# Colle Gnifetti 275 Year Ice Core Black Carbon and Chemical Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/26390 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/gnifetti/gnifetti2018ann.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # # Original_Source_URL: # Description: # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Ice Cores # # Dataset DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: chemistry #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2019-03-18 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2019-03-18 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Colle Gnifetti 275 Year Ice Core Black Carbon and Chemical Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Sigl, M.; Abram, N.J.; Gabrieli, J.; Jenk, T.M.; Osmont, D.; Schwikowski, M. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Black carbon and chemistry measurements from 2 ice cores collected on Colle Gnifetti in the Swiss-Italian Alps, for the past 275 years. #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Michael Sigl, Nerilie J. Abram, Jacopo Gabrieli, Theo M. Jenk, Dimitri Osmont, and Margit Schwikowski # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018-10-16 # Published_Title: 19th century glacier retreat in the Alps preceded the emergence of industrial black carbon deposition on high-alpine glaciers # Journal_Name: The Cryosphere # Volume: 12 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 3311-3331 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.5194/tc-12-3311-2018 # Online_Resource: https://www.the-cryosphere.net/12/3311/2018/tc-12-3311-2018-discussion.html # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Light absorbing aerosols in the atmosphere and cryosphere play an important role in the climate system. Their presence in ambient air and snow changes the radiative properties of these systems, thus contributing to increased atmospheric warming and snowmelt. High spatio-temporal variability of aerosol concentrations and a shortage of longterm observations contribute to large uncertainties in properly assigning the climate effects of aerosols through time. Starting around AD1860, many glaciers in the European Alps began to retreat from their maximum mid-19th century terminus positions, thereby visualizing the end of the Little Ice Age in Europe. Radiative forcing by increasing deposition of industrial black carbon to snow has been suggested as the main driver of the abrupt glacier retreats in the Alps. The basis for this hypothesis was model simulations using elemental carbon concentrations at low temporal resolution from two ice cores in the Alps. Here we present sub-annually resolved concentration records of refractory black carbon (rBC; using soot photometry) as well as distinctive tracers for mineral dust, biomass burning and industrial pollution from the Colle Gnifetti ice core in the Alps from AD1741 to 2015. These records allow precise assessment of a potential relation between the timing of observed acceleration of glacier melt in the mid-19th century with an increase of rBC deposition on the glacier caused by the industrialization of Western Europe. Our study reveals that in AD1875, the time when rBC ice-core concentrations started to significantly increase, the majority of Alpine glaciers had already experienced more than 80% of their total 19th century length reduction, casting doubt on a leading role for soot in terminating of the Little Ice Age. Attribution of glacial retreat requires expansion of the spatial network and sampling density of high alpine ice cores to balance potential biasing effects arising from transport, deposition, and snow conservation in individual ice-core records. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Theo M. Jenk, Sönke Szidat, David Bolius, Michael Sigl, Heinz W. Gäggeler, Lukas Wacker, Matthias Ruff, Carlo Barbante, Claude F. Boutron, Margit Schwikowski # Published_Date_or_Year: 2009-07-27 # Published_Title: A novel radiocarbon dating technique applied to an ice core from the Alps indicating late Pleistocene ages # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research Atmospheres # Volume: 114 # Edition: # Issue: D14 # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2009JD011860 # Online_Resource: https://agupubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1029/2009JD011860 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Ice cores retrieved from high-altitude glaciers are important archives of past climatic and atmospheric conditions in midlatitude and tropical regions. Because of the specific flow behavior of ice, their age-depth relationship is nonlinear, preventing the application of common dating methods such as annual layer counting in the deepest and oldest part. Here we present a new approach and technique, allowing dating of any such ice core at arbitrary depth for the age range between ~500 years B.P. and the late Pleistocene. This new, complementary dating tool has great potential for numerous ice core related paleoclimate studies since it allows improvement and extension of existing and future chronologies. Using small to ultrasmall sample size (100 ug > carbon content > 5 ug) accelerator mass spectrometry, we take advantage of the ice-included, water-insoluble organic carbon fraction of carbonaceous aerosols for radiocarbon (14C) dating. Analysis and dating of the bottom ice of the Colle Gnifetti glacier (Swiss-Italian Alps, 45 55'50"N, 7 52'33"E, 4455 m asl) has been successful in a first application, and the results revealed the core to cover most of the Holocene at the least with indication for late Pleistocene ice present at the very bottom. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Jacopo Gabrieli, Carlo Barbante # Published_Date_or_Year: 2014-03-01 # Published_Title: The Alps in the age of the Anthropocene: the impact of human activities on the cryosphere recorded in the Colle Gnifetti glacier # Journal_Name: Rendiconti Lincei # Volume: 25 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: 71-83 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1007/s12210-014-0292-2 # Online_Resource: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs12210-014-0292-2 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The evaluation of the impact of anthropogenic activities on mountain areas is an important task, because they represent the last remaining natural and pristine environments in highly industrialized continental regions. The deposition of ubiquitous, persistent and toxic organic pollutants in high-altitude sites can potentially affect the alpine ecosystem, which is often characterized by unique plant and animal communities which are precious in terms of ecological value as well as being fragile and easily spoiled. Records from Alpine ice cores have demonstrated to be among the best tools in paleoenvironmental studies to reconstruct past emissions of heavy metals and persistent organic pollutants. From the comparison of trace species records in the snow and ice with the emission inventories compiled in recent years it is also possible to reconstruct the past trends in the emission of these compounds. This knowledge enables a better environmental management and a more effective planning of the human activities in the light of a new sustainable development and could represent the base of a wide and motivated participation to the creation of the future generations. Here, we summarize the results of the geochemical analysis of the Colle Gnifetti firn/ice core, in the Monte Rosa group (NW European Alps). #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Swiss National Science Foundation # Grant: CRSII2_154450/1 #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Colle Gnifetti # Location: Europe>Southern Europe>Italy # Country: Italy # Northernmost_Latitude: 45.93056 # Southernmost_Latitude: 45.93056 # Easternmost_Longitude: 7.87583 # Westernmost_Longitude: 7.87583 # Elevation: 4455 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Gnifetti2018 # Earliest_Year: 1741 # Most_Recent_Year: 2015 # Time_Unit: CE # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) # ## age_CE age, , , years Common Era, , , , ,N, middle Year (CE); the depth-scale between 1741 and 2003 AD is consistent with Jenk et al. JGR 2009. ## Na sodium, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,ion chromatopgraphy,N, ## NH4 ammonium, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,ion chromatopgraphy,N, ## Ca calcium, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,ion chromatopgraphy,N, ## NO3 nitrate, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,ion chromatopgraphy,N, ## SO4 sulfate, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,ion chromatopgraphy,N, ## rBC black carbon, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,SP2 soot photometry,N, ## Pb lead, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometer,N, for details: Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei (2014) 25:71-83; doi:10.1007/s12210-014-0292-2 ## Bi bismuth, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,inductively coupled plasma-quadrupole mass spectrometer,N, for details: Rend. Fis. Acc. Lincei (2014) 25:71-83; doi:10.1007/s12210-014-0292-2 ## SO4non sulfate, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,,N, non-dust/non volcano: sulfate concentrations in which "outliers" caused by Saharan dust and volcanic acid deposition had been replaced by the 11-yr running median ## rBCnon black carbon, bulk ice, , parts per billion, ,ice cores,,,N, non-biomassBurning: rBC concentrations in which "outliers" caused by biomass burning and forest fires (1741-1860) had been replaced by the 11-yr running median # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: -0.999 # age_CE Na NH4 Ca NO3 SO4 rBC Pb Bi SO4non rBCnon 2015.5 11.7 186.4 57.0 308.8 321.2 4.98 -0.999 -0.99900 321.2 4.98 2014.5 42.2 202.4 496.0 429.2 457.3 3.68 -0.999 -0.99900 267.5 3.68 2013.5 38.8 87.7 240.4 199.8 257.6 3.07 -0.999 -0.99900 257.6 3.07 2012.5 23.2 199.6 131.4 348.2 307.9 6.38 -0.999 -0.99900 307.9 6.38 2011.5 32.4 219.9 113.5 564.7 461.1 6.68 -0.999 -0.99900 461.1 6.68 2010.5 9.4 233.4 49.0 507.2 244.6 6.15 -0.999 -0.99900 244.6 6.15 2009.5 14.8 117.3 126.7 328.0 267.5 2.95 -0.999 -0.99900 267.5 2.95 2008.5 9.4 84.2 60.3 250.7 174.2 4.46 -0.999 -0.99900 174.2 4.46 2007.5 89.8 159.1 530.0 342.1 461.0 4.91 -0.999 -0.99900 267.5 4.91 2006.5 14.7 126.5 132.0 250.5 248.7 2.99 -0.999 -0.99900 248.7 2.99 2005.5 22.2 220.8 127.7 483.7 351.7 6.00 -0.999 -0.99900 351.7 6.00 2004.5 26.5 333.6 348.5 786.2 620.5 7.34 -0.999 -0.99900 309.3 7.34 2003.5 18.3 152.3 148.1 359.4 357.2 6.27 -0.999 -0.99900 357.2 6.27 2002.5 5.1 90.7 59.1 177.3 98.6 2.10 -0.999 -0.99900 98.6 2.10 2001.5 16.9 211.5 152.4 428.4 351.0 3.77 -0.999 -0.99900 351.0 3.77 2000.5 38.9 225.3 261.7 512.9 672.3 7.66 -0.999 -0.99900 672.3 7.66 1999.5 133.7 144.3 1410.7 317.6 897.7 12.18 -0.999 -0.99900 357.2 12.18 1998.5 21.3 189.6 165.1 382.0 637.8 7.34 -0.999 -0.99900 637.8 7.34 1997.5 59.7 192.0 389.3 434.8 568.0 6.85 -0.999 -0.99900 637.8 6.85 1996.5 52.7 256.0 335.7 697.0 813.7 9.18 -0.999 -0.99900 637.8 9.18 1995.5 37.3 330.0 167.5 626.2 926.1 4.25 -0.999 -0.99900 926.1 4.25 1994.5 10.3 97.6 61.9 255.7 258.5 6.14 -0.999 -0.99900 258.5 6.14 1993.5 47.3 143.1 454.7 283.8 679.5 7.30 0.533 0.00286 637.8 7.30 1992.5 37.0 241.1 326.8 482.3 868.4 8.63 0.691 0.00264 868.4 8.63 1991.5 15.1 89.3 124.1 205.9 314.4 5.26 0.701 0.00231 314.4 5.26 1990.5 61.0 210.8 654.5 295.6 1105.4 8.19 1.154 0.00565 735.1 8.19 1989.5 29.7 172.7 204.4 402.2 688.9 6.60 0.841 0.00227 688.9 6.60 1988.5 8.6 133.5 49.2 320.0 525.6 5.21 1.181 0.00187 525.6 5.21 1987.5 18.9 282.2 117.1 670.9 781.3 14.60 0.779 0.00207 781.3 14.60 1986.5 23.2 313.8 219.6 675.2 913.3 3.97 1.344 0.00211 913.3 3.97 1985.5 29.4 97.1 328.7 250.7 458.4 5.18 0.782 0.00267 688.9 5.18 1984.5 18.4 164.6 195.4 321.8 752.5 4.32 1.316 0.00375 752.5 4.32 1983.5 22.2 51.2 263.0 249.2 563.6 5.41 0.664 0.00261 563.6 5.41 1982.5 19.8 167.5 378.5 250.7 760.7 5.93 0.918 0.00274 752.5 5.93 1981.5 38.4 239.0 416.0 495.1 1381.6 13.86 1.320 0.00281 620.1 13.86 1980.5 23.6 41.1 114.5 142.8 470.3 4.94 0.683 0.00157 470.3 4.94 1979.5 10.6 168.5 130.4 293.9 772.6 7.37 2.318 0.00396 772.6 7.37 1978.5 31.2 89.4 176.1 164.4 620.1 9.73 1.431 0.00366 620.1 9.73 1977.5 118.0 146.2 664.6 260.0 922.5 6.85 1.893 0.00750 696.4 6.85 1976.5 7.5 40.3 50.8 131.0 403.9 2.82 0.545 0.00253 403.9 2.82 1975.5 5.1 31.0 15.1 113.3 305.6 2.46 0.843 0.00260 305.6 2.46 1974.5 10.2 219.6 59.7 371.6 1227.2 11.01 4.677 0.00674 1227.2 11.01 1973.5 13.5 130.5 87.7 341.3 870.8 6.89 3.246 0.00473 870.8 6.89 1972.5 14.5 254.7 57.8 359.5 1713.2 8.44 5.584 0.01011 1713.2 8.44 1971.5 27.6 189.3 183.2 350.6 1313.4 11.10 3.608 0.00687 1313.4 11.10 1970.5 19.3 143.1 169.9 275.1 784.3 6.95 2.470 0.00647 784.3 6.95 1969.5 13.6 69.3 104.4 179.7 479.1 3.00 2.058 0.00266 479.1 3.00 1968.5 37.5 125.7 331.5 238.5 840.9 7.39 2.503 0.00594 784.3 7.39 1967.5 15.0 130.9 77.4 285.4 1080.5 7.09 3.755 0.00625 1080.5 7.09 1966.5 39.7 153.9 283.8 269.9 907.9 15.19 2.277 0.00912 658.0 15.19 1965.5 6.6 34.9 16.7 112.2 279.6 1.89 -0.999 -0.99900 279.6 1.89 1964.5 16.7 152.3 94.2 213.3 658.0 5.98 -0.999 -0.99900 658.0 5.98 1963.5 21.0 101.4 118.0 225.1 739.3 8.83 1.418 0.00526 739.3 8.83 1962.5 21.8 66.6 19.4 98.6 272.9 2.51 0.724 0.00282 272.9 2.51 1961.5 6.3 40.3 37.0 72.3 188.0 3.12 0.727 0.00401 188.0 3.12 1960.5 12.1 94.9 80.2 196.5 542.3 5.96 2.198 0.00872 542.3 5.96 1959.5 57.3 328.8 317.7 292.4 1076.0 13.28 4.254 0.01666 272.9 13.28 1958.5 9.9 66.2 57.3 112.2 387.9 7.43 1.394 0.00556 387.9 7.43 1957.5 62.1 132.2 435.5 242.6 708.9 10.31 2.621 0.01226 269.0 10.31 1956.5 13.3 27.5 105.0 65.2 269.0 3.78 0.544 0.00270 269.0 3.78 1955.5 7.2 23.2 61.1 46.9 122.4 2.56 0.383 0.00192 122.4 2.56 1954.5 5.9 50.2 48.4 93.9 256.8 3.82 0.720 0.00363 256.8 3.82 1953.5 8.9 11.6 52.4 48.5 108.4 0.89 0.399 0.00161 108.4 0.89 1952.5 39.9 158.2 190.1 254.2 646.8 9.91 1.910 0.00910 646.8 9.91 1951.5 16.0 34.9 64.9 102.3 315.3 6.13 0.846 0.00199 315.3 6.13 1950.5 14.0 22.5 215.3 59.9 265.2 3.17 0.624 0.00169 291.7 3.17 1949.5 31.7 157.0 231.2 124.1 516.7 14.40 1.675 0.00759 291.7 14.40 1948.5 15.1 112.7 162.9 201.2 598.7 9.48 1.160 0.01342 598.7 9.48 1947.5 41.4 129.6 424.9 122.3 470.9 7.33 1.187 0.00583 315.3 7.33 1946.5 34.6 103.7 306.7 114.6 314.6 5.38 0.865 0.00426 291.7 5.38 1945.5 28.8 107.9 225.6 201.8 291.7 15.55 1.205 0.00466 291.7 15.55 1944.5 17.3 47.4 107.8 74.9 169.3 2.86 0.536 0.00346 169.3 2.86 1943.5 9.4 35.0 54.7 62.1 126.9 2.02 0.463 0.00497 126.9 2.02 1942.5 14.6 67.2 66.9 113.7 320.0 14.27 0.551 0.00629 320.0 14.27 1941.5 10.7 58.6 37.2 97.1 240.0 5.67 0.372 0.00542 240.0 5.67 1940.5 5.8 38.4 17.2 51.2 158.3 7.79 0.272 0.00309 158.3 7.79 1939.5 12.9 86.6 73.5 135.4 299.7 14.12 0.832 0.00809 299.7 14.12 1938.5 10.3 95.6 67.5 152.3 366.8 8.28 0.546 0.00452 366.8 8.28 1937.5 14.0 62.7 153.2 117.5 313.7 9.97 0.681 0.00695 313.7 9.97 1936.5 186.0 124.2 1214.6 110.3 923.6 16.93 0.904 0.01118 242.1 16.93 1935.5 12.9 16.4 83.2 64.6 161.6 6.41 0.136 0.00246 161.6 6.41 1934.5 8.0 29.9 53.9 78.2 242.1 2.75 0.132 0.00189 242.1 2.75 1933.5 35.2 108.9 180.1 161.6 421.2 16.00 0.679 0.00511 421.2 16.00 1932.5 36.9 80.6 332.7 94.0 422.7 4.93 0.514 0.00502 217.1 4.93 1931.5 5.0 50.9 32.8 79.9 209.4 3.50 0.252 0.00234 209.4 3.50 1930.5 17.3 65.0 129.2 89.5 224.8 8.83 0.525 0.00555 224.8 8.83 1929.5 12.8 36.2 50.4 67.3 121.5 2.12 0.309 0.00327 121.5 2.12 1928.5 29.8 73.7 314.8 112.7 258.7 7.17 0.514 0.00394 177.3 7.17 1927.5 14.3 62.9 41.5 95.2 177.3 5.55 0.370 0.00312 177.3 5.55 1926.5 17.1 133.8 128.2 134.2 403.0 10.55 0.781 0.00294 403.0 10.55 1925.5 13.0 43.0 38.4 102.9 123.6 3.27 0.252 0.00161 123.6 3.27 1924.5 13.3 32.6 29.0 60.1 103.6 4.05 0.343 0.00209 103.6 4.05 1923.5 9.3 55.5 80.9 81.9 171.0 5.63 0.484 0.00424 171.0 5.63 1922.5 26.3 75.4 92.1 149.0 326.7 9.13 0.468 0.00494 326.7 9.13 1921.5 12.1 76.1 28.1 96.9 278.1 7.30 0.891 0.00366 278.1 7.30 1920.5 21.6 52.6 83.2 97.7 289.9 8.09 0.510 0.00506 289.9 8.09 1919.5 35.5 90.6 199.2 175.4 458.6 12.37 0.911 0.00873 458.6 12.37 1918.5 11.4 91.4 59.2 86.9 218.3 5.54 0.618 0.00741 218.3 5.54 1917.5 38.1 141.2 270.4 137.8 329.8 15.03 1.279 0.00867 308.3 15.03 1916.5 48.2 130.8 249.9 154.6 493.9 17.16 1.079 0.00633 289.9 17.16 1915.5 23.1 95.2 140.0 111.4 495.9 9.28 0.618 0.00428 495.9 9.28 1914.5 9.0 26.3 9.8 45.6 83.5 4.23 0.349 0.00181 83.5 4.23 1913.5 38.4 126.0 131.3 231.5 525.4 16.04 1.825 0.01491 525.4 16.04 1912.5 60.9 140.7 232.3 217.8 621.5 14.51 1.458 0.01166 217.2 14.51 1911.5 67.7 93.8 320.0 130.4 401.7 5.40 1.454 0.00716 217.2 5.40 1910.5 37.9 33.8 186.2 56.3 217.2 4.12 0.780 0.00502 217.2 4.12 1909.5 10.6 37.4 38.3 75.1 178.7 4.23 0.452 0.00226 178.7 4.23 1908.5 39.1 84.1 89.4 117.1 298.4 9.66 0.828 0.00939 298.4 9.66 1907.5 22.6 38.9 150.2 66.8 172.9 3.62 0.339 0.00183 172.9 3.62 1906.5 72.9 80.5 321.0 206.6 337.8 11.80 0.902 0.00290 175.8 11.80 1905.5 16.3 34.9 43.7 79.5 92.6 5.45 0.392 0.00225 92.6 5.45 1904.5 18.8 41.8 54.9 92.9 112.3 4.46 0.407 0.00186 112.3 4.46 1903.5 25.5 61.9 96.4 105.2 217.3 7.33 0.415 0.00220 217.3 7.33 1902.5 9.8 41.4 31.7 70.0 129.8 3.91 0.259 0.00180 129.8 3.91 1901.5 61.2 51.7 790.1 70.3 507.5 4.19 0.587 0.00426 125.6 4.19 1900.5 8.6 38.4 47.6 75.4 125.6 3.25 0.347 0.00130 125.6 3.25 1899.5 14.6 53.8 84.5 142.0 213.2 8.14 0.542 0.00166 213.2 8.14 1898.5 7.9 33.8 70.4 64.0 73.8 3.28 0.765 0.00185 73.8 3.28 1897.5 15.0 111.4 126.4 157.2 177.5 6.72 0.415 0.00132 177.5 6.72 1896.5 11.4 43.5 119.3 99.6 89.6 4.57 0.328 0.00238 89.6 4.57 1895.5 5.8 34.6 33.0 62.4 66.8 3.46 0.201 0.00155 66.8 3.46 1894.5 5.0 10.8 16.6 37.4 36.4 1.04 0.068 0.00131 36.4 1.04 1893.5 3.4 11.3 9.9 29.2 47.3 0.78 0.027 0.00083 47.3 0.78 1892.5 7.3 36.8 25.0 68.4 77.4 2.13 0.087 0.00112 77.4 2.13 1891.5 21.3 72.9 69.8 112.0 150.2 5.74 0.826 0.00238 150.2 5.74 1890.5 9.9 64.3 29.6 129.5 102.2 5.98 0.375 0.00175 102.2 5.98 1889.5 4.5 18.0 21.1 28.3 39.2 0.88 0.180 0.00103 39.2 0.88 1888.5 53.2 39.2 156.1 68.7 156.9 2.70 0.277 0.00134 156.9 2.70 1887.5 14.5 115.3 62.3 96.9 135.9 4.06 0.463 0.00263 135.9 4.06 1886.5 24.7 22.5 172.2 37.4 107.6 1.08 0.259 0.00111 107.6 1.08 1885.5 19.5 71.6 65.2 90.6 82.7 4.34 0.305 0.00120 82.7 4.34 1884.5 13.4 81.0 45.7 135.3 114.7 6.99 0.322 0.00265 114.7 6.99 1883.5 16.3 68.8 84.8 94.4 103.9 3.45 0.357 0.00139 103.9 3.45 1882.5 16.4 27.8 89.2 92.0 97.3 5.98 0.188 0.00097 97.3 5.98 1881.5 24.9 46.1 86.2 66.2 114.4 2.32 0.222 0.00157 114.4 2.32 1880.5 38.5 60.5 114.1 105.4 155.5 5.27 0.621 0.00185 155.5 5.27 1879.5 34.9 108.9 149.4 155.3 227.6 7.88 0.827 0.00211 227.6 7.88 1878.5 20.0 32.9 162.1 63.9 107.4 2.40 0.263 0.00152 107.4 2.40 1877.5 21.4 45.8 122.2 80.2 139.8 5.06 0.333 0.00133 139.8 5.06 1876.5 47.3 83.8 229.1 106.7 190.4 7.10 0.542 0.00137 190.4 7.10 1875.5 28.6 57.7 133.3 79.5 107.0 2.03 0.176 0.00092 107.0 2.03 1874.5 22.4 46.6 76.9 76.4 105.7 4.20 0.310 0.00185 105.7 4.20 1873.5 12.5 48.8 51.2 84.5 98.5 3.98 0.329 0.00174 98.5 3.98 1872.5 26.2 50.3 116.4 75.1 101.1 1.53 0.649 0.00158 101.1 1.53 1871.5 46.9 55.1 275.3 91.7 201.2 2.71 0.322 0.00165 101.1 2.71 1870.5 46.5 87.2 239.3 90.1 183.5 3.68 0.415 0.00217 98.5 3.68 1869.5 12.5 45.8 57.3 75.1 70.0 1.92 0.378 0.00142 70.0 1.92 1868.5 19.6 39.6 130.4 58.0 81.5 0.99 0.686 0.00174 81.5 0.99 1867.5 35.0 47.8 119.6 72.8 125.8 2.21 0.193 0.00134 125.8 2.21 1866.5 17.8 49.3 58.1 74.5 72.7 3.76 0.359 0.00123 72.7 3.76 1865.5 10.2 43.7 36.6 69.2 58.0 2.68 0.227 0.00125 58.0 2.68 1864.5 28.2 43.0 157.1 87.7 98.2 1.36 0.254 0.00118 98.2 1.36 1863.5 74.1 39.4 470.5 48.8 227.4 1.21 0.220 0.00176 81.5 1.21 1862.5 34.4 48.0 192.2 87.3 139.0 1.70 0.253 0.00165 139.0 1.70 1861.5 9.8 42.5 65.1 75.2 53.6 1.25 0.121 0.00095 53.6 1.25 1860.5 12.1 20.2 88.2 57.1 56.7 1.31 0.114 0.00097 56.7 1.31 1859.5 36.4 55.4 250.3 88.5 144.3 2.69 0.313 0.00213 71.9 2.69 1858.5 30.0 21.8 97.4 45.4 167.8 0.69 0.099 0.00082 167.8 0.69 1857.5 20.9 16.3 71.9 54.4 49.3 0.64 0.100 0.00103 49.3 0.64 1856.5 36.2 39.2 35.1 83.5 71.9 3.86 0.167 0.00087 71.9 3.86 1855.5 10.0 58.0 39.7 76.5 53.6 3.03 0.248 0.00114 53.6 3.03 1854.5 22.6 66.5 96.0 128.6 130.6 3.83 0.330 0.00176 130.6 3.83 1853.5 22.6 64.7 87.7 154.0 98.6 4.26 0.263 0.00106 98.6 4.26 1852.5 13.2 47.1 47.5 103.8 100.0 2.86 0.222 0.00116 100.0 2.86 1851.5 10.7 31.2 31.8 70.7 50.7 2.05 0.200 0.00101 50.7 2.05 1850.5 47.8 42.1 157.5 106.9 128.4 1.88 0.279 0.00106 128.4 1.88 1849.5 11.6 41.7 33.3 97.0 56.7 2.80 0.226 0.00103 56.7 2.80 1848.5 16.0 24.4 118.0 104.4 62.5 2.55 0.192 0.00099 62.5 2.55 1847.5 13.0 13.1 31.8 38.5 36.4 1.25 0.091 0.00084 36.4 1.25 1846.5 20.3 41.0 71.3 98.3 77.4 6.05 0.143 0.00106 77.4 1.95 1845.5 17.1 29.6 73.6 73.5 59.7 1.92 0.103 0.00099 59.7 1.92 1844.5 13.2 33.6 26.0 72.6 37.0 1.25 0.154 0.00107 37.0 1.25 1843.5 85.9 33.9 258.8 103.7 216.6 2.65 0.133 0.00116 62.5 2.65 1842.5 83.9 45.7 300.6 108.4 199.7 3.17 0.198 0.00124 59.7 3.17 1841.5 37.1 38.8 149.9 86.0 145.0 1.95 0.117 0.00152 145.0 1.95 1840.5 6.3 16.8 50.4 46.2 41.7 0.97 0.102 0.00214 41.7 0.97 1839.5 21.6 23.8 111.3 87.2 78.8 3.12 0.054 0.00144 78.8 3.12 1838.5 13.0 28.0 53.6 70.0 74.8 1.92 0.066 0.00195 74.8 1.92 1837.5 10.8 46.2 27.6 77.0 53.8 1.40 0.116 0.00212 53.8 1.40 1836.5 22.1 38.4 73.1 88.8 86.2 3.04 0.063 0.00210 86.2 3.04 1835.5 16.3 26.8 17.6 86.4 49.2 0.93 0.018 0.00122 49.2 0.93 1834.5 6.0 15.2 25.8 67.9 73.3 0.49 0.045 0.00109 73.3 0.49 1833.5 19.9 44.2 117.0 63.1 105.5 1.55 0.164 0.00155 105.5 1.55 1832.5 71.2 68.4 397.0 72.2 284.0 2.15 0.095 0.00114 73.3 2.15 1831.5 10.7 25.0 41.8 65.0 36.3 1.66 0.401 0.00122 36.3 1.66 1830.5 29.6 87.1 112.3 106.5 94.7 4.15 0.887 0.00126 94.7 4.15 1829.5 15.1 33.6 77.0 68.1 61.0 1.73 0.194 0.00111 61.0 1.73 1828.5 60.0 69.4 192.6 92.0 190.7 4.44 0.188 0.00128 190.7 4.44 1827.5 80.4 53.9 249.4 85.3 234.6 5.98 0.142 0.00119 69.3 1.95 1826.5 12.7 24.3 46.5 80.3 60.8 3.96 0.101 0.00087 60.8 3.96 1825.5 5.5 19.9 35.6 63.2 40.6 1.81 0.111 0.00106 40.6 1.81 1824.5 37.8 52.5 185.3 77.6 142.4 3.24 0.112 0.00086 142.4 3.24 1823.5 15.2 22.1 81.8 51.3 71.6 1.53 0.067 0.00089 71.6 1.53 1822.5 10.0 17.4 50.2 65.0 69.3 1.56 0.044 0.00096 69.3 1.56 1821.5 15.7 35.7 48.7 86.7 61.9 3.61 0.143 0.00102 61.9 3.61 1820.5 20.9 55.6 90.3 89.1 62.1 4.24 0.162 0.00092 62.1 4.24 1819.5 31.0 36.8 97.8 96.5 63.3 2.93 0.146 0.00092 63.3 2.93 1818.5 27.7 44.1 104.6 91.5 100.4 1.30 0.184 0.00097 100.4 1.30 1817.5 13.7 51.0 58.6 100.4 72.2 5.35 0.580 0.00240 72.2 2.44 1816.5 28.6 114.8 97.7 208.9 270.3 8.82 0.358 0.00177 62.7 2.44 1815.5 10.9 24.2 70.3 66.0 64.7 1.10 0.078 0.00097 64.7 1.10 1814.5 9.1 20.1 22.6 72.3 44.0 2.49 0.112 0.00092 44.0 2.49 1813.5 19.4 39.2 82.5 62.4 67.3 1.36 0.253 0.00176 67.3 1.36 1812.5 14.5 27.7 67.8 58.8 55.6 1.32 0.130 0.00162 55.6 1.32 1811.5 15.6 25.5 57.1 72.0 60.9 1.40 0.140 0.00117 60.9 1.40 1810.5 13.7 22.8 57.2 60.4 56.2 2.35 0.134 0.00087 56.2 2.35 1809.5 29.0 46.0 180.4 65.1 140.0 1.61 0.255 0.00344 140.0 1.61 1808.5 57.3 114.5 214.0 125.2 307.9 3.10 0.104 0.00117 74.6 3.10 1807.5 19.8 40.9 86.5 99.5 80.9 3.40 0.267 0.00157 80.9 3.40 1806.5 29.7 42.1 109.3 87.4 116.2 2.44 0.104 0.00122 116.2 2.44 1805.5 17.0 34.3 47.3 77.9 68.4 1.07 0.116 0.00093 68.4 1.07 1804.5 43.5 31.2 167.7 123.8 158.3 2.90 0.165 0.00128 158.3 2.90 1803.5 16.8 47.4 48.0 90.8 86.4 2.57 0.237 0.00120 86.4 2.57 1802.5 14.9 48.6 47.2 90.3 71.0 1.81 0.444 0.00144 71.0 1.81 1801.5 3.8 17.1 12.5 58.2 30.0 0.61 0.273 0.00117 30.0 0.61 1800.5 16.4 27.9 93.6 71.2 81.5 2.14 0.174 0.00150 81.5 2.14 1799.5 32.5 53.7 135.2 135.2 296.3 2.16 0.166 0.00109 83.9 2.16 1798.5 9.8 24.8 33.6 100.9 42.6 3.13 0.211 0.00101 42.6 3.13 1797.5 122.1 51.6 439.2 79.3 264.9 1.58 0.206 0.00118 81.5 1.58 1796.5 34.1 32.1 111.5 65.4 102.7 2.26 0.135 0.00201 102.7 2.26 1795.5 78.3 23.2 523.9 45.1 258.1 1.11 0.106 0.00262 87.6 1.11 1794.5 28.0 51.3 70.7 109.8 134.6 1.87 0.137 0.00207 134.6 1.87 1793.5 18.6 53.4 60.6 84.1 81.6 2.24 0.134 0.00238 81.6 2.24 1792.5 15.6 17.7 139.3 76.3 96.1 1.22 0.031 0.00152 96.1 1.22 1791.5 25.3 31.9 82.5 89.6 78.4 1.20 0.128 0.00164 78.4 1.20 1790.5 22.4 34.9 77.4 91.7 93.7 2.05 0.076 0.00134 93.7 2.05 1789.5 15.6 36.6 42.2 77.8 74.3 0.78 0.122 0.00092 74.3 0.78 1788.5 12.7 29.5 21.1 84.9 39.6 2.29 0.051 0.00094 39.6 2.29 1787.5 30.8 39.7 119.4 90.0 130.3 2.71 0.133 0.00240 130.3 2.71 1786.5 48.2 39.4 140.5 109.9 310.7 2.59 0.128 0.00189 78.4 2.59 1785.5 81.7 18.3 249.9 47.6 250.3 1.31 0.115 0.00213 74.3 1.31 1784.5 16.3 36.6 50.8 113.0 154.2 5.43 0.082 0.00155 74.3 2.00 1783.5 36.7 51.8 55.9 103.2 269.3 1.59 0.054 0.00130 81.5 1.59 1782.5 29.6 21.6 62.4 78.5 91.3 0.95 0.121 0.00146 91.3 0.95 1781.5 6.4 21.4 29.5 67.9 38.6 1.71 0.050 0.00107 38.6 1.71 1780.5 10.6 28.1 36.6 78.4 47.8 1.00 0.136 0.00109 47.8 1.00 1779.5 8.3 30.9 34.2 78.4 81.5 2.15 0.106 0.00129 81.5 2.15 1778.5 28.8 29.3 64.6 101.0 97.1 1.98 0.060 0.00089 97.1 1.98 1777.5 49.2 46.5 104.9 160.0 158.1 2.96 0.093 0.00109 158.1 2.96 1776.5 13.4 39.0 55.8 123.4 92.8 2.00 0.092 0.00100 92.8 2.00 1775.5 19.7 35.4 71.1 71.2 92.5 2.62 0.252 0.00444 92.5 2.62 1774.5 121.2 54.4 707.7 85.3 458.1 2.78 0.021 0.00095 92.5 2.78 1773.5 10.9 17.1 15.9 39.2 54.3 0.60 0.010 0.00094 54.3 0.60 1772.5 16.7 20.4 47.2 81.3 157.2 3.25 0.108 0.00251 66.9 3.25 1771.5 33.0 50.9 112.3 119.6 162.3 3.34 0.080 0.00153 162.3 3.34 1770.5 7.8 35.1 36.2 68.6 49.5 0.84 0.058 0.00090 49.5 0.84 1769.5 14.9 110.7 61.1 75.9 66.9 1.63 0.079 0.00131 66.9 1.63 1768.5 11.1 40.2 37.5 62.1 47.7 1.85 0.036 0.00099 47.7 1.85 1767.5 8.4 19.0 29.4 57.2 29.6 1.17 0.092 0.00125 29.6 1.17 1766.5 28.9 68.4 104.0 96.3 130.5 1.40 0.096 0.00194 130.5 1.40 1765.5 27.3 30.1 82.2 73.1 128.0 0.80 0.134 0.00123 128.0 0.80 1764.5 43.8 61.2 105.9 127.5 142.5 3.98 0.026 0.00102 142.5 3.98 1763.5 8.6 15.5 37.5 54.5 40.4 0.77 0.022 0.00095 40.4 0.77 1762.5 11.9 32.4 17.7 71.4 41.3 2.03 0.063 0.00140 41.3 2.03 1761.5 6.8 33.8 22.6 106.5 34.5 1.45 0.057 0.00090 34.5 1.45 1760.5 7.8 20.9 27.7 71.1 46.6 1.19 0.052 0.00103 46.6 1.19 1759.5 14.1 31.5 44.8 78.7 46.4 2.93 0.122 0.00156 46.4 2.93 1758.5 65.8 51.3 345.2 79.3 365.6 2.07 0.187 0.00380 46.4 2.07 1757.5 12.6 52.5 46.0 85.7 70.9 2.77 0.056 0.00100 70.9 2.77 1756.5 4.1 22.4 20.9 64.5 23.4 1.29 0.026 0.00099 23.4 1.29 1755.5 33.1 23.3 149.0 64.6 122.5 0.82 0.181 0.00216 122.5 0.82 1754.5 36.4 66.3 186.8 122.4 151.4 5.34 0.088 0.00115 58.1 1.84 1753.5 12.9 22.9 40.1 75.5 47.2 1.87 0.055 0.00106 47.2 1.87 1752.5 25.1 32.9 242.5 81.5 112.9 2.21 0.082 0.00144 69.9 2.21 1751.5 9.8 26.1 41.3 63.0 68.9 1.38 0.045 0.00171 68.9 1.38 1750.5 22.4 27.2 65.6 83.9 96.9 2.25 0.036 0.00137 96.9 2.25 1749.5 8.0 18.9 24.3 54.3 37.6 1.12 0.103 0.00237 37.6 1.12 1748.5 31.9 54.4 84.0 92.0 142.9 1.87 0.092 0.00265 142.9 1.87 1747.5 25.7 20.7 216.9 49.8 205.7 0.87 0.043 0.00148 77.7 0.87 1746.5 17.1 37.0 63.5 115.4 123.1 1.84 0.044 0.00139 123.1 1.84 1745.5 17.1 14.8 29.2 42.9 57.4 0.96 0.069 0.00111 57.4 0.96 1744.5 26.3 47.3 89.2 111.0 124.8 4.83 0.033 0.00101 124.8 1.87 1743.5 13.8 21.4 33.6 67.6 55.0 1.18 0.098 0.00119 55.0 1.18 1742.5 17.3 37.2 68.2 112.8 77.7 2.10 0.035 0.00092 77.7 2.10 1741.5 20.7 20.7 67.7 100.2 82.5 2.56 0.041 0.00088 82.5 2.56