DIRTMAP Version 2. Last Glacial Maximum, Late Holocene, and Modern Eolian Fluxes from Ice Cores, Marine Sediments, Marine Sediment Traps, and Terrestrial Deposits --------------------------------------------------------------------- World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder and NOAA Paleoclimatology Program --------------------------------------------------------------------- NOTE: PLEASE CITE ORIGINAL REFERENCE WHEN USING THIS DATA!!!!! NAME OF DATA SET: DIRTMAP Version 2. Last Glacial Maximum, Late Holocene, and Modern Eolian Fluxes from Ice Cores, Marine Sediments, Marine Sediment Traps, and Terrestrial Deposits LAST UPDATE: 7/2002 (Original Receipt by WDC Paleo) CONTRIBUTOR: Karen E. Kohfeld IGBP PAGES/WDCA CONTRIBUTION SERIES NUMBER: 2002-045 SUGGESTED DATA CITATION: Kohfeld, K. E., 2002, DIRTMAP Version 2. LGM and Late Holocene Eolian Fluxes from Ice Cores, Marine Sediment Traps, Marine Sediments, and Loess Deposits, IGBP PAGES/World Data Center for Paleoclimatology Data Contribution Series #2002-045. NOAA/NGDC Paleoclimatology Program, Boulder CO, USA. Original References: Kohfeld, K.E., and S.P. Harrison, DIRTMAP: The geologic record of dust, Earth Science Reviews, 54 (1-3), 81-114, 2001. For Modern Annual Dust Deposition in Marine Sediment Traps: Tegen, I., S.P. Harrison, K. E. Kohfeld, I.C. Prentice, M. Coe and M. Heimann The impact of vegetation and preferential source areas on global dust aerosol: Results from a model study. Journal of Geophysical Research. (in press). GEOGRAPHIC REGION: Global Period of Record: Last Glacial Maximum, Late Holocene, Modern (Variable sampling intervals, 1980-1996) Funding/Support: The compilation of these data was supported by the Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany. The DIRTMAP initiative was named a highest priority item for the IGBP/GAIM P aleo Trace Gas and Mineral Aerosol Challenge (TRACES), and is endorsed by International Geological Correlation Programme (IGCP) #413. It has been recognized as an important formal activity of the INQUA Loess Commission, over the next two inter-Congress periods (1999-2007). DESCRIPTION: The records of dust accumulation rates included here represent the second version of the DIRTMAP data base, including dust information from ice cores, marine sediments, marine sediment traps, and loess sediments. Mass accumulation rates are estimated in g/m2/yr, and a LGM/Holocene ratio are provided where possible. All data were compiled from the literature. In addition to containing more sites than version 1.0 (including data from some terrestrial deposits), DIRTMAP version 2.0 also contains information on site age models (e.g. layer counting, radiocarbon, oxygen isotope stratigraphy), the time interval over which accumulation rates were averaged, the type of information used to calculate an aeolian accumulation rate (e.g. isolation of terrigenous components, Al concentration measurements, number or mass concentrations). This data set also contains (in a separate table) estimates of non-carbonate accumulation rates in marine sediments [Catubig et al., 1998], which can in some cases be used as a first order estimate of dust accumulation rates (e.g., in regions with low opal and organic carbon rates). In version 2.0, all marine sediment data have also been screened to indicate where contamination problems (e.g. regions with ice-rafted detritus, fluvial input, lateral sediment redistribution). Potentially contaminated sites are still included in the data set but are flagged. It is important to make sure that all flagged sites are removed from the data set before data are compared directly with simulated dust accumulation rates. Data are included as a series of text tables: Table 1. Ice Core Data Table 2. Marine Sediment Data - Terrigenous Fraction Measured Table 3. Marine Sediment Trap Data Table 4. Marine Sediments - Non-Carbonate Accumulation Rates ONLY Table 5. Terrestrial Sediment Data Table 6. All Data Combined, (excluding sites that have been flagged) Table 7. Flagged Data Data Codes The "Sample Type Code" (Tables 6 and 7) indicates the environment of deposition, where marine sediments are divided into data where dust is measured directly, and data where only non-carbonate accumulation rates were measured. 1 : ice core 2 : marine sediment 3 : marine sediment trap 4 : terrestrial (loess) deposit 5 : marine sediment - noncarbonate accumulation If the "Flag" column contains a "1", then data from this site are considered contaminated. These sites are included in the data set for completeness but should not be used for comparison with dust accumulation rate estimates. An accompanying description of the type of contamination is included in the "comment" line. The "Age Model Code" column (Table 2 - Marine Sediments) describes the type of age model used to determine the sedimentation rate. 1: radiocarbon dates 2: d18O stratigraphy 3: d18O stratigraphy, sedimentation rate < 2 cm/ka 4: CLIMAP (1976) stratigraphy, stratigraphic correlation 99: information not available (e.g., data from Catubig et al., 1998) The "Data Type Code" (All Tables) explains how the eolian mass accumulation rate was measured or estimated: 1: terrigenous material isolated in laboratory (marine sediments, marine sediment traps) 2: terrigenous material calculated by subtracting out fractions of silica, carbonate, and organic carbon (marine sediments, marine sediment traps) 3: terrigenous component estimated from Al concentration (atomic absorption), assuming that the fraction of Al in crustal materials is constant (approximately 8% Al) 4: eolian component estimated from mass concentration of particles (via laser light scattering; ice core) 5: eolian component estimated from number concentration of particles (via Coulter Counter; ice core, marine sediment traps) 6: quartz accumulation rate only (marine sediments) 7: terrigenous material estimated by only subtracting out carbonate content (marine sediments) 8: fraction of sediment assumed to be eolian is 1 (loess sediments) Ice core data Ice core data are the same as presented in DIRTMAP version 1.0. We assume that all the methods used to calculate the eolian concentrations yield broadly comparable results, although there are differences in calculated ratios depending on whether mass- or number-based concentrations are used. Ice core dust deposition is expressed here as deposition fluxes and not dust concentration in the ice core, to ensure consistency with the marine sediment data. The disadvantage of converting ice core data from concentration to fluxes is that this calculation relies upon estimated ice accumulation rates. LGM/current ratios also represent changes in dust deposition fluxes and not in dust concentrations. (Dust deposition fluxes are the dust concentrations times the ice accumulation rate.) In the ice core studies where only particle number concentrations were reported, only the ratio between LGM and current is shown because it is not straightforward to convert from number concentration to mass concentration. In two cases, the LGM/current concentration ratio is estimated from a reported figure [Hammer et al., 1985; Thompson et al., 1989; Thompson et al., 1995], while otherwise, the reported values are shown. The time intervals compared may vary between the different locations due to variations in reporting. The LGM value is either the mean of the interval 15-30 kyr B.P. or the mean of samples from a shorter period within that interval. The current value is the mean for the Holocene (0-10 kyr B.P.) or the mean of samples from a shorter period within that interval. Marine data Sediment trap eolian deposition rates (Table 3) were estimated in one of the following ways: (a) from Al concentration data assuming terrigenous material is 8% Al (e.g. [Kawahata and Ohta, 2000] (b) particle number estimates, converted to mass using a particle density of 2.8 g/cm3 (e.g. [Clemens, 1998], or (c) by eliminating organic carbon, carbonate, and opal from total particles, a general procedure which is described in[Honjo et al., 1982]. In this last case, lithogenic fluxes in sediment traps are estimated according to [Wefer and Fischer, 1993]: Lithogenic flux = Total flux – (opal flux + carbonate flux + [2*organic carbon flux]). Eolian accumulation rates (MAReol) for marine sediments (Table 2) are generally calculated as: MAReol (g/m2/yr) = LSR (m/yr) x BD (g/m3) x f where LSR is linear sedimentation rate, BD is sediment bulk density (standard error = ±10-25%), and f is the measured eolian fraction of the sediment sample (standard error = ±10-40%). Information on sediment age models, and the time period over which accumulation rates were estimated, are included in Table 2. Also included in this compilation are non-carbonate accumulation rates (Table 5) taken from Catubig et al. (1998). These data screened for possible contamination by ice rafted detritus, sediment redistribution, and fluvial input (see notes about data flags under Data Codes). Terrestrial Records DIRTMAP version 2.0 also contains some information from terrestrial deposits, from North America, New Zealand, Europe, and East Asia. Age models were based on radiocarbon dates, luminescence dates, and stratigraphic correlation to the marine oxygen isotope stratigraphy. Accumulation rates represent broad averages for Marine Isotope Stage 1 (0-12 ka) and Stage 2 (12-24 ka). In all instances, loess sediments were assumed to be 100% eolian. For more information (including references) or contact kek@bgc-jena.mpg.de. References (in Documentation Text) Catubig, N.R., D.E. Archer, R. Francois, P. deMenocal, W. Howard, and E.-F. Yu, Global deep-sea burial rate of calcium carbonate during the last glacial maximum, Paleoceanography, 13 (3), 298-310, 1998. Clemens, S.C., Dust response to seasonal atmospheric forcing: Proxy evaluation and calibration, Paleoceanography, 13 (5), 471-490, 1998. Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, A. Neftel, P. Kristinsdottor, and E. Johnson, Continuous impurity analysis along the Dye 3 deep core, in Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by C. Langway Jr., H. Oeschger, and W. Dansgaard, pp. 90-94, AGU, Washington DC, 1985. Honjo, S., S.J. Manganini, and L.J. Poppe, Sedimentation of lithogenic particles in the open sea, Marine Geology, 50, 199-220, 1982. Kawahata, H., and H. Ohta, Sinking and suspended particles in the South-west Pacific, Marine Freshwater Research, 51, 113-126, 2000. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, J.F. Bolzan, J. Dai, T. Yao, N. Gundestrup, X. Wu, L. Klein, and Z. Xie, Holocene-late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, Science, 246, 474-477, 1989. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, P.-N. Lin, K.A. Henderson, J. Cole-Dai, J.F. Bolzan, and K.-b. Liu, Late Glacial Stage and Holocene tropical ice core records from Huascaràn, Peru, Science, 269, 46-50, 1995. Wefer, G., and G. Fischer, Seasonal patterns of vertical particle flux in equatorial and coastal upwelling areas of the eastern Atlantic, Deep-Sea Research, 40 (8), 1613-1645, 1993. Ice Core References Cragin, J.H., M.M. Herron, C.C.L. Jr., and G. Klouda, Interhemispheric comparison of changes in the composition of atmospheric precipitation during the late Cenozoic era, in Polar Oceans, Proceedings of the Polar Oceans Conference, edited by M.J. Dunbar, pp. 617-641, Arctic Institute of North America, Calgary, Alberta, 1977. Dahl-Jensen, D., S.J. Johnsen, C.U. Hammer, H.B. Clausen, and J. Jouzel, Past accumulation rates derived from observed annual layers in the GRIP ice core from Summit, Central Greenland, in Ice in the Climate System, NATO ASI Series, Series I, edited by W.R. Peltier, pp. 517-532, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1993. De Angelis, M., M. Legrand, J.R. Petit, N.I. Barkov, Y.S. Korotkevitch, and V.M. Kotlyakov, Soluble and insoluble impurities along the 950 m deep Vostok ice core (Antarctica) - Climate implications, Journal of Atmospheric Chemistry, 1, 215-239, 1984. Fisher, D.A., Comparison of 105 years of oxygen isotope and insoluble impurity profiles from the Devon Island and Camp Century ice cores, Quaternary Research, 11, 299-305, 1979. Hammer, C.U., H.B. Clausen, W. Dansgaard, A. Neftel, P. Kristinsdottor, and E. Johnson, Continuous impurity analysis along the Dye 3 deep core, in Greenland Ice Core: Geophysics, Geochemistry, and the Environment, edited by C. Langway Jr., H. Oeschger, and W. Dansgaard, pp. 90-94, AGU, Washington DC, 1985. Hansson, M.E., The Renland ice core. A northern hemisphere record of aerosol composition over 120,000 years, Tellus, 46B, 390-418, 1994. Hastenrath, S., and J.E. Kutzbach, Late Pleistocene climate and water budget of the South American Altiplano, Quaternary Research, 24, 249-256, 1985. Johnsen, S.J., and W. Dansgaard, On flow model dating of stable isotope records from Greenland ice cores, in The Last Deglaciation, Absolute and Radiocarbon Chronologies, NATO ASI Series, Series I, edited by E. Bard, pp. 13-24, Springer-Verlag, New York, 1992. Lorius, C., Polar ice cores: A record of climatic and environmental changes, in Global Changes of the Past, edited by R.S. Bradley, pp. 261-294, University Corporation for Atmsopheric Research, Boulder, CO, 1989. Mahowald, N., K.E. Kohfeld, M. Hansson, Y. Balkanski, S.P. Harrison, I.C. Prentice, M. Schulz, and H. Rodhe, Dust sources and deposition during the Last Glacial Maximum and current climate: A comparison of model results with palaeodata from ice cores and marine sediments, Journal of Geophysical Research, 104 (D13), 15,895-15,916, 1999. Paterson, W.S.B., and C.U. Hammer, Ice core and other glaciological data, in North American and Adjacent Oceans During the Last Deglaciation, The Geology of North America, edited by W.F. Ruddiman, and H.E. Wright Jr, pp. 91-109, Geological Society of America, Boulder, CO, 1987. Petit, J.R., M. Briat, and A. Royer, Ice age aerosol content from East Antarctic ice core samples and past wind strength, Nature, 293, 391-394, 1981. Petit, J.R., L. Mounier, J. Jouzel, Y.S. Korotkevich, V.I. Kotlyakov, and C. Lorius, Paleoclimatological and chronological implications of the Vostok core dust record, Nature, 343, 56-58, 1990. Royer, S., M.D. Angelis, and J.R. Petit, A 30,000 year record of physical and optical properties of microparticles from an East Antarctic ice core and implications for paleoclimate reconstruction models, Climatic Change, 5, 381-412, 1983. Steffensen, J.P., The size distribution of microparticles from selected segments of the Greenland Ice Core Project ice core representing different climatic periods, J. Geophys. Res., 102, 26,755--26763, 1997. Thompson, L.G., M.E. Davis, E. Mosley-Thompson, T.A. Sowers, K.A. Henderson, V.S. Zagorodnov, P.-N. Lin, V.N. Mikhalenko, R.K. Campen, J.F. Bolzan, J. Cole-Dai, and B. Francou, A 25,000-year tropical climate history from Bolivian ice cores, Science, 282, 1858-1864, 1998. Thompson, L.G., and E. Mosley-Thompson, Microparticle concentration variations linked with climatic change: Evidence from polar ice, Science, 212, 812-815, 1981. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, J.F. Bolzan, J. Dai, T. Yao, N. Gundestrup, X. Wu, L. Klein, and Z. Xie, Holocene-late Pleistocene climatic ice core records from Qinghai-Tibetan plateau, Science, 246, 474-477, 1989. Thompson, L.G., E. Mosley-Thompson, M.E. Davis, P.-N. Lin, K.A. Henderson, J. Cole-Dai, J.F. Bolzan, and K.-b. Liu, Late Glacial Stage and Holocene tropical ice core records from Huascaràn, Peru, Science, 269, 46-50, 1995. Thompson, L.G., T. Yao, M.E. Davis, K.A. Henderson, E. MosleyThompson, P.N. Lin, J. Beer, H.A. Synal, J. ColeDai, and J.F. Bolzan, Tropical climate instability: The last glacial cycle from a Qinghai-Tibetan ice core, Science, 276 (5320), 1821-1825, 1997. Marine Sediment Trap References Bory, A.J.-M., and P.P. Newton, Transport of airborne lithogenic material down through the water column in two contrasting regions of the eastern subtropical North Atlantic Ocean, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 14 (1), 297-315, 2000. Clemens, S.C., Dust response to seasonal atmospheric forcing: Proxy evaluation and calibration, Paleoceanography, 13 (5), 471-490, 1998. Fischer, G., B. Donner, V. Ratmeyer, R. Davenport, and G. Wefer, Distinct year-to-year particle flux variations off Cape Blanc during 1988-1991: relation to d18O-deduced sea-surface temperature and trade winds, Journal of Marine Research, 54, 73-98, 1996. Fischer, G., D. Fütterer, R. Gersonde, S. Honjo, D. Osetermann, and G. Wefer, Seasonal variability of particle flux in the Weddell Sea and its relation to ice cover, Nature, 335 (426-428), 1988. Haake, B., V. Ittekkot, T. Rixen, V. Ramaswamy, R.R. Nair, and W.B. Curry, Seasonality and interannual variability of particle fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea, Deep-Sea Research Part I, 40 (7), 1323-1344, 1993. Harada, N., N. Handa, K. Harada, and H. Matsuoka, Alkenones and particulate fluxes in sediment traps from the central equatorial Pacific, Deep-Sea Research I, 48, 891-907, 2001. Honjo, S., Seasonality and interaction of biogenic and lithogenic particulate flux at the Panama Basin, Science, 218, 883-884, 1982. Honjo, S., J. Dymond, R. Collier, and S.J. Manganini, Export production of particles to the interior of the equatorial Pacific Ocean during the 1992 EqPac experiment, Deep-Sea Research II, 42 (2-3), 831-870, 1995. Honjo, S., and S.J. Manganini, Annual biogenic particle fluxes to the interior of the North Atlantic Ocean: studies at 34°N 21°W and 48°N 21°W, Deep-Sea Research II, 40, 587-607, 1993. Honjo, S., S.J. Manganini, and L.J. Poppe, Sedimentation of lithogenic particles in the open sea, Marine Geology, 50, 199-220, 1982. Jickells, T.D., S. Dorling, W.G. Deuser, T.M. Church, R. Arimoto, and J.M. Prospero, Air-borne dust fluxes to a deep water sediment trap in the Sargasso Sea, Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 12 (2), 311-320, 1998. Jickells, T.D., P.P. newton, P. King, R.S. Lampitt, and C. Boutle, A comparison of sediment trap records of particle fluxes from 19 to 48°N in the northeast Atlantic and their relation to surface water productivity, Deep-Sea Research I, 43 (7), 971-986, 1996. Kawahata, H., and H. Ohta, Sinking and suspended particles in the South-west Pacific, Marine Freshwater Research, 51, 113-126, 2000. Kawahata, H., A. Suzuki, and H. Ohta, Sinking particles between the equatorial and subarctic regions (0°N-46°N) in the central Pacific, Geochemical Journal, 32, 125-133, 1998a. Kawahata, H., A. Suzuki, and H. Ohta, Export fluxes in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, Deep-Sea Research I, 47, 2061-2091, 2000. Kawahata, H., M. Yamamuro, and H. Ohta, Seasonal and vertical variations of sinking particle fluxes in the West Caroline Basin, Oceanologica Acta, 21 (4), 521-532, 1998b. Kempe, S., and H. Knaack, Vertical particle flux in the Western Pacific below the North Equatorial Current and the Equatorial Counter Current, in Particle Flux in the Ocean, edited by V. Ittekkot, P. Schäfer, S. Honjo, and P.J. Depetris, pp. 313-323, John Wiley and Sons, Ltd, West Sussex, 1996. Kremling, K., and P. Streu, Saharan dust influenced trace element fluxes in deep North Atlantic subtropical waters, Deep-Sea Research, 40 (6), 1155-1168, 1993. Kuss, J., and K. Kremling, Particulate trace element fluxes in the deep northeast Atlantic Ocean, Deep-Sea Research I, 46, 149-169, 1999. Lampitt, R.S., The contribution of deep-sea macroplankton to organic remineralisation: results from sediment trap and zooplankton studies over the Madeira Abyssal Plain, Deep-Sea Research, 39, 221-233, 1992. Noriki, S., and S. Tsunogai, Particulate fluxes and major components of settling particles from sediment trap experiments in the Pacific Ocean, Deep-Sea Research, 33 (7), 903-912, 1986. Ramaswamy, V., R.R. Nair, S. Manganini, B. Haake, and V. Ittekott, Lithogenic fluxes to the deep Arabian Sea measured by sediment traps, Deep-Sea Research, 38 (2), 169-184, 1991. Ratmeyer, V., G. Fischer, and G. Wefer, Lithogenic particle fluxes and grain size distributions in the deep ocean off NW Africa: Implications for seasonal changes of aeolian dust input and downward transport, Deep-Sea Research I, 46, 1289-1337, 1999. Saito, C., S. Noriki, and S. Tsunogai, Particulate flux of Al, a component of land origin, in the western North Pacific, Deep-Sea Research, 39 (7-8), 1315-1327, 1992. Wefer, G., and G. Fischer, Annual primary production and export flux in the Southern Ocean from sediment trap data, Marine Chemistry, 35, 597-613, 1991. Wefer, G., and G. Fischer, Seasonal patterns of vertical particle flux in equatorial and coastal upwelling areas of the eastern Atlantic, Deep-Sea Research, 40 (8), 1613-1645, 1993. Wefer, G., G. Fischer, D. Füetterer, and R. Gersonde, Seasonal particle flux in the Bransfield Strait, Antarctica, Deep-Sea Research, 35 (6), 891-898, 1988. Marine Sediment References Bard, E., M. Arnold, J. Duprat, J. Moyes, and J.C. Duplessy, Reconstruction of the last deglaciation: deconvolved records of d18O profiles, micropaleontological variations and accelerator mass spectrometric 14C dating, Climate Dynamics, 1, 101-112, 1987. Clemens, S.C., and W.L. Prell, Late Pleistocene variability of Arabian Sea summer monsoon winds and continental aridity: eolian records from the lithogenic component of deep-sea sediments, Paleoceanography, 5 (2), 109-145, 1990. Clemens, S.C., and W.L. Prell, One million year record of summer monsoon winds and continental aridity from the Owen Ridge (Site 722), Northwest Arabian Sea, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by W. Prell, and N. Niitsuma, pp. 365-388, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1991. deMenocal, P.B., J. Ortiz, T.P. Guilderson, J. Adkins, M. Sarnthein, L. Baker, and M. Yarusinsky, Abrupt onset and termination of the African Humid Period: rapid climate responses to gradual insolation forcing, Quaternary Science Reviews, 19, 347-361, 2000. Hesse, P.P., The record of continental dust from Australia in Tasman Sea sediments, Quaternary Science Reviews, 13, 257-272, 1994. Hovan, S.A., D.K. Rea, and N.G. Pisias, Late Pleistocene continental climate and oceanic variability recorded in Northwest Pacific sediments, Paleoceanography, 6 (3), 349-370, 1991. Janacek, T.R., Eolian sedimentation in the northwest Pacific Ocean: A preliminary examination of the data from Deep Sea Drilling Sites 576 and 578, in Init. Reports., DSDP, edited by G. R. Heath, L. H. Burckle, pp. 589-603, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D. C., 1984. Janacek, T.R., and D.K. Rea, Quaternary fluctuations in the Northern Hemisphere trade winds and westerlies, Quaternary Research, 24, 150-163, 1985. Kawagata, S., Late Quaternary benthic foraminifera from three Tasman Sea cores, southwest Pacific Ocean, Science reports of the Institute of Geoscience Univeristy of Tsukuba, section b, Geological Sciences, 20, 1-46, 1999. Kawahata, H., Fluctuations in the ocean environment within the western Pacific warm pool during late Pleistocene, Paleoceanography, 14 (5), 639-652, 1999. Kawahata, H., Shifts in oceanic and atmospheric boundaries in the Tasman Sea (Southwest Pacific) during the Late Pleistocene: Evidence from organic carbon and lithogenic fluxes, Palaeogeography Palaeoclimatology Palaeoecology, in press, 2002. Kawahata, H., and N. Eguchi, Biogenic sediments on the Eauripik Rise of the western equatorial Pacific during the late Pleistocene, Geochemical Journal, 30, 201-215, 1996. Kawahata, H., K.I. Ohkushi, and Y. Hatakeyama, Comparative Late Pleistocene paleoceanographic changes in the mid latitude Boreal and Austral Western Pacific, Journal of Oceanography, 55, 747-761, 1999. Kawahata, H., T. Okamoto, Matsumoto.E., and H. Ujiie, Fluctuations of eolian flux and ocean productivity in the mid-latitude North Pacific during the last 200 kyr, Quaternary Science Reviews, 19 (13), 1279-1292, 2000a. Kawahata, H., A. Suzuki, and N. Ahagon, Biogenic sediments in the West Caroline Basin, the western equatorial Pacific during the last 330,000 years, Marine Geology, 149, 155-176, 1998. Kawahata, H., A. Suzuki, and H. Ohta, Export fluxes in the Western Pacific Warm Pool, Deep-Sea Research I, 47, 2061-2091, 2000b. Kolla, V., and P.E. Biscaye, Distribution and origin of quartz in the sediments of the Indian Ocean, Journal of Sedimentary Petrology, 47 (2), 642-649, 1977. Kolla, V., P.E. Biscaye, and A.F. Hanley, Distribution of quartz in Late Quaternary Atlantic sediments in relation to climate, Quaternary Research, 11, 261-277, 1979. Leinen, M., The late Quaternary record of atmospheric transport to the northwest Pacific from Asia, in Paleoclimatology and Paleometeorology: Modern and Past Patterns of Global Atmospheric Transport, edited by M. Leinen, and M. Sarnthein, pp. 693-32, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 1989. Rea, D.K., L.W. Chambers, J.M. Chuey, T.R. Janacek, M. Leinen, and N.G. Pisias, A 420,000-year record of cyclicity in oceanic and atmospheric processes from the eastern equatorial Pacific, Paleoceanography, 1 (4), 577-586, 1986. Rea, D.K., and M. Leinen, Asian aridity and the zonal westerlies: Late Pleistocene and Holocene record of eolian deposition in the Northwest Pacific Ocean, Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology, 66, 1-8, 1988. Ruddiman, W.F., Tropical Atlantic terrigenous fluxes since 25,000 yrs B.P., Marine Geology, 136, 189-207, 1997. Ruddiman, W.F., and T.R. Janacek, Pliocene-Pleistocene biogenic and terrigenous fluxes at equatorial Atlantic sites 662, 663, and 664, Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, 108, 211-240, 1989. Sirocko, F., M. Sarnthein, H. Lange, and H. Erlenkeuser, Atmospheric summer circulation and coastal upwelling in the Arabian Sea during the Holocene and the Last Glaciation, Quaternary Research, 36, 72-93, 1991. Tiedemann, R., M. Sarnthein, and R. Stein, Climatic changes in the western Sahara: Aeolo-marine sediment record of the last 8 million years (Sites 657-661), in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by W. Ruddiman, M. Sarnthein, and e. al., pp. 241-277, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1989. Non Carbonate Accumulation Rate - Marine Sediments - References Balsam, W.L., Sediment accumulation rates west of the Mid-Atlantic Ridge - 35-degrees-N, Marine Geology, 81 (1-4), 1-13, 1988. Berger, W.H., and J.S. Killingley, Box cores from the equatorial Pacific: 14C sedimentation rates and benthic mixing, Marine Geology, 45 (1-2), 93-125, 1982. Catubig, N.R., D.E. Archer, R. Francois, P. deMenocal, W. Howard, and E.-F. Yu, Global deep-sea burial rate of calcium carbonate during the last glacial maximum, Paleoceanography, 13 (3), 298-310, 1998. Cremer, M., J.-C. Faugeres, F. Grousset, and E. Gonthier, Late Quaternary sediment flux on sedimentary drifts in the northeast Atlantic, Sedimentary Geology, 82, 89-101, 1993. Curry, W.B., and G.P. Lohmann, Late Quaternary carbonate sedimentation at the Sierra Leone Rise (Eastern Equatorial Atlantic Ocean), Marine Geology, 70, 223-250, 1986. Curry, W.B., and G.P. Lohmann, Reconstructing past particle fluxes in the tropical Atlantic Ocean, Paleoceanography, 5 (4), 487-505, 1990. Cwienk, D.S., Recent and glacial-age organic carbon and biogenic silica accumulation in marine sediments, MS thesis, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, 1986. Farrell, J.W., CaCO3 accumulation in the central equatorial Pacific during the late Quaternary, Ph.D. thesis, Brown University, Providence, RI, 1990. François, R., and M.P. Bacon, Variations in terrigenous input into the deep equatorial Atlantic during the past 24,000 years, Science, 251, 1473-1476, 1991. Howard, W.R., and W.L. Prell, Late Quaternary CaCO3 production and preservation in the Southern Ocean: Implications for oceanic and atmospheric carbon cycling, Paleoceanography, 9, 453-482, 1994. Keigwin, L.D., G.A. Jones, and P.N. Froelich, A 15,000 year paleoenvironmental record from Meiji Seamount, far northwestern Pacific, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 111 (2-4), 425-440, 1992. Moore, T.C.J., L.H. Burckle, K. Geitzenauer, B. Luz, A. Molina-Cruz, J.H. Robertson, H. Sachs, C. Sancetta, J. Thiede, P. Thompson, and C. Wenkam, The reconstruction of sea surface temperatures in the Pacific Ocean of 18,000 B. P., Marine Micropaleontology, 5, 215-247, 1980. Morley, J.J., and N.J. Shackleton, The effect of accumulation rate on the spectrum of geologic time series: Evidence from two South Atlantic sediment cores, in Milankovitch and Climate, edited by A.L.Berger et al., pp. 467-480, D. Riedel, Norwell, MA, 1984. Mortlock, R.A., C.D. Charles, P.N. Froelich, M.A. Zibello, J.D. Saltzman, J.D. Hays, and L.H. Burckle, Evidence for lower productivity in the Antarctic Ocean during the last glaciation, Nature, 351, 220-223, 1991. Murray, R.W., M. Leinen, and A.R. Isern, Biogenic flux of Al to sediment in the central equatorial Pacific Ocean - evidence for increased productivity during glacial periods, Paleoceanography, 8 (5), 651-670, 1993. Peterson, L.C., and J. Backman, Late Cenozoic carbonate accumulation and the history of the carbonate compensation depth in the western equatorial Indian Ocean, in Proceedings of the Ocean Drilling Program, Scientific Results, edited by E.M. Barbu, pp. 467-507, Ocean Drilling Program, College Station, TX, 1990. Rea, D.K., N.G. Pisias, and T. Newberry, Late Pleistocene paleoclimatology of the central equatorial Pacific: flux patterns of biogenic sediments, Paleoceanography, 6 (2), 227-244, 1991. Yu, E.-F., Variations in the particulate flux of 230-Th and 231-Pa and paleoceanographic applications of the 231-Pa/230-Th ratio, Ph.D. thesis, MIT/Woods Hole Joint Program, Woods Hole, MA, 1994. Terrestrial Sediment References Alloway, B.V., R.B. Stewart, V.E. Neall, and C.G. Vucetich, Climate of the last glaciation in New Zealand, based on aerosolic quartz influx in an andesitic terrain, Quaternary Research, 38, 170-179, 1992. Chlachula, J., N.W. Rutter, and M.E. Evans, A late Quaternary loess-paleosol record at Kurtak, southern Siberia, Canadian Journal of Earth Science, 34, 679-686, 1997. Forster, T., and F. Heller, Loess deposits from the Tajik depression (Central Asia): Magnetic properties and paleoclimate, Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 128, 501-512, 1994. Maat, P.B., and W.C. Johnson, Thermoluminescence and new 14C age estimates for late Quaternary loesses in southwestern Nebraska, Geomorphology, 17, 115-128, 1996. May, D.W., and S.R. Holen, Radiocarbon ages of soils and charcoal in Late Wisconsinan Loess, South-Central Nebraska, Quaternary Research, 39, 55-58, 1993. Ono, Y., and T. Naruse, Snowline elevation and eolian dust flux in the Japanese Islands during Isotope Stages 2 and 4, Quaternary International, 37, 45-54, 1997. Pillans, B., and I. Wright, 500,000-year paleomagnetic record from New Zealand Loess, Quaternary Research, 33, 178-187, 1990. Rousseau, D.-D., L. Zöller, and J.-P. Valet, Late Pleistocene climatic variations at Achenheim, France, based on a magnetic susceptibility and TL chronology of loess, Quaternary Research, 49, 255-263, 1998. Sun, J., K.E. Kohfeld, and S.P. Harrison, Records of aeolian dust deposition on the Chinese Loess Plateau during the Late Quaternary, pp. 318, Max Planck Institute for Biogeochemistry, Jena, Germany, 2000. Zhou, L.P., A.E. Dodonov, and N.J. Shackleton, Thermoluminescence dating of the Orkutsay Loess section in Tashkent Region, Uzbekistan, Central Asia, Quaternary Science Reviews, 14, 721-730, 1995.