# Grand Bahama, Bahamas Paleohurricane Reconstruction Data from 200 to 2020 CE
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
#               World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder
#                                   and
#                      NOAA Paleoclimatology Program
#-----------------------------------------------------------------------
# Template Version 4.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data.
# If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed.
#
# Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space
# Data lines have no '#'
#
# NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38599
#   Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-ocean-38599.json
#   Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata.
#
# Data_Type: Paleoceanography
#
# Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/n367-bd11
#
# Science_Keywords: 
#---------------------------------------
# Resource_Links
#
# Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/atlantic/winkler2023/winkler2023-turt_pb.txt
#   Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; Lead XRF Data
#
#---------------------------------------
# Contribution_Date
#   Date: 2023-09-25
#---------------------------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#   Date: 2023-12-21
#---------------------------------------
# Title
#   Study_Name: Grand Bahama, Bahamas Paleohurricane Reconstruction Data from 200 to 2020 CE
#---------------------------------------
# Investigators
#   Investigators: Winkler, T.S.; van Hengstum, P.J.; Donnelly, J.P.; Wallace, E.J.; Albury, N.A.; D’Entremont, N.; Hawkes, A.D.; Maio, C.V.; Roberts, J.; Sullivan, R.M.; Woodruff, J.D.
#---------------------------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#   Description: 1800-Year Long Near-annually resolved Paleohurricane Reconstruction Data From Grand Bahama, The Bahamas
#         Provided Keywords: Paleo-hurricanes, Sediment cores, Blue Holes, Hurricanes, Sedimentology, Natural Hazards, Paleoclimate, Carbonates, North Atlantic, Bahamas
#---------------------------------------
# Publication
#   Authors: Winkler, T.S., van Hengstum, P.J., Donnelly, J.P., Wallace, E.J., Albury, N.A., D’Entremont, N., Hawkes, A.D., Maio, C.V., Roberts, J., Sullivan, R.M., Woodruff, J.D.
#   Published_Date_or_Year: 2023-11-01
#   Published_Title: More Frequent Hurricane Passage across the Bahamian Archipelago During the Little Ice Age
#   Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology
#   Volume: 38
#   Edition: 
#   Issue: 11
#   Pages: 
#   Report_Number: e2023PA004623
#   DOI: 10.1029/2023PA004623
#   Online_Resource: 
#   Full_Citation: 
#   Abstract: The year 2020 Common Era (CE) experienced the highest number of named tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Ocean since 1850 CE, but the short instrumental record makes it challenging to assess if this level of activity is statistically meaningful. Here, we present two near-annually resolved hurricane reconstructions from sediment archived in two blue holes located only 300 m apart on the northern margin of Grand Bahama. These two blue holes provide a replicated signal of hurricanes passing within a 50–100 km radius over the last 1,800 years, and the long-term reconstructions document multiple 50-to-150-year intervals when hurricane frequency was significantly higher than it has been over the last 100 years. These two records were first merged into a single stack, and then compiled with five other high-resolution reconstructions from across the Bahamian Archipelago to form a single 1500-year record of Bahamian hurricane frequency. This new Bahamian Compilation documents more hurricanes passing ~75°W from 21°N to 26°N during the Little Ice Age (LIA; 1300–1850 CE) relative to the prior millennium and the last 170 years. The US Eastern Seaboard also experienced heightened hurricane activity during the LIA, whereas the Gulf of Mexico and Southern Caribbean were inactive. This suggests that despite a globally cooler climate, regional climate conditions during the LIA remained favorable for cyclogenesis and intensification along certain Atlantic hurricane pathways. Perhaps heightened Sahel rainfall during the LIA indicates an increase in African Easterly waves, which in turn possibly seeded more tropical cyclones in the Atlantic Main Development Region.
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: National Science Foundation
#   Grant: OCE-1356509, OCE-1356708, OCE-1854917, OCE-1903616, OCE-1903616, ICER-1854980
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Dalio Explore Foundation
#   Grant: Dalio Explore Grant
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Geological Society of America
#   Grant: Student Research Grant (NSF award #1712071)
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Texas Sea Grant
#   Grant: NA18-2019-E/GIA-2019-Winkler
#---------------------------------------
# Funding_Agency
#   Funding_Agency_Name: Texas A&M University at Galveston
#   Grant: Boost Dissertation Fellowship
#---------------------------------------
# Site_Information
#   Site_Name: Turtle Pond (TURT)
#   Location: Bahamas
#   Northernmost_Latitude: 26.658
#   Southernmost_Latitude: 26.658
#   Easternmost_Longitude: -78.592
#   Westernmost_Longitude: -78.592
#   Elevation_m: 
#---------------------------------------
# Data_Collection
#   Collection_Name: TURT Pb
#   First_Year: 
#   Last_Year: 
#   Time_Unit: 
#   Core_Length_m: 
#   Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction
#   Notes: 
#---------------------------------------
# Chronology_Information 
# Chronology: 
#---------------------------------------
# Variables
# PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf
#   PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format.
#
# Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data)
#
## depth	depth,,,centimeter,,Paleoceanography,,,N,TURT core depth from XRF scan
## Pb_intensity	lead,,,dimensionless,,Paleoceanography,,,N, Pb intensity measured by XRF
#------------------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing_Values: NaN
depth	Pb_intensity
0.1	338
0.2	183
0.3	249
0.4	512
0.5	539
0.6	457
0.7	312
0.8	260
0.9	201
1	332
1.1	184
1.2	37
1.3	270
1.4	0
1.5	155
1.6	311
1.7	242
1.8	200
1.9	23
2	312
2.1	184
2.2	193
2.3	165
2.4	308
2.5	127
2.6	360
2.7	467
2.8	228
2.9	215
3	344
3.1	253
3.2	155
3.3	446
3.4	11
3.5	371
3.6	124
3.7	244
3.8	171
3.9	402
4	337
4.1	96
4.2	188
4.3	280
4.4	394
4.5	140
4.6	462
4.7	253
4.8	258
4.9	212
5	87
5.1	280
5.2	143
5.3	130
5.4	145
5.5	186
5.6	313
5.7	282
5.8	176
5.9	346
6	243
6.1	168
6.2	141
6.3	276
6.4	242
6.5	338
6.6	198
6.7	327
6.8	296
6.9	106
7	324
7.1	502
7.2	406
7.3	200
7.4	520
7.5	248
7.6	340
7.7	112
7.8	85
7.9	380
8	204
8.1	160
8.2	311
8.3	163
8.4	274
8.5	512
8.6	59
8.7	393
8.8	335
8.9	225
9	186
9.1	296
9.2	355
9.3	50
9.4	341
9.5	311
9.6	583
9.7	388
9.8	259
9.9	127
10	297
10.1	54
10.2	245
10.3	49
10.4	337
10.5	471
10.6	336
10.7	214
10.8	279
10.9	219
11	322
11.1	239
11.2	517
11.3	106
11.4	260
11.5	172
11.6	164
11.7	301
11.8	224
11.9	254
12	435
12.1	258
12.2	101
12.3	317
12.4	198
12.5	248
12.6	195
12.7	426
12.8	0
12.9	331
13	469
13.1	366
13.2	422
13.3	411
13.4	223
13.5	315
13.6	152
13.7	291
13.8	193
13.9	324
14	100
14.1	85
14.2	415
14.3	350
14.4	356
14.5	425
14.6	537
14.7	351
14.8	591
14.9	380
15	416
15.1	175
15.2	382
15.3	351
15.4	403
15.5	122
15.6	466
15.7	221
15.8	185
15.9	405
16	471
16.1	255
16.2	282
16.3	153
16.4	354
16.5	241
16.6	283
16.7	196
16.8	224
16.9	219
17	377
17.1	363
17.2	327
17.3	261
17.4	327
17.5	94
17.6	403
17.7	470
17.8	259
17.9	388
18	246
18.1	255
18.2	296
18.3	240
18.4	171
18.5	161
18.6	175
18.7	338
18.8	302
18.9	392
19	353
19.1	306
19.2	538
19.3	103
19.4	256
19.5	425
19.6	204
19.7	377
19.8	226
19.9	452
20	293
20.1	156
20.2	339
20.3	193
20.4	304
20.5	219
20.6	168
20.7	187
20.8	362
20.9	421
21	302
21.1	397
21.2	246
21.3	289
21.4	402
21.5	407
21.6	71
21.7	378
21.8	127
21.9	407
22	171
22.1	249
22.2	288
22.3	248
22.4	543
22.5	495
22.6	155
22.7	306
22.8	327
22.9	482
23	284
23.1	389
23.2	133
23.3	202
23.4	164
23.5	84
23.6	203
23.7	168
23.8	551
23.9	205
24	204
24.1	43
24.2	492
24.3	289
24.4	264
24.5	226
24.6	117
24.7	316
24.8	24
24.9	325
25	206
25.1	204
25.2	324
25.3	55
25.4	211
25.5	134
25.6	256
25.7	332
25.8	37
25.9	129
26	18
26.1	158
26.2	89
26.3	49
26.4	182
26.5	181
26.6	68
26.7	67
26.8	189
26.9	140
27	164
27.1	0
27.2	139
27.3	71
27.4	435
27.5	222
27.6	65
27.7	238
27.8	250
27.9	270
28	25
28.1	26
28.2	561
28.3	315
28.4	250
28.5	280
28.6	404
28.7	120
28.8	0
28.9	57
29	143
29.1	75
29.2	21
29.3	135
29.4	0
29.5	139
29.6	204
29.7	36
29.8	125
29.9	212
30	0
30.1	207
30.2	7
30.3	97
30.4	149
30.5	179
30.6	322
30.7	17
30.8	224
30.9	25
31	127
31.1	84
31.2	293
31.3	290
31.4	124
31.5	307
31.6	92
31.7	195
31.8	174
31.9	0
32	59
32.1	317
32.2	82
32.3	378
32.4	64
32.5	39
32.6	217
32.7	88
32.8	69
32.9	56
33	227
33.1	34
33.2	122
33.3	311
33.4	75
33.5	306
33.6	114
33.7	109
33.8	0
33.9	0
34	214
34.1	70
34.2	28
34.3	123
34.4	0
34.5	0
34.6	0
34.7	0
34.8	82
34.9	194
35	106
35.1	154
35.2	0
35.3	149
35.4	216
35.5	0
35.6	44
35.7	0
35.8	55
35.9	120
36	69
36.1	289
36.2	184
36.3	37
36.4	180
36.5	31
36.6	176
36.7	37
36.8	140
36.9	183
37	249
37.1	76
37.2	72
37.3	320
37.4	261
37.5	371
37.6	365
37.7	404
37.8	415
37.9	218
38	406
38.1	394
38.2	332
38.3	226
38.4	223
38.5	145
38.6	110
38.7	243
38.8	279
38.9	267
39	294
39.1	334
39.2	132
39.3	185
39.4	145
39.5	312
39.6	267
39.7	227
39.8	88
39.9	505
40	327
40.1	371
40.2	196
40.3	284
40.4	129
40.5	392
40.6	221
40.7	310
40.8	162
40.9	179
41	294
41.1	365
41.2	422
41.3	0
41.4	91
41.5	125
41.6	52
41.7	207
41.8	178
41.9	115
42	430
42.1	367
42.2	288
42.3	309
42.4	466
42.5	129
42.6	287
42.7	515
42.8	296
42.9	293
43	181
43.1	167
43.2	323
43.3	193
43.4	508
43.5	230
43.6	232
43.7	462
43.8	154
43.9	174
44	248
44.1	201
44.2	454
44.3	110
44.4	0
44.5	328
44.6	264
44.7	293
44.8	269
44.9	330
45	559
45.1	365
45.2	271
45.3	101
45.4	97
45.5	348
45.6	356
45.7	77
45.8	424
45.9	138
46	286
46.1	271
46.2	199
46.3	212
46.4	371
46.5	273
46.6	257
46.7	96
46.8	205
46.9	234
47	122
47.1	195
47.2	288
47.3	50
47.4	343
47.5	147
47.6	346
47.7	425
47.8	189
47.9	155
48	334
48.1	397
48.2	195
48.3	127
48.4	274
48.5	176
48.6	165
48.7	204
48.8	233
48.9	223
49	213
49.1	257
49.2	0
49.3	209
49.4	0
49.5	199
49.6	248
49.7	133
49.8	0
49.9	141
50	173
50.1	90
50.2	143
50.3	227
50.4	203
50.5	0
50.6	79
50.7	170
50.8	50
50.9	66
51	80
51.1	67
51.2	275
51.3	0
51.4	70
51.5	376
51.6	123
51.7	116
51.8	250
51.9	258
52	97
52.1	0
52.2	157
52.3	102
52.4	185
52.5	168
52.6	291
52.7	140
52.8	201
52.9	165
53	113
53.1	109
53.2	263
53.3	287
53.4	0
53.5	356
53.6	108
53.7	272
53.8	395
53.9	151
54	76
54.1	49
54.2	331
54.3	156
54.4	254
54.5	104
54.6	306
54.7	232
54.8	175
54.9	39
55	313
55.1	168
55.2	145
55.3	115
55.4	72
55.5	109
55.6	246
55.7	127
55.8	278
55.9	204
56	249
56.1	264
56.2	58
56.3	66
56.4	62
56.5	56
56.6	0
56.7	57
56.8	304
56.9	0
57	258
57.1	0
57.2	167
57.3	0
57.4	0
57.5	0
57.6	155
57.7	66
57.8	217
57.9	154
58	25
58.1	148
58.2	131
58.3	168
58.4	249
58.5	74
58.6	155
58.7	121
58.8	235
58.9	47
59	268
59.1	0
59.2	111
59.3	83
59.4	293
59.5	95
59.6	281
59.7	192
59.8	107
59.9	151
60	199
60.1	36
60.2	23
60.3	0
60.4	161
60.5	0
60.6	114
60.7	221
60.8	117
60.9	0
61	231
61.1	246
61.2	309
61.3	135
61.4	91
61.5	135
61.6	150
61.7	270
61.8	215
61.9	310
62	136
62.1	244
62.2	300
62.3	343
62.4	182
62.5	262
62.6	418
62.7	232
62.8	53
62.9	183
63	303
63.1	304
63.2	31
63.3	159
63.4	105
63.5	189
63.6	179
63.7	361
63.8	20
63.9	248
64	214
64.1	274
64.2	253
64.3	0
64.4	70
64.5	239
64.6	246
64.7	360
64.8	233
64.9	91
65	165
65.1	234
65.2	90
65.3	0
65.4	19
65.5	75
65.6	0
65.7	280
65.8	274
65.9	235
66	170
66.1	165
66.2	213
66.3	184
66.4	15
66.5	103
66.6	147
66.7	204
66.8	373
66.9	256
67	100
67.1	291
67.2	125
67.3	265
67.4	172
67.5	84
67.6	216
67.7	42
67.8	239
67.9	185
68	277
68.1	172
68.2	119
68.3	141
68.4	86
68.5	289
68.6	0
68.7	145
68.8	241
68.9	190
69	157
69.1	230
69.2	0
69.3	198
69.4	248
69.5	203
69.6	227
69.7	278
69.8	0
69.9	203
70	187
70.1	191
70.2	450
70.3	76
70.4	228
70.5	184
70.6	366
70.7	273
70.8	303
70.9	238
71	98
71.1	217
71.2	129
71.3	189
71.4	0
71.5	30
71.6	188
71.7	148
71.8	358
71.9	111
72	292
72.1	436
72.2	143
72.3	275
72.4	233
72.5	102
72.6	206
72.7	115
72.8	109
72.9	388
73	77
73.1	111
73.2	290
73.3	339
73.4	291
73.5	280
73.6	228
73.7	228
73.8	212
73.9	151
74	256
74.1	145
74.2	278
74.3	200
74.4	326