# Illimani Ice Core 1,600 Year Ammonium Data and Amazon Temperature Reconstruction #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18057 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2015nh4ann.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Ice Cores #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2015-02-24 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Illimani Ice Core 1,600 Year Ammonium Data and Amazon Temperature Reconstruction #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Kellerhals, T.; Brutsch, S.; Sigl, M.; Knusel, S.; Gaggeler, H.W.; Schwikowski, M. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Ammonium (NH4+) data and reconstructed Tropical South American temperature from the 1999 Illimani ice core, # Bolivian Andes, for the past 1,600 years. Calibration/verification was performed for the period 1905-1998 based on annual # temperatures from the Amazon Basin subset of the gridded HadCRUT3 temperature data set. Dating uncertainties are <5 years # (AD 1800-1998) and <20 years (AD 350-1800). Temperature anomalies are given as annual values for the period AD 1800-1998 # and 10-year averages for the period AD 350-1998. # # In 1999, two parallel ice cores were retrieved from Nevado Illimani (16°37'S, 67°46′'W, 6300 m a.s.l.) # in a joint operation of the French Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and the Swiss # Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Both ice cores reached bedrock at depths of 138.7 and 136.7 m, respectively. # Nevado Illimani is located in the eastern Bolivian Andes at the northeastern margin of the Bolivian Altiplano. # Analyses of the major ions, trace elements, tritium, and 14C were performed at the Laboratory of Radiochemistry # and Environmental Chemistry (LCH) of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the University of Bern, Switzerland. # The mean annual accumulation rate is 0.58 m water equivalent. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: T. Kellerhals, S. Brütsch, M. Sigl, S. Knüsel, H. W. Gäggeler, M. Schwikowski # Published_Date_or_Year: 2010-08-27 # Published_Title: Ammonium concentration in ice cores: A new proxy for regional temperature reconstruction? # Journal_Name: Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres # Volume: 115 # Edition: D16123 # Issue: D16 # Pages: # DOI: 10.1029/2009JD012603 # Online_Resource: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/enhanced/doi/10.1029/2009JD012603/ # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We present a reconstruction of tropical South American temperature anomalies over the last ~1600 years. The reconstruction is based on a highly resolved and carefully dated ammonium record from an ice core that was drilled in 1999 on Nevado Illimani in the eastern Bolivian Andes. Concerning the relevant processes governing the observed correlation between ammonium concentrations and temperature anomalies, we discuss anthropogenic emissions, biomass burning, and precipitation changes but clearly favor a temperature-dependent source strength of the vegetation in the Amazon Basin. That given, the reconstruction reveals that Medieval Warm Period - and Little Ice Age - type episodes are distinguishable in tropical South America, a region for which until now only very limited temperature proxy data have been available. For the time period from about 1050 to 1300 AD, our reconstruction shows relatively warm conditions that are followed by cooler conditions from the 15th to the 18th century, when temperatures dropped by up to 0.6C below the 1961-1990 average. The last decades of the past millennium are characterized again by warm temperatures that seem to be unprecedented in the context of the last ~1600 years. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France) # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Illimani # Location: South America>Bolivia # Country: Bolivia # Northernmost_Latitude: -16.6167 # Southernmost_Latitude: -16.6167 # Easternmost_Longitude: -67.7667 # Westernmost_Longitude: -67.7667 # Elevation: 6300 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Illimani2015NH4ann # Earliest_Year: 1800 # Most_Recent_Year: 1998 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: 138.7m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # The timescale for the Illimani core was derived using annual layer-counting, known reference horizons # from nuclear bomb testing in 1964 AD, volcanic eruptions (Pinatubo (1991), El Chichón (1982), Agung (1963), # Krakatoa (1883), Tambora (1815), “unknown” (1258)) and six 14C dating points. A two‐parameter model # was fitted to the time markers to obtain a continuous depth‐age relationship. # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##age_AD age, , , AD, , , , ,N ##nh4_ueq/l NH4+, , , microequivalent per liter, , , , 10-year average,N ##tempanom-ann surface temperature anomaly, , , degrees C, annual, ice core, Amazon Basin vs. 1961-90 mean, ,N ##tempanom-ann2s- surface temperature anomaly lower 2 sigma, , , degrees C, annual, ice core, Amazon Basin, ,N ##tempanom-ann2s+ surface temperature anomaly upper 2 sigma, , , degrees C, annual, ice core, Amazon Basin, ,N # # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # age_AD nh4_ueq/l tempanom-ann tempanom-ann2s- tempanom-ann2s+ 1800 3.56 -0.141 -0.421 0.139 1801 2.09 -0.450 -0.730 -0.170 1802 2.12 -0.444 -0.724 -0.164 1803 2.82 -0.298 -0.578 -0.018 1804 2.82 -0.297 -0.577 -0.017 1805 2.78 -0.305 -0.585 -0.025 1806 3.00 -0.260 -0.540 0.020 1807 3.31 -0.195 -0.475 0.085 1808 2.94 -0.271 -0.551 0.009 1809 3.82 -0.088 -0.368 0.192 1810 3.29 -0.199 -0.479 0.081 1811 1.73 -0.525 -0.805 -0.245 1812 2.76 -0.309 -0.589 -0.029 1813 3.04 -0.251 -0.531 0.029 1814 2.35 -0.396 -0.676 -0.116 1815 2.90 -0.281 -0.561 -0.001 1816 2.50 -0.363 -0.643 -0.083 1817 2.87 -0.286 -0.566 -0.006 1818 2.70 -0.322 -0.602 -0.042 1819 2.60 -0.344 -0.624 -0.064 1820 2.58 -0.347 -0.627 -0.067 1821 3.68 -0.117 -0.397 0.163 1822 4.23 -0.001 -0.281 0.279 1823 2.75 -0.312 -0.592 -0.032 1824 2.42 -0.381 -0.661 -0.101 1825 3.36 -0.184 -0.464 0.096 1826 4.31 0.014 -0.266 0.294 1827 2.61 -0.342 -0.622 -0.062 1828 1.55 -0.562 -0.842 -0.282 1829 1.86 -0.498 -0.778 -0.218 1830 2.72 -0.318 -0.598 -0.038 1831 1.68 -0.534 -0.814 -0.254 1832 3.29 -0.199 -0.479 0.081 1833 2.17 -0.432 -0.712 -0.152 1834 3.54 -0.147 -0.427 0.133 1835 3.98 -0.054 -0.334 0.226 1836 3.01 -0.258 -0.538 0.022 1837 2.97 -0.266 -0.546 0.014 1838 3.44 -0.167 -0.447 0.113 1839 3.78 -0.096 -0.376 0.184 1840 3.41 -0.174 -0.454 0.106 1841 2.19 -0.428 -0.708 -0.148 1842 1.72 -0.528 -0.808 -0.248 1843 1.58 -0.556 -0.836 -0.276 1844 1.05 -0.667 -0.947 -0.387 1845 3.00 -0.260 -0.540 0.020 1846 2.49 -0.366 -0.646 -0.086 1847 2.48 -0.368 -0.648 -0.088 1848 3.27 -0.202 -0.482 0.078 1849 3.94 -0.063 -0.343 0.217 1850 2.53 -0.358 -0.638 -0.078 1851 2.83 -0.295 -0.575 -0.015 1852 4.08 -0.034 -0.314 0.246 1853 3.22 -0.213 -0.493 0.067 1854 3.62 -0.130 -0.410 0.150 1855 4.21 -0.007 -0.287 0.273 1856 4.01 -0.048 -0.328 0.232 1857 2.67 -0.329 -0.609 -0.049 1858 2.44 -0.376 -0.656 -0.096 1859 1.92 -0.484 -0.764 -0.204 1860 2.35 -0.394 -0.674 -0.114 1861 2.95 -0.271 -0.551 0.009 1862 2.78 -0.306 -0.586 -0.026 1863 3.01 -0.257 -0.537 0.023 1864 2.33 -0.398 -0.678 -0.118 1865 3.04 -0.251 -0.531 0.029 1866 2.84 -0.293 -0.573 -0.013 1867 2.60 -0.342 -0.622 -0.062 1868 3.18 -0.222 -0.502 0.058 1869 3.13 -0.233 -0.513 0.047 1870 2.14 -0.438 -0.718 -0.158 1871 2.05 -0.458 -0.738 -0.178 1872 2.42 -0.381 -0.661 -0.101 1873 1.90 -0.490 -0.770 -0.210 1874 1.07 -0.662 -0.942 -0.382 1875 2.20 -0.426 -0.706 -0.146 1876 1.97 -0.475 -0.755 -0.195 1877 3.70 -0.113 -0.393 0.167 1878 4.15 -0.020 -0.300 0.260 1879 2.30 -0.406 -0.686 -0.126 1880 3.27 -0.203 -0.483 0.077 1881 3.90 -0.071 -0.351 0.209 1882 3.02 -0.255 -0.535 0.025 1883 3.37 -0.182 -0.462 0.098 1884 3.71 -0.110 -0.390 0.170 1885 3.19 -0.220 -0.500 0.060 1886 3.10 -0.238 -0.518 0.042 1887 3.79 -0.094 -0.374 0.186 1888 4.48 0.050 -0.230 0.330 1889 3.56 -0.143 -0.423 0.137 1890 1.17 -0.641 -0.921 -0.361 1891 1.98 -0.472 -0.752 -0.192 1892 2.79 -0.302 -0.582 -0.022 1893 2.96 -0.267 -0.547 0.013 1894 3.23 -0.211 -0.491 0.069 1895 4.13 -0.024 -0.304 0.256 1896 3.58 -0.137 -0.417 0.143 1897 3.82 -0.088 -0.368 0.192 1898 2.28 -0.410 -0.690 -0.130 1899 3.65 -0.124 -0.404 0.156 1900 3.78 -0.096 -0.376 0.184 1901 3.92 -0.068 -0.348 0.212 1902 4.05 -0.039 -0.319 0.241 1903 4.03 -0.043 -0.323 0.237 1904 4.01 -0.047 -0.327 0.233 1905 4.00 -0.051 -0.331 0.229 1906 3.44 -0.167 -0.447 0.113 1907 2.89 -0.283 -0.563 -0.003 1908 2.84 -0.292 -0.572 -0.012 1909 3.20 -0.217 -0.497 0.063 1910 2.43 -0.378 -0.658 -0.098 1911 2.38 -0.388 -0.668 -0.108 1912 3.35 -0.185 -0.465 0.095 1913 3.67 -0.119 -0.399 0.161 1914 4.48 0.050 -0.230 0.330 1915 5.41 0.244 -0.036 0.524 1916 3.90 -0.071 -0.351 0.209 1917 3.37 -0.183 -0.463 0.097 1918 3.60 -0.135 -0.415 0.145 1919 4.47 0.048 -0.232 0.328 1920 3.37 -0.182 -0.462 0.098 1921 3.06 -0.246 -0.526 0.034 1922 2.41 -0.382 -0.662 -0.102 1923 4.50 0.054 -0.226 0.334 1924 3.80 -0.091 -0.371 0.189 1925 4.66 0.088 -0.192 0.368 1926 5.27 0.214 -0.066 0.494 1927 3.46 -0.164 -0.444 0.116 1928 3.43 -0.169 -0.449 0.111 1929 3.22 -0.212 -0.492 0.068 1930 2.88 -0.284 -0.564 -0.004 1931 3.97 -0.058 -0.338 0.222 1932 3.30 -0.197 -0.477 0.083 1933 2.59 -0.346 -0.626 -0.066 1934 2.49 -0.366 -0.646 -0.086 1935 3.56 -0.142 -0.422 0.138 1936 3.93 -0.066 -0.346 0.214 1937 4.74 0.105 -0.175 0.385 1938 4.43 0.040 -0.240 0.320 1939 4.33 0.018 -0.262 0.298 1940 5.10 0.179 -0.101 0.459 1941 7.39 0.657 0.377 0.937 1942 4.86 0.129 -0.151 0.409 1943 4.07 -0.036 -0.316 0.244 1944 4.99 0.157 -0.123 0.437 1945 4.83 0.122 -0.158 0.402 1946 3.02 -0.256 -0.536 0.024 1947 3.03 -0.252 -0.532 0.028 1948 2.90 -0.279 -0.559 0.001 1949 2.83 -0.294 -0.574 -0.014 1950 2.19 -0.429 -0.709 -0.149 1951 3.64 -0.126 -0.406 0.154 1952 3.59 -0.137 -0.417 0.143 1953 4.05 -0.040 -0.320 0.240 1954 3.70 -0.113 -0.393 0.167 1955 2.72 -0.317 -0.597 -0.037 1956 3.17 -0.225 -0.505 0.055 1957 3.46 -0.163 -0.443 0.117 1958 4.77 0.110 -0.170 0.390 1959 3.08 -0.244 -0.524 0.036 1960 3.10 -0.239 -0.519 0.041 1961 3.34 -0.189 -0.469 0.091 1962 3.48 -0.159 -0.439 0.121 1963 3.91 -0.069 -0.349 0.211 1964 2.77 -0.307 -0.587 -0.027 1965 4.24 0.000 -0.280 0.280 1966 4.02 -0.046 -0.326 0.234 1967 4.44 0.041 -0.239 0.321 1968 3.64 -0.125 -0.405 0.155 1969 5.20 0.200 -0.080 0.480 1970 4.11 -0.027 -0.307 0.253 1971 2.72 -0.318 -0.598 -0.038 1972 3.93 -0.065 -0.345 0.215 1973 4.24 0.000 -0.280 0.280 1974 2.61 -0.340 -0.620 -0.060 1975 2.42 -0.381 -0.661 -0.101 1976 2.68 -0.326 -0.606 -0.046 1977 4.39 0.032 -0.248 0.312 1978 3.93 -0.066 -0.346 0.214 1979 5.25 0.210 -0.070 0.490 1980 5.37 0.237 -0.043 0.517 1981 4.42 0.038 -0.242 0.318 1982 3.58 -0.139 -0.419 0.141 1983 5.37 0.237 -0.043 0.517 1984 2.89 -0.282 -0.562 -0.002 1985 3.66 -0.122 -0.402 0.158 1986 4.03 -0.044 -0.324 0.236 1987 6.05 0.379 0.099 0.659 1988 3.80 -0.092 -0.372 0.188 1989 4.36 0.026 -0.254 0.306 1990 4.90 0.138 -0.142 0.418 1991 5.01 0.160 -0.120 0.440 1992 4.52 0.058 -0.222 0.338 1993 4.83 0.124 -0.156 0.404 1994 5.36 0.234 -0.046 0.514 1995 5.46 0.255 -0.025 0.535 1996 3.59 -0.136 -0.416 0.144 1997 5.60 0.283 0.003 0.563 1998 7.15 0.608 0.328 0.888