# Illimani Ice Core 2000 Year Pb Concentration and Pb Isotope Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # # Online_Resource: http://ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/18056 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/illimani/illimani2015pb.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Ice Cores #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2015-02-24 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Illimani Ice Core 2000 Year Pb Concentration and Pb Isotope Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Eichler, A.; Gramlich, G.; Kellerhals, T.; Tobler, L.; Schwikowski, M. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: Lead (Pb) concentration and Pb isotopes from the 1999 Illimani ice core, Bolivian Andes, # for the past 2,000 years. Data include 10 year medians and lowpass filtered Pb and Ce concentrations, # Pb enrichment factors (EFs), and 10 year and 50 year averaged Pb isotope ratios. # # In 1999, two parallel ice cores were retrieved from Nevado Illimani (16°37′S, 67°46′W, 6300 m a.s.l.) # in a joint operation of the French Institut de Recherche pour le Developpement (IRD) and the Swiss # Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI). Both ice cores reached bedrock at depths of 138.7 and 136.7 m, respectively. # Nevado Illimani is located in the eastern Bolivian Andes at the northeastern margin of the Bolivian Altiplano. # Analyses of the major ions, trace elements, tritium, and 14C were performed at the Laboratory of Radiochemistry # and Environmental Chemistry (LCH) of the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI) and the University of Bern, Switzerland. # The mean annual accumulation rate is 0.58 m water equivalent. # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Eichler, A., G. Gramlich, T. Kellerhals, L. Tobler, and M. Schwikowski # Published_Date_or_Year: 2015-03-06 # Published_Title: Pb pollution from leaded gasoline in South America in the context of a 2000 year metallurgical history # Journal_Name: Science Advances # Volume: 1 # Edition: e1400196 # Issue: 1 # Pages: # DOI: # Online_Resource: http://advances.sciencemag.org/content/1/1/e1400196 # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Exploitation of the extensive polymetallic deposits of the Andean Altiplano in South America since pre-colonial times has caused substantial emissions of neurotoxic Pb into the atmosphere, however, its historical significance compared to recent Pb pollution from leaded gasoline is not yet resolved. Here we present a comprehensive, two millennia Pb emission history for South America, based on a continuous, high resolution, ice core record from Illimani glacier. Illimani is the highest mountain of the eastern Bolivian Andes and is located at the northeastern margin of the Andean Altiplano. The ice core Pb deposition history revealed enhanced Pb Enrichment Factors (EFs) due to metallurgical processing for silver production during periods of the Tiwanaku/Wari culture (AD 450-950), the Inca empires (AD 1450-1532), colonial times (AD 1532-1900), and tin production at the beginning of the 20th century. After the 1960s Pb EFs increased by a factor of three compared to the emission level from metal production, which we attribute to gasoline related Pb emissions. Our results show that anthropogenic Pb pollution levels from road traffic in South America exceed those of any historical metallurgy in the last two millennia, even in regions with exceptional high local metallurgical activity. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Institut de Recherche pour le Développement (IRD, France) # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI, Switzerland) # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Illimani # Location: South America>Bolivia # Country: Bolivia # Northernmost_Latitude: -16.6167 # Southernmost_Latitude: -16.6167 # Easternmost_Longitude: -67.7667 # Westernmost_Longitude: -67.7667 # Elevation: 6300 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Illimani2015Pb # Earliest_Year: 0 # Most_Recent_Year: 2000 # Time_Unit: AD # Core_Length: 138.7m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # The timescale for the Illimani core was derived using annual layer-counting, known reference horizons # from nuclear bomb testing in 1964 AD, volcanic eruptions (Pinatubo (1991), El Chichón (1982), Agung (1963), # Krakatoa (1883), Tambora (1815), “unknown” (1258)) and six 14C dating points. A two‐parameter model # was fitted to the time markers to obtain a continuous depth‐age relationship. # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ##age_AD age, , , AD, , , , midpoint of 10 year interval,N ##Pb pg/g Lead, , , pg/g, , ice core, 10 year median, ,N ##Pb pg/glp Lead, , , pg/g, , ice core, 100 year low pass filtered, ,N ##PbEF Lead Enrichment Factor, , , pg/g, , ice core, 10 year median, ,N ##PbEFlp Lead Enrichment Factor, , , pg/g, , ice core, 100 year low pass filtered, ,N ##Ce pg/g Cerium, , , pg/g, , ice core, 10 year median, ,N ##Ce pg/glp Cerium, , , pg/g, , ice core, 100 year low pass filtered, ,N # #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing Values: # 10 yr medians and 100 year low pass filtered Pb concentrations and EFs, and Ce concentrations Illimani ice core # age_AD Pb pg/g Pb pg/glp PbEF PbEFlp Ce pg/g Ce pg/glp 2000 162.1 93.2 7.27 10.3 34.8 24.7 1990 147.6 95.0 11.6 12.2 20.5 18.6 1980 71.7 95.2 22.2 13.2 5.09 14.9 1970 109.3 94.8 20.7 13.2 9.54 14.2 1960 59.2 94.8 6.22 12.1 16.4 16.6 1950 42.8 95.4 6.88 10.3 9.88 21.1 1940 105.9 96.1 3.68 7.99 41.1 26.5 1930 74.9 96.1 6.16 5.77 19.4 31.6 1920 174.9 94.0 5.60 3.95 48.6 35.3 1910 89.3 89.1 4.39 2.76 38.1 37.4 1900 85.5 81.2 3.23 2.20 42.4 37.9 1890 50.0 71.0 2.87 2.15 28.6 37.4 1880 65.4 60.2 2.00 2.37 52.7 36.6 1870 23.9 50.5 2.63 2.63 15.5 35.9 1860 41.8 43.7 1.79 2.74 35.6 35.5 1850 40.4 40.5 2.17 2.65 31.0 35.4 1840 46.3 40.8 1.76 2.41 40.2 35.2 1830 28.8 43.7 1.63 2.12 30.0 34.4 1820 90.4 47.6 2.31 1.92 50.2 33.0 1810 55.7 50.8 2.68 1.90 32.6 31.1 1800 47.9 52.0 3.31 2.10 23.7 28.9 1790 34.4 51.0 2.41 2.46 25.0 26.9 1780 36.3 48.1 2.80 2.90 19.7 25.4 1770 40.4 44.3 2.49 3.29 27.3 24.3 1760 45.3 41.0 3.36 3.57 24.0 23.4 1750 38.3 38.8 3.73 3.70 13.1 22.3 1740 52.3 38.3 3.65 3.69 27.3 20.6 1730 32.2 39.1 3.50 3.61 13.5 18.5 1720 47.8 40.3 2.90 3.49 23.4 16.2 1710 41.6 41.0 3.44 3.36 18.7 14.8 1700 41.8 40.4 4.43 3.20 16.1 15.1 1690 32.5 38.4 3.84 3.00 17.0 18.2 1680 33.5 35.3 2.08 2.71 33.0 24.3 1670 32.2 32.1 1.91 2.33 28.9 33.1 1660 20.1 29.8 1.46 1.88 23.8 43.2 1650 30.7 29.0 1.19 1.44 45.9 52.8 1640 22.8 30.0 1.32 1.10 35.5 60.0 1630 60.6 32.1 0.85 0.95 126.1 63.2 1620 32.2 34.6 0.80 1.03 65.9 61.4 1610 32.3 36.2 2.06 1.34 44.1 54.9 1600 29.2 36.0 1.95 1.79 37.0 44.9 1590 28.0 33.7 1.84 2.26 24.3 33.5 1580 33.1 29.7 3.18 2.63 12.3 22.6 1570 29.3 24.7 3.09 2.79 19.7 14.3 1560 15.0 20.0 2.23 2.70 9.04 9.6 1550 15.3 16.5 1.75 2.41 17.7 8.8 1540 14.6 14.8 1.48 2.00 14.3 11.3 1530 12.9 15.1 1.93 1.57 11.6 15.9 1520 27.9 16.8 1.78 1.25 25.3 21.1 1510 19.5 18.9 1.16 1.08 26.9 25.7 1500 22.8 20.7 1.12 1.07 37.1 28.9 1490 16.2 21.4 1.63 1.17 16.9 30.6 1480 13.2 20.8 1.09 1.31 22.6 30.8 1470 26.2 19.2 1.13 1.40 45.8 30.2 1460 9.8 17.1 1.34 1.39 12.7 29.4 1450 10.7 15.4 1.06 1.28 16.8 28.9 1440 16.8 14.4 0.84 1.11 41.7 29.0 1430 27.9 14.6 0.70 0.94 63.7 29.8 1420 19.1 15.9 1.33 0.82 25.9 31.1 1410 13.9 17.9 1.21 0.80 16.7 32.7 1400 16.0 20.2 1.03 0.88 28.6 34.5 1390 19.4 22.5 1.14 1.03 27.6 36.2 1380 25.8 24.7 1.05 1.20 42.1 38.1 1370 36.9 26.6 0.94 1.33 59.8 39.9 1360 16.7 28.6 1.12 1.39 26.8 42.0 1350 18.5 30.8 1.36 1.36 28.9 44.3 1340 35.9 33.2 1.38 1.28 50.6 47.0 1330 51.7 35.7 1.15 1.18 74.5 50.0 1320 45.5 38.2 1.21 1.09 69.2 53.3 1310 40.1 40.3 1.26 1.04 46.0 57.0 1300 41.5 41.7 1.23 1.04 46.1 61.1 1290 28.0 42.3 1.15 1.06 49.3 65.4 1280 34.0 42.2 0.96 1.09 65.6 69.7 1270 51.8 41.7 0.78 1.09 101.1 73.8 1260 43.7 41.3 0.82 1.06 78.9 77.5 1250 29.3 41.1 1.08 1.00 50.9 80.2 1240 54.3 41.4 0.96 0.93 103.4 81.9 1230 39.1 42.0 0.70 0.89 111.4 82.1 1220 46.9 42.6 1.44 0.89 41.5 80.9 1210 38.3 42.8 1.07 0.93 54.7 78.3 1200 71.9 42.4 0.72 1.01 164.8 74.8 1190 22.8 41.1 1.37 1.09 27.0 70.8 1180 13.3 39.1 0.99 1.15 29.8 66.9 1170 33.9 36.7 0.91 1.16 59.5 63.7 1160 31.9 34.4 1.11 1.11 59.6 61.8 1150 58.5 32.7 0.89 1.02 106.7 61.4 1140 37.1 32.1 0.94 0.91 62.3 62.5 1130 30.0 32.5 1.00 0.81 52.4 64.9 1120 46.5 33.8 0.83 0.76 101.8 67.9 1110 23.6 35.6 0.80 0.77 48.8 70.8 1100 24.8 37.2 0.92 0.84 52.9 72.6 1090 28.3 38.3 0.97 0.93 46.0 72.6 1080 40.5 38.3 1.01 1.03 71.4 70.6 1070 31.3 37.2 0.85 1.11 72.8 66.8 1060 68.8 35.1 1.10 1.15 115.6 61.6 1050 25.0 32.6 0.99 1.14 58.9 56.2 1040 30.4 29.9 1.14 1.10 42.6 51.5 1030 23.2 27.6 1.47 1.03 24.6 48.5 1020 20.6 26.0 0.92 0.96 30.5 47.6 1010 23.2 25.1 0.88 0.91 61.6 48.5 1000 22.0 24.7 0.81 0.89 45.0 50.5 990 26.4 24.7 0.96 0.90 54.3 52.2 980 33.5 24.8 0.91 0.94 68.9 52.7 970 22.2 24.7 0.84 1.00 54.4 50.9 960 17.7 24.3 1.15 1.07 35.8 46.9 950 26.5 23.6 0.99 1.15 40.7 41.0 940 22.3 22.9 1.23 1.22 30.6 34.6 930 32.3 22.2 1.27 1.28 41.5 28.9 920 23.4 21.8 1.79 1.31 22.5 25.3 910 13.1 21.6 1.22 1.30 18.4 24.3 900 16.5 21.5 1.12 1.27 22.9 25.8 890 22.9 21.4 1.04 1.21 33.2 28.7 880 12.6 21.1 1.18 1.15 14.6 31.6 870 29.6 20.2 1.09 1.11 43.3 33.0 860 24.9 18.9 1.09 1.10 49.0 32.0 850 18.0 17.2 0.90 1.15 29.8 28.5 840 11.3 15.4 1.62 1.24 10.5 23.1 830 16.8 13.9 1.89 1.37 15.1 17.3 820 12.8 13.0 1.06 1.50 15.9 12.7 810 10.3 12.7 1.37 1.59 14.5 10.8 800 2.36 13.2 1.01 1.62 3.14 12.2 790 21.7 14.1 2.61 1.57 16.9 16.6 780 17.7 15.3 1.05 1.44 30.4 23.0 770 13.4 16.5 1.60 1.25 11.0 29.8 760 20.1 17.4 0.80 1.05 45.6 35.3 750 24.7 18.1 0.70 0.88 61.6 38.3 740 19.2 18.7 0.76 0.79 34.3 38.5 730 10.6 19.5 0.87 0.79 19.5 36.1 720 19.3 20.4 1.04 0.89 34.4 32.0 710 16.0 21.5 1.28 1.08 23.0 27.2 700 41.7 22.5 1.10 1.32 26.9 22.6 690 15.6 22.9 1.49 1.57 13.2 18.9 680 12.2 22.4 1.25 1.80 17.3 16.1 670 24.3 20.9 2.96 1.98 14.1 14.2 660 20.6 18.5 1.57 2.07 24.4 13.1 650 15.9 16.0 2.27 2.09 9.9 12.8 640 18.8 14.3 2.29 2.04 14.5 13.8 630 14.4 14.6 1.63 1.94 16.2 16.7 620 24.1 17.5 1.70 1.81 28.3 21.9 610 22.5 23.5 1.61 1.68 23.0 29.5 600 17.2 31.8 1.58 1.56 22.4 38.8 590 34.1 41.3 1.55 1.47 42.3 48.4 580 51.1 50.0 1.52 1.42 62.2 56.5 570 68.0 56.0 1.49 1.41 82.0 61.2 560 63.4 58.0 1.87 1.43 62.6 61.2 550 62.9 55.4 0.98 1.47 61.7 56.3 540 47.2 48.5 1.23 1.50 45.0 47.3 530 31.5 38.8 1.47 1.51 28.4 36.2 520 15.8 28.3 1.71 1.50 11.7 25.5 510 18.5 19.3 1.41 1.45 14.5 17.4 500 13.5 13.3 1.67 1.37 10.3 13.7 490 15.5 11.0 1.23 1.28 22.2 14.8 480 17.2 12.2 0.99 1.19 26.4 20.0 470 24.0 15.6 1.17 1.10 48.1 27.3 460 21.2 19.6 1.09 1.03 32.3 34.8 450 18.5 22.6 1.00 0.97 33.3 40.3 440 20.0 23.6 0.86 0.92 35.4 42.8 430 13.8 22.3 0.71 0.88 32.9 41.9 420 12.0 19.2 0.83 0.83 24.5 38.4 410 20.7 15.5 0.99 0.80 36.6 33.6 400 21.7 12.2 0.83 0.78 51.2 28.9 390 13.7 10.4 0.61 0.79 28.1 25.3 380 11.8 10.1 0.84 0.82 27.2 23.5 370 10.5 11.2 0.76 0.86 25.8 23.0 360 6.78 12.7 1.39 0.91 9.2 23.3 350 16.9 13.8 0.93 0.94 22.8 23.7 340 7.56 13.8 0.63 0.94 20.4 23.6 330 8.26 12.7 0.72 0.88 17.9 23.0 320 13.9 10.9 0.80 0.80 22.4 22.0 310 14.1 9.3 0.59 0.71 33.6 21.3 300 5.54 8.5 0.75 0.64 15.6 21.4 290 13.3 9.4 0.94 0.62 26.2 22.6 280 24.9 11.8 0.91 0.68 40.4 24.7 270 9.10 15.2 0.57 0.81 23.2 27.2 260 9.01 18.7 0.86 0.97 17.7 29.2 250 6.37 21.2 0.90 1.13 12.0 30.2 240 33.0 21.9 1.31 1.23 35.8 29.6 230 31.8 20.4 1.60 1.23 38.8 27.6 220 9.66 17.3 0.81 1.14 20.2 24.6 210 14.9 13.2 0.85 0.98 32.4 21.3 200 9.62 9.3 0.75 0.79 20.9 18.6 190 8.90 6.5 0.87 0.63 12.9 17.0 180 5.88 5.4 0.75 0.54 12.0 16.7 170 5.12 6.0 0.53 0.56 17.2 17.6 160 1.82 7.9 0.63 0.66 11.1 19.2 150 8.64 10.2 0.74 0.80 20.5 21.1 140 15.4 12.2 0.86 0.93 29.8 22.9 130 15.6 13.4 0.79 0.99 33.7 24.4 120 13.2 13.6 0.96 0.97 21.6 25.5 110 12.6 13.0 0.90 0.87 21.7 26.4 100 13.9 12.1 0.79 0.75 29.1 27.0 90 11.1 11.5 0.68 0.64 28.9 27.6 80 15.1 11.3 0.82 0.61 30.0 28.0 70 5.43 11.7 0.78 0.68 12.0 28.0 60 14.1 12.5 1.06 0.82 41.3 27.7 50 11.0 13.3 0.75 1.00 22.0 27.0 40 13.2 13.8 0.77 1.15 28.5 26.0 30 11.7 13.6 0.92 1.21 28.1 25.1 20 16.2 12.9 1.00 1.14 28.2 24.6 10 14.8 11.8 1.29 0.94 19.6 24.6 0 15.4 10.4 1.52 0.66 19.4 25.3