# Bufflehead Pond, Minnesota Lake Level Data over the last 1500 years #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program # National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI) #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 3.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/23078 # Online_Resource_Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/NAm2kHydro-2017/noaa-templates/data-version-1.0.0/Bufflehead.Shuman.2009.txt # Online_Resource_Description: This file. NOAA WDS Paleo formatted metadata and data for version 1.0.0 of this dataset. # # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/pages2k/NAm2kHydro-2017/data-version-1.0.0/Bufflehead.Shuman.2009.lpd # Online_Resource_Description: Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) formatted file containing the same metadata and data as this file, for version 1.0.0 of this dataset. # # Original_Source_URL: this study # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Lake Level # Parameter_Keywords: # Dataset_DOI: # #------------------ # Contribution_Date # Date: #------------------ # File_Last_Modified_Date # Modified_Date: 2017-11-13 #------------------ # Title # Study_Name: Bufflehead Pond, Minnesota Lake Level Data over the last 1500 years #------------------ # Investigators # Investigators: Shuman, Bryan; Henderson, Anna K.; Plank, Colin; Stefanova, Ivanka; Ziegler, Susy S. #------------------ # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Lake level units are in "cm below modern level", so positive values indicate a drop in lake level. Contributed as part of the PAGES2k North American Hydroclimate synthesis project. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Shuman, B., Henderson, A.K., Plank, C., Stefanova, I., and Ziegler, S.S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2009 # Published_Title: Woodland-to-forest transition during prolonged drought in Minnesota after ca. AD 1300 # Journal_Name: Ecology # Volume: 90 # Edition: # Issue: 10 # Pages: 2792–2807 # Report: # DOI: 10.1890/08-0985.1 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Interactions among multiple causes of ecological perturbation, such as climate change and disturbance, can produce “ecological surprises.” Here, we examine whether climate–fire–vegetation interactions can produce ecological changes that differ in direction from those expected from the effects of climate change alone. To do so, we focus on the “Big Woods” of central Minnesota, USA, which was shaped both by climate and fire. The deciduous Big Woods forest replaced regional woodlands and savannas after the severity of regional fire regimes declined at ca. AD 1300. A trend toward wet conditions has long been assumed to explain the forest expansion, but we show that water levels at two lakes within the region (Wolsfeld Lake and Bufflehead Pond) were low when open woodlands were transformed into the Big Woods. Water levels were high instead at ca. 2240–795 BC when regional fire regimes were most severe. Based on the correlation between water levels and fire-regime severity, we infer that prolonged or repeated droughts after ca. AD 1265 reduced the biomass and connectivity of fine fuels (grasses) within the woodlands. As a result, regional fire severity declined and allowed tree populations to expand. Tree-ring data from the region show a peak in the recruitment of key Big Woods tree species during the AD 1930s drought and suggest that low regional moisture balance need not have been a limiting factor for forest expansion. The regional history, thus, demonstrates the types of counterintuitive ecosystem changes that may arise as climate changes in the future. #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Bufflehead Pond # Location: Minnesota # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 44.987 # Southernmost_Latitude: 44.987 # Easternmost_Longitude: -93.536 # Westernmost_Longitude: -93.536 # Elevation: 515 #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Bufflehead.Shuman.2009 # Earliest_Year: 1400.0 # Most_Recent_Year: 50.0 # Time_Unit: calyrBP # Core_Length: # Notes: #------------------ # Species # Species_Name: # Species_Code: # Common_Name: #------------------ # Chronology_Section # Chronology: #------------------ # Variables # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components ( 10 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, additional_information) # ## year age, ,,year CE, , , ,,N, ## lakeLevel lake level, ,,cm, , lake level;climate reconstructions, ,,N, units are elevation below modern, so positive values indicate a drop in lake level; Multi-core sediment stratigraphy constrains lake elevation ## age age, ,,calendar years before present, ,, ,,N, ## lakeLevelHi lake level upper bound, ,,cm, , lake level;climate reconstructions, ,,N, units are elevation below modern, so positive values indicate a drop in lake level; Multi-core sediment stratigraphy constrains lake elevation ## lakeLevelLo lake level lower bound, ,,cm, , lake level;climate reconstructions, ,,N, units are elevation below modern, so positive values indicate a drop in lake level; Multi-core sediment stratigraphy constrains lake elevation # #------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header) # Missing_Values: nan # year lakeLevel age lakeLevelHi lakeLevelLo 1900.0 96.919 50.0 52.009 141.828 1850.0 169.448 100.0 61.322 277.575 1800.0 241.184 150.0 69.658 412.71 1750.0 279.072 200.0 73.986 484.159 1700.0 283.472 250.0 75.337 491.607 1650.0 306.366 300.0 78.835 533.897 1600.0 329.176 350.0 81.571 576.781 1550.0 370.777 400.0 85.33 656.223 1500.0 394.696 450.0 87.394 701.999 1450.0 387.99 500.0 90.311 685.669 1400.0 383.157 550.0 90.855 675.459 1350.0 341.709 600.0 88.875 594.544 1300.0 337.373 650.0 84.309 590.438 1250.0 311.669 700.0 79.683 543.654 1200.0 321.97 750.0 77.521 566.419 1150.0 304.266 800.0 75.238 533.295 1100.0 220.565 850.0 64.898 376.231 1050.0 135.961 900.0 54.437 217.486 1000.0 72.081 950.0 46.5 97.662 950.0 73.297 1000.0 46.5 100.095 900.0 74.514 1050.0 46.5 102.527 850.0 75.73 1100.0 46.5 104.959 800.0 76.946 1150.0 46.5 107.392 750.0 78.162 1200.0 46.5 109.824 700.0 79.378 1250.0 46.5 112.257 650.0 80.595 1300.0 46.5 114.689 600.0 81.811 1350.0 46.5 117.122 550.0 83.027 1400.0 46.5 119.554