# Demerara Rise d13C, d18O, Trace Metal and Reconstructed Bottom Water Temperature Data Over the Past 20 ka #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # Template Version 4.0 # Encoding: UTF-8 # NOTE: Please cite original publication, NOAA Landing Page URL, dataset and publication DOIs (where available), and date accessed when using downloaded data. # If there is no publication information, please cite investigator, study title, NOAA Landing Page URL, and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with '#' followed by a space # Data lines have no '#' # # NOAA_Landing_Page: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/study/38028 # Landing_Page_Description: NOAA Landing Page of this file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Study_Level_JSON_Metadata: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/metadata/published/paleo/json/noaa-ocean-38028.json # Study_Level_JSON_Description: JSON metadata of this data file's parent study, which includes all study metadata. # # Data_Type: Paleoceanography # # Dataset_DOI: 10.25921/71sa-8v70 # # Science_Keywords: #--------------------------------------- # Resource_Links # # Data_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleocean/global/oppo2023/oppo2023-knr197-3-46cdh_tm_c.pachyderma.txt # Data_Download_Description: NOAA Template File; C. pachyderma Trace Metal Data # #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2023-07-05 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2023-09-20 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Demerara Rise d13C, d18O, Trace Metal and Reconstructed Bottom Water Temperature Data Over the Past 20 ka #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Oppo, Delia (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2946-5904); Lu, Wany (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2837-654X)i; Huang, Kuo-Fang (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7858-4865); Umling, Natalie (https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9999-1737); Guo, Weifu (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1605-1019); Yu, Jimin (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3896-1777); Curry, William (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4608-8880); Marchitto, Thomas (https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2397-8768); Wang, Shouyi (https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9046-6474) #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Oppo, D.W., Lu,W; Huang, K.-F.; Umling, N.E.; Guo, W.; Yu, J.; Curry, W.B.; Marchitto, T.M.; Wang, S. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2023-09-01 # Published_Title: Deglacial temperature and carbonate saturation state variability in the tropical Atlantic at Antarctic Intermediate Water Depths # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 38 # Edition: # Issue: 9 # Pages: # Report_Number: e2023PA004674 # DOI: 10.1029/2023PA004674 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Variations in the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) redistribute heat and nutrients, causing pronounced anomalies of temperature and nutrient concentrations in the subsurface ocean. However, exactly how millennial-scale deglacial AMOC variability influenced the subsurface is debated, and the role of other deglacial forcings of subsurface temperature change is unclear. Here, we present a new deglacial temperature reconstruction, which, with published records, helps assess competing hypotheses for deglacial warming in the upper tropical North Atlantic. Our record provides new evidence of regional subsurface warming in the western tropical North Atlantic within the core of modern Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) during Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1), an early deglacial interval of iceberg discharge into the North Atlantic. Our results are consistent with model simulations that suggest subsurface heat accumulates in the northern high-latitude convection regions and along the upper AMOC return path when the AMOC weakens, and with warming due to rising greenhouse gases. Warming of AAIW may have also contributed to warming in the tropics at modern AAIW depths during late HS1. Nutrient and D[CO32-] reconstructions from the same site suggest a link between AMOC intensity and the northward extent of AAIW in the northern tropics across the deglaciation and on millennial time scales. However, the timing of the initial deglacial increase in AAIW to the northern tropics is ambiguous. Deglacial trends and variability of D[CO32-] in the upper North Atlantic have likely biased temperature reconstructions based on the elemental composition of calcitic benthic foraminifera. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Huang, K.-F.; Oppo, D.W.; Curry, W.B. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2014 # Published_Title: Decreased influence of Antarctic intermediate water in the tropical Atlantic during North Atlantic cold events # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 389 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 200-208 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.037 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) is a key player in the global ocean circulation, contributing to the upper limb of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC), and influencing interhemispheric heat exchange and the distribution of salinity, nutrients and carbon. However, the deglacial history of AAIW flow into the North Atlantic is controversial. Here we present a multicore-top neodymium isotope calibration, which confirms the ability of unclean foraminifera to faithfully record bottom water neodymium isotopic composition (eNd) values in their authigenic coatings. We then present the first foraminifera-based reconstruction of eNd from three sediment cores retrieved from within modern AAIW, in the western tropical North Atlantic. Our records reveal similar glacial and interglacial contributions of AAIW, and a pronounced decrease in the AAIW fraction during North Atlantic deglacial cold episodes, Heinrich Stadial 1 (HS1) and Younger Dryas (YD). Our results suggest two separate phases of reduced fraction of AAIW in the tropical Atlantic during HS1, with a greater reduction during early HS1. If a reduction in AAIW fraction also reflects reduced AMOC strength, these finding may explain why, in many regions, there are two phases of hydrologic change within HS1, and why atmospheric CO2 rose more rapidly during early than late HS1. Our result suggesting less flow of AAIW into the Atlantic during North Atlantic cold events contrasts with evidence from the Pacific, where intermediate-depth eNd records may indicate increased flow of AAIW into the Pacific during the these same events. Antiphased eNd behavior between intermediate depths of the North Atlantic and Pacific implies that the flow of AAIW into Atlantic and Pacific seesawed during the last deglaciation. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Oppo, D.W., Gebbie, G. , Huang, K. , Curry, W.B., Marchitto, T.M. and Pietro, K.R # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: Data Constraints on Glacial Atlantic Water Mass Geometry and Properties # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 33 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 1013-1034 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2018PA003408 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The chemical composition of benthic foraminifera from marine sediment cores provides information on how glacial subsurface water properties differed from modern, but separating the influence of changes in the origin and end-member properties of subsurface water from changes in flows and mixing is challenging. Spatial gaps in coverage of glacial data add to the uncertainty. Here we present new data from cores collected from the Demerara Rise in the western tropical North Atlantic, including cores from the modern tropical phosphate maximum at Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW) depths. The results suggest lower phosphate concentration and higher carbonate saturation state within the phosphate maximum than modern despite similar carbon isotope values, consistent with less accumulation of respired nutrients and carbon, and reduced air-sea gas exchange in source waters to the region. An inversion of new and published glacial data confirms these inferences and further suggests that lower preformed nutrients in AAIW, and partial replacement of this still relatively high-nutrient AAIW with nutrient-depleted, carbonate-rich waters sourced from the region of the modern-day northern subtropics, also contributed to the observed changes. The results suggest that glacial preformed and remineralized phosphate were lower throughout the upper Atlantic, but deep phosphate concentration was higher. The inversion, which relies on the fidelity of the paleoceanographic data, suggests that the partial replacement of North Atlantic sourced deep water by Southern Ocean Water was largely responsible for the apparent deep North Atlantic phosphate increase, rather than greater remineralization. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Bryan, S. P. & Marchitto, T. M. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2010 # Published_Title: Testing the utility of paleonutrient proxies Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca in benthic foraminifera from thermocline waters. # Journal_Name: Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems # Volume: 11 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2009gc002780 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Reconstruction of oceanic nutrient concentrations in the past provides information about nutrient cycling and physical circulation and the role these processes have played in past climate changes. The Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca of benthic foraminifera have been used successfully to reconstruct past deep ocean nutrient concentrations. In this study we test the ability of benthic foraminiferal Cd/Ca and Zn/Ca to detect changes in thermocline nutrient concentrations using a set of 31 multicores collected in the Florida Straits. Multicore sites span depths of 173–751 m, estimated seawater Cd concentrations of 0.02–0.42 nmol kg-1, and estimated seawater Zn concentrations of 0.3–3.1 nmol kg-1. Cd/Ca in several taxa of benthic foraminifera captures the regional differences and general shape of the nutricline on either side of the Florida Straits, indicating that it is capable of resolving small changes in upper ocean nutrient concentrations in the past. We estimate that the upper ocean partition coefficient for calcitic Cd/Ca may be slightly higher than the established value. Low seawater Zn concentrations combined with low partition coefficients and slight laboratory contamination severely complicated the evaluation of benthic foraminiferal Zn/Ca. However, at least one species, C. pachyderma, incorporates Zn with a relatively high partition coefficient (~22), minimizing these complications. C. pachyderma Zn/Ca reflects the regional differences and general shape of the nutricline on either side of the Florida Straits and demonstrates potential for thermocline paleoceanography. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Bryan, S. P. & Marchitto, T. M. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2008 # Published_Title: Mg/Ca-temperature proxy in benthic foraminifera: New calibrations from the Florida Straits and a hypothesis regarding Mg/Li. # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography # Volume: 23 # Edition: # Issue: 2 # Pages: 44943 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2007PA001553 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Over the past decade, the ratio of Mg to Ca in foraminiferal tests has emerged as a valuable paleotemperature proxy. However, large uncertainties remain in the relationships between benthic foraminiferal Mg/Ca and temperature. Mg/Ca was measured in benthic foraminifera from 31 high-quality multicore tops collected in the Florida Straits, spanning a temperature range of 5.8° to 18.6°C. New calibrations are presented for Uvigerina peregrina, Planulina ariminensis, Planulina foveolata, and Hoeglundina elegans. The Mg/Ca values and temperature sensitivities vary among species, but all species exhibit a positive correlation that decreases in slope at higher temperatures. The decrease in the sensitivity of Mg/Ca to temperature may potentially be explained by Mg/Ca suppression at high carbonate ion concentrations. It is suggested that a carbonate ion influence on Mg/Ca may be adjusted for by dividing Mg/Ca by Li/Ca. The Mg/Li ratio displays stronger correlations to temperature, with up to 90% of variance explained, than Mg/Ca alone. These new calibrations are tested on several Last Glacial Maximum (LGM) samples from the Florida Straits. LGM temperatures reconstructed from Mg/Ca and Mg/Li are generally more scattered than core top measurements and may be contaminated by high-Mg overgrowths. The potential for Mg/Ca and Mg/Li as temperature proxies warrants further testing. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Valley, S. G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., & Marchitto, T. M # Published_Date_or_Year: 2019 # Published_Title: Intermediate water circulation changes in the Florida Straits from a 35 ka record of Mg/Li-derived temperature and Cd/Ca-derived seawater cadmium # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 523 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2019.06.032 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: We generated a high-resolution ocean record of bottom water temperature and seawater Cd from 546 m in the Florida Straits. The record extends to ~35,000 yr before present, including all of Marine Isotope Stages (MIS) 2 and part of MIS 3. Previously, seawater cadmium (Cdw) has been used as a proxy for the strength of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) during the last deglaciation. We now consider the temperature and oxygen isotopic composition of seawater reconstructed from the same core in order to provide a fuller picture of water mass properties and circulation at this location. During the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), Cdw levels were generally low, and a novel Mg/Li-derived temperature record reveals persistently cold temperatures (~3.6 °C, two to three degrees colder than during the Holocene or Marine Isotope Stage 3). During the Younger Dryas and early Heinrich Stadial 1, Cdw was low and temperatures were elevated compared with periods of inferred stronger AMOC. By contrast, there is no indication of AMOC variability over Heinrich Stadials 2 and 3, consistent with previous studies that conclude the AMOC is less sensitive to freshwater forcing during glaciations than during the last deglaciation. While there is some inconsistency between proxies, Cdw increases over some MIS3 Dansgaard–Oeschger interstadials, providing qualified support for a strengthening in AMOC. This is similar to our previous finding that Cdw tracks AMOC variability during the deglaciation. This study highlights the distinct nature of water masses and circulation during the LGM, relative to the stadial (weak AMOC) periods of the deglaciation and Late MIS 3. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Valley, S. G., Lynch-Stieglitz, J., Marchitto, T. M., & Oppo, D. W # Published_Date_or_Year: 2022 # Published_Title: Seawater Cadmium in the Florida Straits Over the Holocene and Implications for Upper AMOC Variability # Journal_Name: Paleoceanography and Paleoclimatology # Volume: 37 # Edition: # Issue: 5 # Pages: 44938 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2021PA004379 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC) plays a central role in the global redistribution of heat and precipitation during both abrupt and longer-term climate shifts. Over the next century, AMOC is projected to weaken due to greenhouse gas warming, though projecting its future behavior is dependent on a better understanding of how AMOC changes are forced. Seeking to resolve an apparent contradiction of AMOC trends from paleorecords of the more recent past, we reconstruct seawater cadmium, a nutrient-like tracer, in the Florida Straits over the last ~8,000 years, with emphasis on the last millennium. The gradual reduction in seawater Cd over the last 8,000 years could be due to a reduction in AMOC, consistent with cooling Northern Hemisphere temperatures and a southward shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone. However, it is difficult to reconcile this finding with evidence for an increase in geostrophic flow through the Florida Straits over the same time period. We combine data from intermediate water depth sediment cores to extend this record into the Common Era at sufficient resolution to address the broad scale changes of this time period. There is a small decline in the Cd concentration in the Late Little Ice Age relative to the Medieval Climate Anomaly, but this change was much smaller than the changes observed over the Holocene and on the deglaciation. This suggests that any trend in the strength of AMOC over the last millennium must have been very subtle. #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: Marchitto, T. M., Bryan, S. P., Doss, W., McCulloch, M. T., & Montagna, P. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: A simple biomineralization model to explain Li, Mg, and Sr incorporation into aragonitic foraminifera and corals. # Journal_Name: Earth and Planetary Science Letters # Volume: 481 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 20-29 # Report_Number: # DOI: 10.1016/j.epsl.2017.10.022 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: In contrast to Li/Ca and Mg/Ca, Li/Mg is strongly anticorrelated with temperature in aragonites precipitated by the benthic foraminifer Hoeglundina elegans and a wide range of scleractinian coral taxa. We propose a simple conceptual model of biomineralization that explains this pattern and is consistent with available abiotic aragonite partition coefficients. Under this model the organism actively modifies seawater within its calcification pool by raising its [Ca2+], using a pump that strongly discriminates against both Li+ and Mg2+. Rayleigh fractionation during calcification effectively reverses this process, removing Ca2+ while leaving most Li+ and Mg2+ behind in the calcifying fluid. The net effect of these two processes is that Li/Mg in the calcifying fluid remains very close to the seawater value, and temperature-dependent abiotic partition coefficients are expressed in the biogenic aragonite Li/Mg ratio. We further show that coral Sr/Ca is consistent with this model if the Ca2+ pump barely discriminates against Sr2+. In H. elegans the covariation of Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca requires either that the pump more strongly discriminates against Sr2+, or that cation incorporation is affected by aragonite precipitation rate via the mechanism of surface entrapment. In either case Li/Mg is minimally affected by such ‘vital effects’ which plague other elemental ratio paleotemperature proxies. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: US National Science Foundation # Grant: OCE-2114579, OCE-1811305, OCE15-58341, AGS09-36472, OCE-070880 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Taiwan National Science Council # Grant: NSC 98-2917-I-564-132 #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST), Taiwan # Grant: 104-2628-M-001-007-MY3, 110-2116-M-001-013 #--------------------------------------- # Site_Information # Site_Name: Demerara Rise (KNR197-3-46CDH) # Location: North Atlantic # Northernmost_Latitude: 7.836 # Southernmost_Latitude: 7.836 # Easternmost_Longitude: -53.66 # Westernmost_Longitude: -53.66 # Elevation_m: -947 #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: KNR197-3-46CDH_tm_C.pachyderma # First_Year: 22423 # Last_Year: 5583 # Time_Unit: calendar year before present # Core_Length_m: # Parameter_Keywords: trace metals in carbonates # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Chronology_Information # Chronology: Radiocarbon # Chronology_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/templates/noaa-wds-paleo-14c-terms.csv # Chronology_Download_Description: Radiocarbon terms and definitions. # Chronology_Notes: Some dates previously reported in Huang et al. 2014 (doi: 10.1016/j.epsl.2013.12.037) # Rejection_Rationale: anomalously young dates omitted # Reservoir_Method: approximated from data near core sites as summarized on the Calib 8 webpage # Calibration_Method: Marine20 (Heaton et al. 2020) # Age_Model_Method: Bacon # Missing_Values: NaN # Chronology_Table: # lab_code depth_end_cm depth_start_cm material_dated age_14C_BP1950 age_14C_err_yr date_type calib_curve delta_R_yr delta_R_poserr_yr delta_R_negerr_yr age_calib_BP1950 age_calib_neg2s_BP1950 age_calib_pos2s_BP1950 date_used notes # OS-87794 0 1 Planktic foraminifera 3370 30 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 3171 2692 3691 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-98186 0 1 Planktic foraminifera 3960 20 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 3915 3381 4441 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-133234 38 39 Planktic foraminifera 4460 15 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 4564 4002 5106 yes this study # OS-91338 88 89 Planktic foraminifera 4580 35 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 4716 4185 5271 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-133235 120 121 Planktic foraminifera 6810 25 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 7206 6746 7608 yes this study # OS-87802 140 141 Planktic foraminifera 7680 50 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 8069 7623 8515 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-98192 166 167 Planktic foraminifera 9260 40 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 9986 9465 10541 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-94488 166 167 Planktic foraminifera 6870 45 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 7267 6799 7673 no Huang et al. 2014 # OS-98193 200 201 Planktic foraminifera 8800 30 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 8880 8880 10004 no Huang et al. 2014 # OS-102660 200 201 Planktic foraminifera 7540 35 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 7513 7513 8353 no this study # OS-94483 224 225 Planktic foraminifera 11350 55 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 12340 12340 13238 no Huang et al. 2014 # OS-87799 233 234 Planktic foraminifera 12600 60 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 13634 13634 14934 no Huang et al. 2014 # OS-133236 262 263 Planktic foraminifera 13600 35 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 15692 15127 16251 yes this study # OS-94357 270 271 Planktic foraminifera 13700 45 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 15822 15240 16384 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-91334 292 293 Planktic foraminifera 14750 60 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 17155 16595 17756 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-87789 324 325 Planktic foraminifera 16250 70 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 18868 18321 19387 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-91327 368 369 Planktic foraminifera 19400 85 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 22596 22101 23060 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-87803 404 405 Planktic foraminifera 21400 110 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 24831 24214 25409 yes Huang et al. 2014 # OS-133237 472 473 Planktic foraminifera 24900 120 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 28325 27772 28833 yes this study # OS-133238 488 489 Planktic foraminifera 26200 140 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 29661 29121 30123 yes this study # OS-133239 510 511 Planktic foraminifera 28000 180 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 31331 30863 31878 yes this study # OS-133240 578 579 Planktic foraminifera 29900 220 14C AMS Marine20 -100 200 200 33675 32997 34282 yes this study # #--------------------------------------- # Variables # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Resource: https://www.ncei.noaa.gov/access/paleo-search/skos/past-thesaurus.rdf # PaST_Thesaurus_Download_Description: Paleoenvironmental Standard Terms (PaST) Thesaurus terms, definitions, and relationships in SKOS format. # # Data variables follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. # Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-var components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # ## Age age,,,calendar year before present,,Climate Reconstructions; Paleoceanography,,,N,Median ensemble age ## Depth depth,,,centimeter,,Climate Reconstructions; Paleoceanography,,,N, ## Li/Ca lithium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Mg/Ca magnesium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,millimole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Mg/Li magnesium/lithium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,mole per millimole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Cd/Ca cadmium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## B/Ca boron/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Sr/Ca strontium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,millimole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## U/Ca uranium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,nanomole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Mn/Ca manganese/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Fe/Ca iron/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Al/Ca aluminum/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## Ti/Ca titanium/calcium,Cibicidoides pachyderma,,micromole per mole,,Paleoceanography,,inductively-coupled plasma mass spectrometry,N, ## BWT sea water temperature,magnesium/lithium;Cibicidoides pachyderma,,degree Celsius,,Climate Reconstructions; Paleoceanography,,,N,calibration equation; reconstructed bottom water temperature (BWT); This is the BWT that would be inferred from the local calibration between Mg/Li and BWT if dividing Mg/Ca by Li/Ca fully corrected from the non-temperature controls on Mg/Ca. ## CdW cadmium,cadmium/calcium;Cibicidoides pachyderma,,nanomole per kilogram,,Climate Reconstructions; Paleoceanography,,,N,calibration equation; reconstructed cadmium in seawater #------------------------ # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: NA Age Depth Li/Ca Mg/Ca Mg/Li Cd/Ca B/Ca Sr/Ca U/Ca Mn/Ca Fe/Ca Al/Ca Ti/Ca BWT CdW 5583.38457 80.5 13.35 1.02 0.076 0.0635 172.44 1.22 11.88 54.09 48.68 63.77 22.33 3.80 0.49 5825.14522 88.5 13.22 1.06 0.080 0.0609 178.15 1.21 14.98 76.14 61.39 52.08 24.70 4.11 0.47 5962.5681 92.5 12.85 1.09 0.085 0.0727 160.22 1.18 20.91 70.22 55.15 52.28 24.12 4.48 0.56 6477.99156 104.5 13.14 1.14 0.087 0.0713 174.72 1.26 22.73 69.27 64.76 52.34 24.22 4.63 0.55 6875.65113 112.5 12.51 1.13 0.091 0.0770 174.69 1.24 17.41 72.37 69.72 56.56 23.20 4.93 0.59 7236.55596 120.5 12.88 1.09 0.084 0.0626 178.89 1.24 9.10 59.73 57.70 40.46 28.61 4.44 0.48 7620.44822 128.5 13.20 1.11 0.084 0.0533 181.39 1.28 12.55 62.34 56.08 54.64 24.26 4.44 0.41 7991.58557 136.5 13.43 1.23 0.092 0.0552 181.89 1.28 31.48 101.49 66.54 44.85 34.00 5.04 0.42 8401.45604 144.5 13.15 1.09 0.083 0.0497 175.91 1.28 12.06 88.64 50.42 45.79 47.32 4.32 0.38 8978.45844 152.5 13.49 1.14 0.085 0.0638 184.91 1.29 23.21 106.30 72.71 75.42 27.88 4.45 0.49 9231.18794 156.5 12.77 1.09 0.086 0.0586 169.35 1.31 16.26 107.17 71.80 57.44 24.78 4.54 0.45 9784.14334 164.5 12.69 1.08 0.085 0.0591 163.30 1.27 22.35 88.29 70.46 80.68 20.71 4.51 0.45 10578.7532 176.5 12.46 1.15 0.092 0.0472 167.37 1.29 16.71 96.83 64.08 64.70 26.42 5.05 0.36 10923.0611 180.5 12.48 1.23 0.099 0.0547 161.79 1.28 20.22 92.44 83.01 47.10 37.43 5.58 0.42 11203.3172 184.5 12.40 1.20 0.097 0.0490 175.74 1.27 26.92 122.69 82.94 74.18 19.64 5.45 0.38 11455.1919 188.5 12.50 1.21 0.097 0.0383 187.83 1.32 22.36 124.12 69.49 31.46 35.58 5.45 0.29 11728.0725 192.5 13.40 1.19 0.089 0.0411 194.48 1.34 15.42 107.47 83.30 59.50 20.69 4.81 0.32 12024.2037 196.5 13.72 1.24 0.090 0.0399 195.55 1.34 31.80 121.42 77.65 66.22 21.45 4.89 0.31 12623.4474 204.5 13.18 1.18 0.090 0.0374 197.61 1.34 19.03 131.54 81.33 33.52 37.10 4.87 0.29 12910.9519 208.5 13.09 1.18 0.090 0.0361 186.75 1.35 16.13 120.94 87.52 69.27 18.91 4.88 0.28 13185.6119 212.5 12.49 1.23 0.098 0.0350 174.71 1.31 15.84 132.01 93.84 69.15 20.73 5.54 0.27 13479.619 216.5 12.82 1.22 0.095 0.0423 176.79 1.31 11.35 104.10 58.03 35.53 34.51 5.31 0.33 13754.0481 220.5 12.36 1.14 0.092 0.0418 176.67 1.32 7.96 94.29 68.58 30.36 36.04 5.07 0.32 14038.5119 224.5 12.86 1.14 0.088 0.0519 171.63 1.29 5.57 70.21 56.93 36.86 29.63 4.75 0.40 14547.7942 232.5 13.53 1.10 0.081 0.0511 183.44 1.34 5.02 88.39 82.75 39.14 24.17 4.17 0.39 14840.888 240.5 13.67 1.38 0.101 0.0511 194.30 1.37 8.56 121.61 73.07 41.09 23.90 5.73 0.39 15160.2029 248.5 14.19 1.43 0.101 0.0390 203.75 1.41 4.73 102.26 78.05 32.65 23.79 5.72 0.30 15492.3873 256.5 14.70 1.39 0.094 0.0525 197.94 1.37 6.79 125.24 69.25 49.48 21.20 5.22 0.40 15807.9672 264.5 14.73 1.35 0.092 0.0478 202.29 1.41 4.35 86.88 51.06 30.89 21.58 5.03 0.37 16117.4955 272.5 15.43 1.39 0.090 0.0437 208.88 1.43 5.68 105.73 82.26 28.84 24.70 4.90 0.34 16527.8185 280.5 18.12 1.37 0.076 0.0370 212.97 1.45 5.35 101.78 73.53 39.02 19.11 3.75 0.28 16955.8847 288.5 18.58 1.41 0.076 0.0362 217.63 1.43 4.97 102.03 92.90 36.21 22.57 3.75 0.28 17384.7898 296.5 18.67 1.34 0.072 0.0347 215.66 1.45 2.76 81.26 34.43 21.60 23.34 3.42 0.27 17864.9218 304.5 17.38 1.38 0.079 0.0428 194.23 1.37 8.71 99.14 94.31 54.17 20.59 4.02 0.33 18329.2749 312.5 18.59 1.46 0.079 0.0311 209.47 1.42 4.07 86.45 63.12 24.37 21.67 3.99 0.24 18762.2285 320.5 18.38 1.29 0.070 0.0315 206.73 1.41 4.14 53.11 64.96 51.85 16.00 3.31 0.24 19214.4649 328.5 18.35 1.40 0.076 0.0327 215.20 1.42 4.61 76.90 72.10 76.61 8.80 3.80 0.25 19857.6513 336.5 17.80 1.37 0.077 0.0301 212.04 1.40 4.69 71.89 52.14 30.54 23.77 3.83 0.23 20487.5091 344.5 16.96 1.28 0.075 0.0347 201.04 1.39 5.69 76.34 88.82 55.05 18.76 3.72 0.27 21138.1248 352.5 18.20 1.39 0.076 0.0304 219.62 1.45 4.37 67.73 84.47 85.71 10.91 3.81 0.23 21755.5502 360.5 18.27 1.36 0.074 0.0340 217.10 1.45 6.30 93.13 93.59 62.98 11.06 3.64 0.26 22422.625 368.5 17.13 1.23 0.072 0.0327 211.33 1.43 5.16 90.56 18.74 39.45 16.35 3.42 0.25