# GISP2 and WAIS Divide Ice Cores 60,000 Year Surface Temperature Reconstructions #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/34133 # Landing_Page_Description: # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-34133.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Ice Cores # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/w9tc-hy73 # # Science_Keywords: Last Glacial Maximum, Air Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/greenland/summit/gisp2/depthage/gisp2-2021temp.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; GISP2 Ice Core Surface Temperature Reconstruction # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2021-09-17 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2025-06-04 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: GISP2 and WAIS Divide Ice Cores 60,000 Year Surface Temperature Reconstructions #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Buizert, C. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Surface temperature reconstructions for the GISP2 (Greenland) and WAIS Divide (Antarctica) ice cores based on the gas age-ice age difference, for the past 60,000 years. # Provided Keywords: Ice cores, Last Glacial Maximum, Gas age-ice age difference #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Buizert, Christo # Published_Date_or_Year: 2021 # Published_Title: The ice core gas age-ice age difference as a proxy for surface temperature # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 48 # Edition: # Issue: 20 # Pages: # Report_Number: e2021GL094241 # DOI: 10.1029/2021GL094241 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Ice cores provide detailed records of past climate change. Water stable isotopes are the most commonly used ice core climate proxy, but their quantitative interpretation remains challenging. Here I argue that the gas age-ice age difference (Dage) is a powerful proxy for past surface temperature. An analytical framework is derived that directly links past temperature to firn properties that can be reliably reconstructed (Dage, lock-in depth). The framework is calibrated using both present-day spatial patterns and last glacial maximum temperatures reconstructed via borehole thermometry. The usefulness of the method is demonstrated using three case studies from Greenland and Antarctic ice cores. The calibration suggests that several firn densification models, with the possible exception of the Herron-Langway model, have insufficient sensitivity to accumulation rates. This low sensitivity, in combination with large amplitude temperature forcing, can explain historical difficulties of densification models in simulating ice age firn thickness in East Antarctica. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: 1643394, 1702920, 2102944 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: GISP2 # Location: Greenland # Northernmost_Latitude: 72.58 # Southernmost_Latitude: 72.58 # Easternmost_Longitude: -38.46 # Westernmost_Longitude: -38.46 # Elevation_m: 3216 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Buizert2021GISP2temp # First_Year: 59866 # Last_Year: 105 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: age control, reconstruction # Notes: #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Variables format: Short_name what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method,data_format,additional_information # ## Ice_age ice age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores,,,N,GICC05 chronology; ice age relative to 1950 ## Gas_age gas age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores,,,N,GICC05 chronology; ice age relative to 1950 ## Mean_age age,,,calendar year before present,,ice cores; climate reconstructions,averaged,,N, mean age ## Delta_age age,,,year,,ice cores,differenced,,N, Gas age-ice age difference ## LID lock-in depth,,,meter,,ice cores,,,N, ## T_anom surface temperature,,,degree Celsius,,ice cores; climate reconstructions, anomalized,,N, calculated from the gas age-ice age difference ## T_anom_unc surface temperature,,two standard deviations,degree Celsius,,ice cores; climate reconstructions, anomalized,,N, calculated from the gas age-ice age difference # #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: (Value used to flag missing data in the table below) # Ice_age Gas_age Mean_age Delta_age LID T_anom T_anom_unc 200 10 105 190.0 68.3 0.00 0.65 8420 8236 8328 183.9 66.4 0.60 1.16 12450 11729 12089 721.3 88.3 -15.32 2.04 15700 14747 15223 953.4 94.4 -18.66 2.39 24500 23427 23964 1072.5 88.3 -19.06 2.60 36500 35473 35987 1026.8 85.2 -18.27 2.48 39300 38282 38791 1017.9 87.0 -18.40 2.45 47770 46871 47320 899.2 85.1 -17.00 2.28 60320 59412 59866 908.3 90.2 -17.71 2.32