# Kilimanjaro - Oxygen Isotope, Ion, and Dust Data and Description #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/2466 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-icecore-2466.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Ice Cores # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/j7s9-7658 # # Science_Keywords: PAGES 2k Network, PAGES Africa 2k #-------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/icecore/trop/kilimanjaro/thompson2002-KNIF2-50yr-noaa.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; 50-year-averaged Oxygen Isotope and Chemistry Data for Core KNIF2 # #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2002-10-01 #-------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-05-30 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Kilimanjaro - Oxygen Isotope, Ion, and Dust Data and Description #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Thompson, L.G.; Mosley-Thompson, E.; Davis, M.E.; Henderson, K.A.; Brecher, H.H.; Zagorodnov, V.S.; Mashiotta, T.A.; Lin, P-N.; Mikhalenko, V.N.; Hardy, D.R.; Beer, J. #-------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Kilimanjaro Ice Core Oxygen Isotope, Ion, and Dust Data #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, K.A. Henderson, H.H. Brecher, V.S. Zagorodnov, T.A. Mashiotta, P.-N. Lin, V.N. Mikhalenko, D.R. Hardy, and J. Beer # Published_Date_or_Year: 2002-10-18 # Published_Title: Kilimanjaro Ice Core Records: Evidence of Holocene Climate Change in Tropical Africa # Journal_Name: Science # Volume: 298 # Edition: # Issue: 5593 # Pages: 589-593 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1126/science.1073198 # Publication_Place: # Publisher: # ISBN: # Online_Resource: # Other_Reference_Details: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Six ice cores from Kilimanjaro provide an ~11.7-thousand-year record of Holocene climate and environmental variability for eastern equatorial Africa, including three periods of abrupt climate change: ~8.3, ~5.2, and ~4 thousand years ago (ka). The latter is coincident with the "First Dark Age," the period of the greatest historically recorded drought in tropical Africa. Variable deposition of F- and Na+ during the African Humid Period suggests rapidly fluctuating lake levels between ~11.7 and 4 ka. Over the 20th century, the areal extent of Kilimanjaro's ice fields has decreased ~80%, and if current climatological conditions persist, the remaining ice fields are likely to disappear between 2015 and 2020. #-------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: ATM-9910172 #-------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Kilimanjaro # Location: Tanzania # Northernmost_Latitude: -3.08 # Southernmost_Latitude: -3.08 # Easternmost_Longitude: 37.35 # Westernmost_Longitude: 37.35 # Elevation_m: 5893 #-------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KNIF2 50-yr # Earliest_Year: 4000 # Most_Recent_Year: 0 # Time_Unit: cal yr BP # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes, chemistry # Notes: The 50-year averages of the Holocene d18O history is from Fig. 4. Other data from Fig. 2-supplemental: The 50-year averages of Mg2+, Ca2+, K+, NH4+, Na+, SO42-, NO3-, F-, Cl and dust (diameters from 0.63 to 16.0 µm per ml sample) are shown for the entire NIF2 record. KNIF = Kilimanjaro Northern Ice Field. #-------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: # #-------------------- # Variables # # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/PaST-thesaurus/SKOS/past-thesaurus-v1.0.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Variables format: Short_name what,material,error,units,seasonality,data_type,detail,method,data_format,additional_information # ## age_top_ka ice age at sample end,,,calendar kiloyear before present,,ice cores,,,N,top age ## d18O delta 18O,bulk ice,,per mil VSMOW,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## Cl- chloride,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## F- fluoride,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## Na+ sodium,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## NO3- nitrate,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## NH4+ ammonium,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## Ca++ calcium,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## K+ potassium,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## Mg++ magnesium,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## SO4-- sulfate,bulk ice,,parts per billion,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; 50-year average ## dust dust,bulk ice,,count per milliliter,,ice cores,averaged,,N,core KNIF2; x10^5 units; > 0.63 micrometers; 50-year average # #-------------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: age_top_ka d18O Cl- F- Na+ NO3- NH4+ Ca++ K+ Mg++ SO4-- dust 0.00 -9.33 111.9 5.7 187.6 337.7 65.4 44.4 51.0 4.8 111.9 0.334 0.05 -9.86 108.0 6.7 192.0 335.2 66.0 51.8 48.5 8.1 139.9 1.153 0.10 -9.70 137.0 6.3 129.1 408.1 90.7 45.1 39.4 5.3 85.1 0.168 0.15 -11.99 66.0 6.4 161.5 208.8 47.8 54.5 37.8 5.8 64.4 0.302 0.20 -11.83 44.7 3.2 78.7 161.5 42.8 32.5 22.2 2.9 40.6 0.248 0.25 -9.69 44.6 2.5 78.9 230.7 42.1 28.9 27.8 4.8 62.3 0.224 0.30 -8.65 63.9 3.1 68.1 253.4 57.4 23.7 22.4 4.2 55.2 0.243 0.35 -8.88 64.2 2.3 64.2 290.7 64.0 25.6 28.3 5.0 73.8 0.099 0.40 -8.43 110.5 4.4 160.0 268.6 67.3 27.9 24.1 3.0 59.1 0.256 0.45 -9.09 91.5 2.2 134.7 374.3 62.5 27.2 35.0 3.3 50.6 0.901 0.50 -10.60 70.6 2.4 107.6 263.6 66.4 31.0 23.8 3.6 64.4 2.392 0.55 -11.32 86.3 2.6 155.2 333.3 64.1 60.4 41.1 6.2 145.5 0.269 0.60 -12.26 38.6 0.4 107.1 108.3 20.6 18.0 18.7 1.3 33.3 0.095 0.65 -10.73 100.7 3.3 192.5 371.6 69.7 44.1 40.2 7.0 148.0 0.143 0.70 -9.46 83.9 5.1 191.2 292.7 58.5 40.0 34.6 8.1 94.4 0.240 0.75 -10.01 151.0 5.0 611.3 190.9 29.9 91.8 37.9 18.0 140.6 0.289 0.80 -10.29 160.6 6.8 535.1 605.5 86.5 182.6 26.7 26.6 453.1 0.246 0.85 -8.02 92.0 4.9 124.0 255.0 81.6 41.5 14.4 6.4 86.2 0.292 0.90 -9.66 44.8 5.0 57.1 191.1 48.2 25.7 18.4 3.3 53.4 0.179 0.95 -9.45 64.1 3.4 78.9 211.0 65.0 24.2 22.2 3.7 91.6 0.198 1.00 -10.41 90.4 2.3 91.7 325.2 83.0 27.3 32.5 4.6 97.8 0.223 1.05 -11.94 52.4 3.0 101.9 364.2 46.0 70.8 55.7 15.1 255.7 0.097 1.10 -10.57 80.9 6.4 152.0 619.3 71.7 109.1 96.5 28.1 305.5 0.106 1.15 -10.99 72.5 2.1 76.8 401.8 66.8 30.8 40.0 4.0 106.0 0.099 1.20 -9.83 126.3 5.5 171.5 751.8 113.1 153.1 91.8 12.3 439.9 0.113 1.25 -10.53 83.8 2.5 111.4 467.8 76.6 69.4 53.3 11.6 249.7 0.169 1.30 -8.45 89.0 4.8 141.8 492.4 79.5 81.4 50.3 19.2 383.7 0.109 1.35 -9.16 67.5 3.0 86.3 349.9 66.9 29.5 29.9 9.6 173.1 0.113 1.40 -11.25 36.9 1.1 28.7 215.5 46.4 21.6 20.9 4.9 88.6 0.073 1.45 -12.26 45.6 1.3 50.8 304.4 50.3 26.0 24.9 5.6 108.7 0.132 1.50 -10.97 62.6 3.3 101.4 556.7 75.0 82.9 61.4 10.4 319.0 0.132 1.55 -9.17 65.0 2.7 66.6 290.4 74.1 48.2 31.2 11.5 141.8 0.259 1.60 -10.31 59.5 0.7 48.1 227.7 55.4 24.1 21.3 3.7 48.5 0.115 1.65 -9.90 59.0 0.9 56.7 296.7 65.4 20.6 25.9 4.6 54.7 0.120 1.70 -9.87 36.5 1.1 38.5 193.0 47.6 13.7 19.7 4.3 35.8 0.140 1.75 -10.34 44.0 0.8 40.6 222.1 47.3 29.4 21.3 3.9 72.7 0.092 1.80 -12.34 34.8 0.7 35.6 190.5 43.6 17.9 14.8 4.5 54.5 0.090 1.85 -11.02 61.5 3.0 103.2 440.3 63.9 40.1 48.8 4.4 118.2 0.095 1.90 -11.25 71.1 27.7 167.5 342.9 58.9 85.1 49.5 7.1 98.3 0.236 1.95 -10.99 69.6 16.4 156.3 309.5 38.9 89.9 39.6 7.8 156.1 0.101 2.00 -8.47 114.3 5.3 116.7 428.4 102.6 53.6 41.0 4.9 119.5 0.194 2.05 -9.14 81.1 3.1 122.6 467.4 72.6 38.0 37.2 5.0 107.0 0.113 2.10 -10.19 39.7 1.0 47.1 212.4 34.4 19.7 16.8 2.1 39.3 0.079 2.15 -10.69 76.8 1.4 66.1 245.4 58.3 22.3 20.3 3.1 53.0 0.098 2.20 -11.08 31.7 0.9 26.5 132.2 29.6 14.5 12.1 1.8 29.3 0.072 2.25 -10.94 42.4 1.5 46.4 171.7 33.2 14.2 14.4 2.3 32.1 0.203 2.30 -10.24 64.1 1.8 70.4 257.3 57.8 24.9 20.4 2.8 53.9 0.210 2.35 -9.86 56.4 1.3 63.9 275.0 59.3 36.3 25.3 4.1 80.6 0.086 2.40 -10.81 59.8 1.5 67.2 283.3 56.2 44.4 26.9 4.8 98.9 0.132 2.45 -12.20 51.7 1.9 76.2 317.2 53.8 66.3 37.8 7.3 175.1 0.110 2.50 -9.77 68.7 2.6 106.6 407.3 69.3 96.2 50.1 9.7 257.3 0.124 2.55 -11.25 53.0 3.6 72.3 304.0 56.0 62.5 37.1 9.4 190.2 0.062 2.60 -13.87 87.7 7.3 195.9 704.9 79.3 198.0 120.3 32.0 717.7 0.080 2.65 -11.72 131.6 6.0 221.7 792.9 99.4 163.6 116.4 26.6 570.3 0.129 2.70 -9.78 125.2 18.8 309.6 987.1 83.3 98.8 198.9 46.8 517.6 0.289 2.75 -11.18 40.9 1.3 48.2 205.7 41.0 41.7 21.3 5.6 123.5 0.104 2.80 -12.12 9.0 1.4 15.8 104.0 15.8 19.2 12.5 6.1 92.8 0.065 2.85 -11.41 47.4 1.5 51.4 211.9 39.9 27.5 21.2 8.4 139.8 0.089 2.90 -11.20 36.6 3.1 44.7 241.6 33.5 20.4 23.4 9.6 142.2 0.093 2.95 -11.10 54.5 3.2 77.7 382.2 60.5 46.9 43.6 14.6 238.2 0.120 3.00 -10.08 102.3 1.6 95.1 445.4 100.3 71.0 37.3 10.7 211.1 0.130 3.05 -11.37 24.9 0.8 28.4 148.3 26.3 19.7 11.9 5.8 59.8 0.101 3.10 -10.27 25.1 2.3 56.1 229.8 29.1 21.8 26.5 3.7 117.1 0.115 3.15 -8.92 63.3 1.1 60.9 241.4 58.1 37.6 22.2 6.0 78.5 0.135 3.20 -9.68 56.2 1.6 54.8 222.8 52.0 48.6 24.6 8.1 114.0 0.135 3.25 -12.08 29.5 0.9 28.8 172.1 33.6 24.6 19.4 6.9 65.0 0.085 3.30 -11.18 29.3 1.0 37.4 158.0 30.8 17.1 16.0 6.6 48.6 0.111 3.35 -10.90 36.4 1.2 38.2 140.9 30.6 22.9 14.9 4.0 50.4 0.118 3.40 -10.12 64.8 1.4 56.1 231.1 59.9 29.4 21.6 5.0 65.5 0.124 3.45 -13.97 42.1 1.9 47.5 263.8 53.3 44.8 23.2 12.2 186.7 0.092 3.50 -13.55 108.7 4.1 181.3 637.5 70.1 211.7 84.7 17.3 543.6 0.078 3.55 -10.69 101.6 8.4 153.7 531.8 80.5 96.8 62.0 10.1 292.9 0.081 3.60 -10.33 80.6 9.7 120.2 367.2 63.1 72.2 53.5 11.4 225.6 0.119 3.65 -7.92 95.0 6.6 109.6 369.9 78.2 84.8 49.7 12.1 215.5 0.110 3.70 -8.36 47.2 4.9 61.6 136.4 49.1 20.6 12.9 2.5 71.0 0.093 3.75 -11.43 55.0 7.4 48.9 113.3 35.8 13.1 16.9 1.5 37.5 0.096 3.80 -10.73 95.8 3.7 52.4 162.9 69.1 7.8 13.5 1.3 20.7 0.068 3.85 -9.21 212.9 10.3 94.3 240.2 125.4 14.6 19.3 1.2 21.5 0.156 3.90 -8.95 260.3 17.4 133.9 325.7 144.2 7.2 23.7 1.1 24.6 0.165 3.95 -9.79 78.9 41.4 131.9 236.5 50.4 11.7 20.0 1.2 24.6 0.084