: 116
# Edition: 30
# Issue: 
# Pages: 14910-14915
# Report_Number: 
# DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1904515116 
# Online_Resource: 
# Full_Citation: 
# Abstract: Lead pollution in Arctic ice reflects large-scale historical changes in midlatitude industrial activities such as ancient lead/silver production and recent fossil fuel burning. Here we used measurements in a broad array of 13 accurately dated ice cores from Greenland and Severnaya Zemlya to document spatial and temporal changes in Arctic lead pollution from 200 BCE to 2010 CE, with interpretation focused on 500 to 2010 CE. Atmospheric transport modeling indicates that Arctic lead pollution was primarily from European emissions before the 19th-century Industrial Revolution. Temporal variability was surprisingly similar across the large swath of the Arctic represented by the array, with 250- to 300-fold increases in lead pollution observed from the Early Middle Ages to the 1970s industrial peak. Superimposed on these exponential changes were pronounced, multiannual to multidecadal variations, marked by increases coincident with exploitation of new mining regions, improved technologies, and periods of economic prosperity; and decreases coincident with climate disruptions, famines, major wars, and plagues. Results suggest substantial overall growth in lead/silver mining and smelting emissions - and so silver production - from the Early through High Middle Ages, particularly in northern Europe, with lower growth during the Late Middle Ages into the Early Modern Period. Near the end of the second plague pandemic (1348 to ~1700 CE), lead pollution increased sharply through the Industrial Revolution. North American and European pollution abatement policies have reduced Arctic lead pollution by >80% since the 1970s, but recent levels remain ~60-fold higher than at the start of the Middle Ages.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#    Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation
#    Grant: OPP-1205196, 909541, 1023672, 1204176, 1406219, 2041281
#---------------------------------------
# Site_Information
# Site_Name: ACT11d
# Location: North America>Greenland
# Northernmost_Latitude: 66.5
# Southernmost_Latitude: 66.5
# Easternmost_Longitude: -46.3
# Westernmost_Longitude: -46.3
# Elevation: 2148
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: ACT11d-2021d18O
#   First_Year: 1159
#   Last_Year: 2011
#   Time_Unit: Year CE
#   Core_Length: 
#   Notes: 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
# 
## age_CE	age,,,year Common Era,,Ice cores,,,N, 
## d18O	delta 18O,bulk ice,,per mil VSMOW,annual,Ice cores,raw,tunable diode laser absorption spectroscopy,N, aqueous; annual mean (jan-dec)
# 
#------------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NaN
#
age_CE	d18O
2011.5	-25.686
2010.5	-24.79
2009.5	-26.997
2008.5	-25.249
2007.5	-24.993
2006.5	-23.395
2005.5	-25.288
2004.5	-23.693
2003.5	-24.329
2002.5	-24.634
2001.5	-23.225
2000.5	-24.901
1999.5	-25.803
1998.5	-23.649
1997.5	-24.434
1996.5	-23.433
1995.5	-23.762
1994.5	-25.423
1993.5	-26.61
1992.5	-26.569
1991.5	-26.508
1990.5	-25.323
1989.5	-25.217
1988.5	-25.312
1987.5	-24.789
1986.5	-25.544
1985.5	-24.644
1984.5	-25.684
1983.5	-27.275
1982.5	-26.522
1981.5	-27.015
1980.5	-25.753
1979.5	-27.744
1978.5	-25.61
1977.5	-24.799
1976.5	-23.837
1975.5	-24.793
1974.5	-25.595
1973.5	-25.246
1972.5	-28.508
1971.5	-26.968
1970.5	-26.166
1969.5	-24.65
1968.5	-25.167
1967.5	-24.585
1966.5	-26.119
1965.5	-25.14
1964.5	-25.523
1963.5	-27.392
1962.5	-24.778
1961.5	-25.253
1960.5	-25.496
1959.5	-23.221
1958.5	-25.768
1957.5	-25.73
1956.5	-25.879
1955.5	-23.669
1954.5	-25.395
1953.5	-24.946
1952.5	-25.01
1951.5	-26.221
1950.5	-24.912
1949.5	-24.36
1948.5	-25.835
1947.5	-25.986
1946.5	-26.098
1945.5	-25.503
1944.5	-24.204
1943.5	-25.022
1942.5	-23.678
1941.5	-24.249
1940.5	-25.748
1939.5	-26.803
1938.5	-25.548
1937.5	-25.322
1936.5	-26.003
1935.5	-26.146
1934.5	-25.808
1933.5	-23.596
1932.5	-25.359
1931.5	-24.065
1930.5	-26.064
1929.5	-24.113
1928.5	-25.041
1927.5	-26.746
1926.5	-25.566
1925.5	-24.801
1924.5	-26.006
1923.5	-27.526
1922.5	-26.138
1921.5	-25.918
1920.5	-25.437
1919.5	-27.499
1918.5	-23.943
1917.5	-22.514
1916.5	-24.937
1915.5	-27.227
1914.5	-25.273
1913.5	-25.42
1912.5	-24.958
1911.5	-26.104
1910.5	-24.597
1909.5	-24.229
1908.5	-25.035
1907.5	-24.977
1906.5	-25.487
1905.5	-27.204
1904.5	-25.328
1903.5	-26.385
1902.5	-26.748
1901.5	-26.4
1900.5	-25.768
1899.5	-25.968
1898.5	-26.133
1897.5	-24.373
1896.5	-24.722
1895.5	-24.125
1894.5	-24.618
1893.5	-24.233
1892.5	-23.449
1891.5	-25.812
1890.5	-25.935
1889.5	-24.503
1888.5	-24.662
1887.5	-24.174
1886.5	-24.88
1885.5	-27.519
1884.5	-25.865
1883.5	-25.544
1882.5	-26.182
1881.5	-23.586
1880.5	-23.635
1879.5	-24.268
1878.5	-25.188
1877.5	-26.064
1876.5	-26.88
1875.5	-25.008
1874.5	-26.142
1873.5	-25.816
1872.5	-24.009
1871.5	-25.033
1870.5	-25.625
1869.5	-25.482
1868.5	-26.713
1867.5	-26.801
1866.5	-26.878
1865.5	-25.762
1864.5	-25.076
1863.5	-29.425
1862.5	-28.506
1861.5	-26.472
1860.5	-25.688
1859.5	-25.184
1858.5	-26.527
1857.5	-24.985
1856.5	-22.982
1855.5	-25.33
1854.5	-24.248
1853.5	-26.955
1852.5	-24.217
1851.5	-24.881
1850.5	-23.302
1849.5	-23.282
1848.5	-23.287
1847.5	-23.302
1846.5	-26.318
1845.5	-24.994
1844.5	-26.57
1843.5	-26.328
1842.5	-25.122
1841.5	-24.844
1840.5	-25.626
1839.5	-25.328
1838.5	-24.025
1837.5	-25.839
1836.5	-27.36
1835.5	-27.939
1834.5	-29.483
1833.5	-25.579
1832.5	-28.582
1831.5	-24.076
1830.5	-26.082
1829.5	-25.953
1828.5	-25.155
1827.5	-26.74
1826.5	-25.696
1825.5	-25.421
1824.5	-25.434
1823.5	-27.072
1822.5	-23.735
1821.5	-24.644
1820.5	-25.045
1819.5	-25.144
1818.5	-24.496
1817.5	-26.885
1816.5	-24.955
1815.5	-25.35
1814.5	-26.517
1813.5	-27.775
1812.5	-25.539
1811.5	-25.397
1810.5	-25.565
1809.5	-23.467
1808.5	-24.321
1807.5	-23.441
1806.5	-26.31
1805.5	-23.105
1804.5	-24.438
1803.5	-24.446
1802.5	-26.388
1801.5	-26.682
1800.5	-26.511
1799.5	-26.543
1798.5	-25.625
1797.5	-26.3
1796.5	-25.789
1795.5	-24.081
1794.5	-24.67
1793.5	-27.377
1792.5	-25.909
1791.5	NaN
1790.5	-25.913
1789.5	-25.681
1788.5	-26.175
1787.5	-26.073
1786.5	-25.379
1785.5	-26.464
1784.5	-25.81
1783.5	-24.949
1782.5	-25.234
1781.5	-26.349
1780.5	-26.269
1779.5	-25.979
1778.5	-26.218
1777.5	-25.138
1776.5	-25.26
1775.5	-26.206
1774.5	-25.852
1773.5	-26.056
1772.5	-24.386
1771.5	-24.869
1770.5	-26.106
1769.5	-26.725
1768.5	-25.47
1767.5	-26.57
1766.5	-26.144
1765.5	-24.535
1764.5	-23.672
1763.5	-24.48
1762.5	-28.059
1761.5	-27.853
1760.5	-25.311
1759.5	-26.581
1758.5	-27.059
1757.5	-26.122
1756.5	-24.481
1755.5	-26.401
1754.5	-28.043
1753.5	-28.506
1752.5	-26.028
1751.5	-27.201
1750.5	-25.822
1749.5	-25.259
1748.5	-27.131
1747.5	-26.672
1746.5	-24.901
1745.5	-24.175
1744.5	-25.451
1743.5	-26.113
1742.5	-27.059
1741.5	-24.685
1740.5	-25.12
1739.5	-26.335
1738.5	-24.963
1737.5	-26.82
1736.5	-26.761
1735.5	-26.897
1734.5	-26.151
1733.5	-25.349
1732.5	-24.822
1731.5	-26.128
1730.5	-26.586
1729.5	-27.306
1728.5	-24.148
1727.5	-24.957
1726.5	-26.352
1725.5	-25.793
1724.5	-26.447
1723.5	-25.964
1722.5	-24.89
1721.5	-25.427
1720.5	-25.523
1719.5	-26.421
1718.5	-24.195
1717.5	-24.58
1716.5	-24.414
1715.5	-24.314
1714.5	-25.577
1713.5	-23.416
1712.5	-25.128
1711.5	-25.262
1710.5	-26.228
1709.5	-25.958
1708.5	-24.657
1707.5	-26.232
1706.5	-26.606
1705.5	-24.473
1704.5	-25.706
1703.5	-24.751
1702.5	-26.575
1701.5	-24.097
1700.5	-27.438
1699.5	-28.384
1698.5	-24.625
1697.5	-25.619
1696.5	-25.039
1695.5	-25.026
1694.5	-27.382
1693.5	-25.473
1692.5	-25.109
1691.5	-26.231
1690.5	-24.86
1689.5	-24.87
1688.5	-26.422
1687.5	-27.069
1686.5	-27.825
1685.5	-26.457
1684.5	-27.966
1683.5	-24.547
1682.5	-27.312
1681.5	-26.136
1680.5	-27.845
1679.5	-25.447
1678.5	-26.852
1677.5	-26.004
1676.5	-27.41
1675.5	-26.042
1674.5	-26.251
1673.5	-24.277
1672.5	-24.81
1671.5	-24.753
1670.5	-25.778
1669.5	-27.094
1668.5	-26.125
1667.5	-25.411
1666.5	-27.414
1665.5	-29.652
1664.5	-25.932
1663.5	-25.286
1662.5	-25.344
1661.5	-24.369
1660.5	-26.31
1659.5	-25.697
1658.5	-26.588
1657.5	-25.806
1656.5	-23.819
1655.5	-26.662
1654.5	-23.85
1653.5	-25.473
1652.5	-27.205
1651.5	-26.472
1650.5	-26.453
1649.5	-25.008
1648.5	-25.792
1647.5	-25.676
1646.5	-27.167
1645.5	-26.044
1644.5	-25.234
1643.5	-23.788
1642.5	-24.54
1641.5	-25.658
1640.5	-26.438
1639.5	-26.822
1638.5	-24.672
1637.5	-26.677
1636.5	-24.821
1635.5	-24.043
1634.5	-24.771
1633.5	-24.884
1632.5	-25.723
1631.5	-26.461
1630.5	-27.284
1629.5	-26.147
1628.5	-25.631
1627.5	-23.857
1626.5	-26.199
1625.5	-25.676
1624.5	-26.058
1623.5	-26.886
1622.5	-25.856
1621.5	-25.874
1620.5	-26.319
1619.5	-27.282
1618.5	-25.364
1617.5	-25.38
1616.5	-24.487
1615.5	-25.277
1614.5	-25.47
1613.5	-26.473
1612.5	-28.425
1611.5	-25.223
1610.5	-26.168
1609.5	-23.834
1608.5	-24.351
1607.5	-26.055
1606.5	-24.947
1605.5	-25.358
1604.5	-25.757
1603.5	-26.104
1602.5	-25.166
1601.5	-24.712
1600.5	-25.046
1599.5	-26.238
1598.5	-26.667
1597.5	-26.514
1596.5	-25.311
1595.5	-24.228
1594.5	-26.496
1593.5	-26.51
1592.5	-26.091
1591.5	-27.07
1590.5	-24.241
1589.5	-25.766
1588.5	-25.032
1587.5	-25.721
1586.5	-24.543
1585.5	-25.058
1584.5	-25.124
1583.5	-27.738
1582.5	-26.264
1581.5	-27.014
1580.5	-26.357
1579.5	-25.474
1578.5	-25.18
1577.5	-26.964
1576.5	-24.287
1575.5	-25.858
1574.5	-25.599
1573.5	-25.405
1572.5	-24.121
1571.5	-25.223
1570.5	-25.198
1569.5	-24.858
1568.5	-26.988
1567.5	-28.531
1566.5	-25.656
1565.5	-26.694
1564.5	-25.934
1563.5	-25.211
1562.5	-25.557
1561.5	-26.394
1560.5	-25.728
1559.5	-27.361
1558.5	-24.655
1557.5	-26.369
1556.5	-25.066
1555.5	-25.394
1554.5	-27.028
1553.5	-28.392
1552.5	-26.972
1551.5	-24.684
1550.5	-25.371
1549.5	-26.652
1548.5	-27.773
1547.5	-27.456
1546.5	-27.436
1545.5	-24.197
1544.5	-25.53
1543.5	-24.902
1542.5	-25.892
1541.5	-27.708
1540.5	-27.304
1539.5	-27.063
1538.5	-26.102
1537.5	-25.483
1536.5	-26.781
1535.5	-28.768
1534.5	-27.36
1533.5	-25.147
1532.5	-26.061
1531.5	-27.585
1530.5	-25.546
1529.5	-26.45
1528.5	-27.992
1527.5	-26.15
1526.5	-26.567
1525.5	-25.72
1524.5	-26.204
1523.5	-24.96
1522.5	-26.506
1521.5	-26.12
1520.5	-26.942
1519.5	-27.102
1518.5	-26.65
1517.5	-26.396
1516.5	-24.014
1515.5	-26.106
1514.5	-25.595
1513.5	-25.423
1512.5	-26.518
1511.5	-27.227
1510.5	-27.085
1509.5	-25.699
1508.5	-26.128
1507.5	-25.298
1506.5	-26.198
1505.5	-26.393
1504.5	-25.31
1503.5	-25.371
1502.5	-25.218
1501.5	-25.678
1500.5	-24.96
1499.5	-24.747
1498.5	-25.962
1497.5	-25.823
1496.5	-25.08
1495.5	-26.157
1494.5	-26.208
1493.5	-24.249
1492.5	-23.578
1491.5	-24.65
1490.5	-25.559
1489.5	-24.393
1488.5	-25.409
1487.5	-27.072
1486.5	-26.169
1485.5	-25.815
1484.5	-26.506
1483.5	-25.201
1482.5	-25.041
1481.5	-24.637
1480.5	-22.582
1479.5	-24.845
1478.5	-25.645
1477.5	-25.764
1476.5	-26.679
1475.5	-26.847
1474.5	-25.399
1473.5	-24.09
1472.5	-25.629
1471.5	-26.364
1470.5	-24.293
1469.5	-23.244
1468.5	-24.304
1467.5	-26.626
1466.5	-25.961
1465.5	-25.968
1464.5	-23.351
1463.5	-24.643
1462.5	-26.308
1461.5	-26.508
1460.5	-26.803
1459.5	-24.657
1458.5	-24.63
1457.5	-25.174
1456.5	-24.618
1455.5	-26.935
1454.5	-26.493
1453.5	-24.364
1452.5	-25.411
1451.5	-25.876
1450.5	-26.756
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