# Arctic Holocene Cooling Trends #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite original publication, online resource and date accessed when using this data. # If there is no publication information, please cite Investigator, title, online resource and date accessed. # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/25610 # Description: NOAA Landing Page # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/arctic/mckay2018/mckay2018-RecordsUsed_Metadata.txt # Description: NOAA location of the template # Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/arctic/mckay2018/mckay2018-Metadata.txt # Description: NOAA location of the associated study metadata template file # # Archive: Paleolimnology # # Dataset_DOI: # # Parameter_Keywords: reconstruction #--------------------------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2018-12-06 #--------------------------------------- # File_Last_Modified_Date # Date: 2018-12-06 #--------------------------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Arctic Holocene Cooling Trends #--------------------------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: McKay, Nicholas; Kaufman, Darrell #--------------------------------------- # Description_Notes_and_Keywords # Description: Provided Keywords: air temperature, ice elevation #--------------------------------------- # Publication # Authors: McKay, N.P., Kaufman, D.S., Routson, C.C., Erb, M.P., and Zander, P.D. # Published_Date_or_Year: 2018 # Published_Title: The Onset and Rate of Holocene Neoglacial Cooling in the Arctic # Journal_Name: Geophysical Research Letters # Volume: 45 # Edition: # Issue: 21 # Pages: 1-10 # Report Number: # DOI: 10.1029/2018GL079773 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The middle to late Holocene (8,200 years ago to present) in the Arctic is characterized by cooling temperatures and the regrowth and advance of glaciers. Whether this Neoglaciation was a threshold response to linear cooling, or was driven by a regional or Arctic-wide acceleration of cooling, is unknown. Here we examine the largest-yet-compiled multiproxy database of Arctic Holocene temperature change, along with model simulations, to investigate regional and Arctic-wide increases in cooling rate, the synchronicity of Neoglacial onset, and the observed and simulated rates of temperature change. We find little support for an Arctic-wide onset of Neoglacial cooling but do find intervals when regions experienced rapid increases in long-term cooling rate, both in the observations and in climate model simulations. In the model experiments, Neoglacial cooling is associated with indirectly forced millennial-scale variability in meridional heat transport superposed on the long-term decline of summer insolation. #--------------------------------------- # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: NSF # Grant: ARC-1107869, EAR-1347213, and AGS-1602105 #--------------------------------------- # Site Information # Site_Name: Arctic # Location: Arctic # Country: # Northernmost_Latitude: 90 # Southernmost_Latitude: 60 # Easternmost_Longitude: 180 # Westernmost_Longitude: -180 # Elevation: #--------------------------------------- # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: Arctic RecordsUsedMetadata McKay2018 # First_Year: # Last_Year: # Time_Unit: # Core_Length: # Notes: #--------------------------------------- # Synthesis Collection Metadata Fields # NOTE: These are the fields used to capture the metadata about data sources used in a synthesis study. # Each row of this table corresponds to a column in the SourceDataTable file listed above in the Online_Resource URLs. # The rows here are linked to the columns in the data table using the ID field. # Metadata fields that follow that are preceded by "##" in columns one and two. ## dataID dataset ID NOTE: This field is used to tie the data's metadata to the data. This value will be the column header in the data table ## FullDataSetCode A name for the data collection ## archiveType archive or data type of the collection ## latitude latitude of site in decimal degrees North ## longitude longitude of site in decimal degrees East ## elevation elevation of site in meters ## startYear start year in years CE ## endYear end year in years CE ## Citation citation text or DOI for original publication source of data ## Original_Source_Data_URL Original Source URL or DOI(if available) for the data presented here ## variable_used Variable from original source that is being used ## data_accessed Date the original source data was acquired ## notes Any additional information about the use of the record that is not covered in the fields above #--------------------------------------- # RecordsUsed_Metadata: # Missing_Value: BSi dataID FullDataSetCode archiveType latitude longitude elevation startYear endYear Citation Original_Source_Data_URL variable_used data_accessed notes andy andy.Szeicz.1995 lake sediment 64.65 -128.0833 1360 -7853 1950 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Szeicz et al. 1995 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp bells bells.Szeicz.1995 lake sediment 65.0167 -127.4833 580 -7752 1950 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Szeicz et al. 1995 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp candelabra candelabra.Cwynar.1995 lake sediment 61.68 -130.65 1040 -7922 1598 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Cwynar & Spear 1995 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp corser Corser.Nichols.2014 bog 60.53 -145.45 -9166 1847 Nichols et al., 2014 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp farewell farewell.Hu.1998 lake sediment 62.55 -153.63 230 -10567.3078 1999.9711 Hu et al. 1998 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 mg/ca ggc19 GGC19.Farmer.2011 marine sediment 72.16 -155.51 -369 -4561.9 1534.57 Farmer et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp greyling greyling.Mckay.2009 lake sediment 61.4 -145.7 1015 -16177 1979 Mckay & Kaufman 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM hail hail.Cwynar.1995 lake sediment 60.0333 -129.0167 690 -7968 1883 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Cwynar & Spear 1995 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp hallet hallet.McKay.2009 lake sediment 61.5 -146.2 1128 -6227.5009 1932.4991 Mckay & Kaufman 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 logBSi hly0501 HLY0501.deVernal.2013 marine sediment 72.6947 -157.52 -415 -6259.4 1724.65 de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp honeymoon honeymoon.Cwynar.1991 lake sediment 64.6333 -138.4 1160 -7990 1933 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Cwynar & Spear 1991 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp hudson hudson.Clegg.2011 lake sediment 61.9 -145.6667 657 -7624 1977.9417 Clegg et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp kusawa kusawa.Chakraborty.2010 lake sediment 60.275 -136.182 671 -10348.4 1873.46 Chakraborty et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 BSi lily lily.Cwynar.1990 lake sediment 59.2 -135.4 230 -7765 1896 Cwynar 1990 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp lonespruce lonespruce.Kaufman.2012 lake sediment 60.007 -159.143 135 -12573.6606 1954.6229 Kaufman et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 BSi meleze meleze.MacDonald.1983 lake sediment 65.2167 -126.1167 650 -7697 1682 Viau & Gajewski 2009; MacDonald 1987 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp moose moose.Clegg.2010 lake sediment 61.374 -143.5988 437 -4057.664 1970.0348 Clegg et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp p1b3 P1B3.deVernal.2005 marine 73.683 -162.66 -201 -7676 1824.39 de Vernal et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp quartz quartz.Wooller.2012 lake sediment 64.206 -145.814 293 -8999 1173 Wooller et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp rainbow rainbow.Clegg.2011 lake sediment 60.7167 -150.8 63 -11555.5443 2004 Clegg et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp ranger ranger.Brubaker.1983 lake sediment 67.1472 -153.65 820 -7612 1950 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Brubaker et al. 1983 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp screaminglynx screaminglynx.Clegg.2011 lake sediment 66.0667 -145.4 223 -8661 1993 Clegg et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp trout trout.Irvine.2012 lake sediment 68.828 -138.75 150 -13474.5 166.01 Irvine et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp upper_fly upper_fly.Bunbury.2009 lake sediment 61.07 -138.09 1326 -7706.264 1805.0852 Bunbury & Gajewski 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp waskey waskey.Levy.2004 lake sediment 59.8794 -159.2067 150 -9028.74 1878.85 Levy et al. 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM agassiz agassiz.Vinther.2009 glacier ice 80.7 -73.1 1730 -8050 1950 Vinther et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O akvaquak akvaquak.Frechette.2009 lake sediment 66.7833 -63.95 17 -6384 1940 Frechétte & de Vernal 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp bc01 BC01.Peros.2010 lake sediment 75.18 -111.92 -7965.5 1836.5 Peros et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 BSi big_round big_round.Thomas.2010 lake sediment 69.87 -68.86 -8235.6611 2006 Thomas et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 MS braya_so braya_so.Dandrea.2011 lake sediment 67 -50.7 170 -4169 2005 D'andrea et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 uk37 century century.Vinther.2009 glacier ice 77.17 -61.13 1890 -9700 1960 Vinther et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O devon devon.Fisher.1983 glacier ice 75.3167 -82.5 -18589 1911 Fisher et al. 1983 (updated by author) https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O dye3 Dye3.Vinther.2006 glacier ice 65.1833 -43.82 -9690 1970 Vinther et al. 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O gisp2 GISP2.Alley.2000 glacier ice 72.58 -38.46 3216 -48031 1854.8591 Alley 2000 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp grip GRIP.Vinther.2006 glacier ice 72.0058 -37.6333 3230 -30430 1970 Vinther et al. 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O hjort hjort.Schmidt.2011 lake sediment 76.433 -18.767 114 -7823 1462 Schmidt et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 CCA1 hu84 HU84.deVernal.2013 marine sediment 58.3677 -57.507 -2853 -6346.5 -18.0999999999999 de Vernal et al. 2001, 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp hu90 HU90.deVernal.2013 marine sediment 58.2098 -48.3733 -3380 -7848.2 588.5 de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp hu91 HU91.Levac.2013 marine sediment 77.2667 -74.3317 -663 -4805.8 401.2 Levac et al. 2001; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp igaliku igaliku.Massa.2012 lake sediment 61 -45.43 30 -7577 2001.2 Massa et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 pollen_count iglutalik iglutalik.Davis.1980 lake sediment 66.14 -66.08 90 -8318.9324 1974.3465 Kerwin et al. 2004; Davis 1980 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp jake jake.Kerwin.2005 lake sediment 63.667 -65.152 300 -6131.6663 1991 Kerwin et al. 2004; Miller et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp ls009 LS009.Ledu.2010 marine 74.187 -81.195 -781 -8048.7 -84.7 Ledu et al. 2010; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp md99-2227 MD99-2227.deVernal.2013 marine sediment 58.2107 -48.373 -3460 -7897.5 1196.61 de Vernal and Hillaire-Marcel 2006; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp naujg1 naujg1.Willemse.1999 lake sediment 66.6667 -51.9667 300 -7548 1521 Willemse & Törnqvist 1999 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 ROI ngrip NGRIP.NGRIP.2004 glacier ice 75.1 -42.32 2917 -39750 1990 Vinther et al. 2006; NorthGRIP members 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O north north.Axford.2013 lake sediment 69.2417 -50.0267 190 -5321 2002 Axford et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM penny penny.Fisher.1998 glacier ice 67.25 -66.75 1900 -9837.2998 1982.7 Fisher et al. 1998 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O qipisirargo qipisirargo.Kaplan.2002 lake sediment 61 -47.75 7 -6684 1942 Frechétte & de Vernal 2009; Kaplan et al. 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp renland renland.Vinther.2009 glacier ice 71.3 -26.7 2350 -57440 1960 Vinther et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O sfl4-1 sfl4-1.Willemse.1999 lake sediment 67.0833 -50.2833 247 -5450 1938 Willemse & Törnqvist 1999 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM sp02 SP02.Adams.2010 lake sediment 68.55 -83.29 220 -6130 2003.4 Adams & Finkelstein 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM arapisto arapisto.Sarmaja-Korjonen.2007 lake sediment 60.58 24.8 133 -6938.5 1950 Sarmaja-Korjonen & Seppä 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp austerkjosen austerkjosen.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 68.5333 17.2667 135 -6888.87 1930.55 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp berkut berkut.Ilyashuk.2005 lake sediment 66.35 36.67 25 -8168 1950 Ilyashuk et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp bjornfjelltjorn bjornfjelltjorn.Brooks.2006 lake sediment 68.4333 18.0667 510 -6910.14 1995 Seppä et al. 2009; Brooks 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp brurskardstjorni brurskardstjorni.Velle.2005 lake sediment 61.42 8.67 1309 -8950.42 1977 Velle et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp chuna chuna.Jones.2005 lake sediment 67.95 32.48 475 -7350 1940.5 Jones et al. 2004; Solovieva et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O dalene dalene.Eide.2009 lake sediment 58.25 8 40 -6990.4 2006.87 Eide et al. 2006; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp dalmutladdo dalmutladdo.Bjune.2004 lake sediment 69.17 20.72 355 -7974 1950 Bjune et al. 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp dravladalsvatn dravladalsvatn.Bakke.2005 lake sediment 60.0333 6.0667 -9581.7122 2001.0054 Bakke et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 ELA fauske fauske.Linge.2009 Speleothem 67.22 15.81 160 -5565.2 1997 Linge et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O flarken Flarken.Seppa.2005 lake sediment 58.55 13.67 108 -7031.7852 1999.6227 Seppä et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp flotatjonn flotatjonn.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 59.6667 7.55 890 -7070.71 1993.5 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp gammelheimvatnet Gammelheimvatnet.Balascio.2009 lake sediment 68.4667 17.75 290 -7018.1 1992.16 Balascio et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp gilltjarnen Gilltjarnen.Antonsson.2006 lake sediment 60.08 15.83 172 -8756.78 1999.9736 Antonsson et al. 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp gloppsjon gloppsjon.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 59.83 16.53 198 -7021.748 1950 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp grostjorn grostjorn.Eide.2009 lake sediment 58.5333 7.7333 180 -6964 1997 Eide et al. 2006; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp gunrsfjorden gunnarsfjorden.Allen.2007 lake sediment 71.0383 28.1685 78 -7174.107 1917.8147 Allen et al. 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp haugtjern haugtjern.Eide.2009 lake sediment 60.8333 10.8833 338 -7009 1973 Eide et al. 2006; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp holebudalen holebudalen.Velle.2009 lake sediment 59.83 6.98 1144 -7900.1525 1575.5875 Velle et al. 2005; Eide et al. 2006; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp isbenttjonn isbenttjonn.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 59.7667 7.4333 787 -6940.1 1993.5 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp jarburvatnet jarburvatnet.Nesje.2001 lake sediment 61.7 6.76 1001 -8799.2 1950 Nesje et al. 2001 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM kinnshaugen kinnshaugen.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 62.0167 10.3667 591 -6879 1973 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp kjennsvatn kjennsvatn.Bakke.2010 lake sediment 66 14.26 527 -7140.2273 2000 Bakke et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 ELA klotjarnen klotjarnen.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 61.82 14.58 235 -6992.028 1998.1875 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp kp2 KP2.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 68.8 35.32 131 -7047 1950 Seppä et al. 2008; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp laihalampi laihalampi.Heikkila.2003 lake sediment 61.48 26.07 137 -7045.3637 1900.9569 Heikkilä & Seppä 2003 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp lake850 lake850.Shemesh.2001 lake sediment 68.37 19.12 850 -7448.0595 1769.5595 Larouque & Bigler 2004; Shemesh et al. 2001 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp lapland lapland.Helama.2010 tree 69 25 -5500 2005 Helama et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp liltlvatn liltlvatn.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 68.5167 14.8667 106 -6829.86 1995 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp myrvatn myrvatn.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 68.65 16.3833 200 -6943.76 1992.4 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp nautajarvi nautajarvi.Ojala.2009 lake sediment 61.8 24.7 104 -7048 1899 Ojala et al. 2008; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp njakajaure njakajaure.Bigler.1998 lake sediment 68.33 18.78 409 -6905 1839 Bigler et al. 2006; Barnekow et al. 1998 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp njulla njulla.Bigler.2003 lake sediment 68.37 18.7 999 -7911.2 1613.12 Bigler et al. 2003 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp oykjamyrtjorn oykjamyrtjorn.Bjune.2005 lake sediment 59.82 6 570 -9581.7122 2001.0054 Bjune et al. 2005; Velle et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp raigastvere raigastvere.Seppa.2004 lake sediment 58.5833 26.65 53 -6973 1950 Seppä & Poska 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp ratasjoen ratasjoen.Velle.2005 lake sediment 62.27 9.83 1169 -8918.9206 1999 Velle et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp reiarsdalsvatnet reiarsdalsvatnet.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 58.3167 7.7833 245 -6980.53 2032.08 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp ruila ruila.Seppa.2004 lake sediment 59.17 24.43 43 -8062.5 1950 Seppä & Poska 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp sjuuodjijaure sjuuodjijaure.Rosen.2001 lake sediment 67.37 18.07 826 -7312.9995 1782.8246 Rosén et al. 2001 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp soylegrotta soylegrotta.Lauritzen.1999 Speleothem 66.62 13.68 280 -8005.2216 1813.497 Lauritzen & Lundberg 1999 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp spaime spaime.Hammarlund.2004 lake sediment 63.12 12.32 887 -8520 1908.3489 Hammarlund et al. 2004; Velle et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp starvatn starvatn.Andresen.2006 lake sediment 62.05 -6.59 43 -9127 429 Andresen et al., 2006 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 BSi svavatnet svanavatnet.Bjune.2008 lake sediment 66.44 14.05 243 -6800.3078 1800.177 Bjune & Birks 2008 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp tiavatnet tiavatnet.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 63.05 9.4167 464 -7038 2000 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp tibetanus tibetanus.Hammarlund.2002 lake sediment 68.33 18.7 560 -8287.5 1910.6 Hammarlund et al. 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp tornetrask tornetrask.Grudd.2002 tree 68 20 400 -5406 1997 Grudd et al. 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp toskaljavri toskaljavri.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 69.2 21.47 704 -7507.1429 1835.7143 Seppä & Birks 2002; Seppä et al. 2002, 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp trehorningen trehorningen.Antonsson.2007 lake sediment 58.55 11.6 112 -6944 1950 Antonsson & Seppä 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp trettetjorn trettetjorn.Bjune.2005 lake sediment 60.72 7 810 -6576.9632 2002 Bjune et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp tsuolbmajavri tsuolbmajavri.Korhola.2009 lake sediment 68.41 22.05 526 -8769.3152 1950 Korhola et al. 2000, 2002; Seppä & Birks 2001; Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp vikjordvatnet vikjordvatnet.Balascio.2012 lake sediment 68.227 14.063 23 -9693 1595 Balascio & Bradley 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 OM_flux vuoskkujavri vuoskkujavri.Bigler.2002 lake sediment 68.33 19.1 348 -7920.555 1701.925 Bigler et al. 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp yarnyshnoe yarnyshnoe.Seppa.2008 lake sediment 69.0667 36.0667 54 -10534.02 752.14 Seppä et al. 2008 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp 2005-804 2005-804.Ledu.2013 marine sediment 68.9925 -106.5735 -118 -5780.8 926.4 Ledu et al. 2010; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp ennadai ennadai.Bender.1967 lake sediment 61.1667 -100.9167 168 -5150 1596 Viau & Gajewski 2009; Bender et al. 1967 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp jr01 JR01.Zabenskie.2007 lake sediment 69.9 -95.07 120 -5006 1999 Zabenskie & Gajewski 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp k2 k2.Fallu.2005 lake sediment 58.7347 -65.9342 167 -4767.1764 1998 Fallu et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp kr02 KR02.Peros.2008 lake sediment 71.34 -113.78 299 -8486.5385 2001 Peros & Gajewski 2008 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 BSi lr01 LR01.Gajewski.1993 lake sediment 58.5833 -75.25 170 -5612 1862 Gajewski et al 1993 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp s53s52 s53s52.Tillman.2010 peat 59.8917 -104.2083 395 -4221.2963 1990 Tillman et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp b997-321 B997-321.Smith.2005 marine sediment 66.53 -21.5 -4177.8 1772.57 Smith et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST gik23258 GIK23258.Sarnthein.2003 marine sediment 75 14 -1768 -7948.85 1147.15 Sarnthein et al. 2003 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST haukdalsvatn Haukdalsvatn.Larsen.2013 lake sediment 65.03 -21.37 32 -7986.0309 1940.9577 Geirsdottir et al. 2013; Larsen et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 PC1 hvitarvatn Hvitarvatn.Larsen.2013 lake sediment 64.6167 -19.85 422 -7986.0309 1940.9577 Geirsdottir et al. 2013; Larsen et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 PC1 iow225514 IOW225514.Elmis.2010 marine sediment 57.83 8.7 -4520.661 1515.7552 Elmis et al. 2003 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.438411 Temp iow225517 IOW225517.Elmis.2010 marine sediment 57.66 7.091 -9404.6209 128.3532 Elmis et al., 2003 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.438452 Temp jm01-1199 JM01-1199.Hald.2007 marine sediment 71.99 14.36 -11404.9309 2000.1 Hald et al. 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST jm96-1207 JM96-1207.Solignac.2013 marine sediment 68.1 -29.35 -404 -7977.1 1493.07 Solignac et al., 2006; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp jm98-1 JM98-1.Husum.2004 marine sediment 69.5 18.39 -213 -5941 370 Husum and Hald, 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp jr51-gc35 JR51-GC35.Bendle.2007 marine sediment 67.59 -17.56 -8220.63 1888.13 Bendle & Rosell-Melé 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST lo09 LO09.Berner.2008 marine sediment 58.9383 -30.4083 -9026.1359 1582.5 Berner et al. 2008 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp md95-2011 MD95-2011.Calvo.2010 marine sediment 66.97 7.64 -1048 -8002.0263 1864.9737 Berner et al. 2010; Calvo et al. 2002; Andersson et al. 2003; Risebrobakken et al. 2003 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST md95-2015 MD95-2015.Giraudeau.2002 marine sediment 58.7667 -25.9667 -8077.6 1225.2 Giraudeau et al. 2000; Marchal et al. 2002 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST md99-2256 MD99-2256.Olafsdottir.2010 marine sediment 64.3032 -24.2067 246 -9383 1993 Ólafsdóttir et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SBT md99-2264 MD99-2264.Olafsdottir.2010 marine sediment 66.679 -24.196 235 -9553 1974 Ólafsdóttir et al. 2010 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SBT md99-2269 MD99-2269.Justwan.2008 marine sediment 66.85 -20.85 -9527 1966.102 Justwan et al. 2008 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST md99-2284 MD99-2284.Risebrobakken.2009 marine sediment 62.3667 0.9667 -10046.4779 951.7059 Risebrobakken et al., 2011 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.846924 Temp md99-2322 MD99-2322.Jennings.2011 marine sediment 67.1363 -30.8278 -714 -9826 1766.83 Jennings et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp msm05-712 MSM05-712.Muller.2013 marine sediment 78.916 6.767 -1487 -8049.2 1492.35 Müller et al. 2012; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp odp-684 ODP-684.Came.2007 marine sediment 61 -25 -1648 -8473 1396 Came et al. 2007 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp p1003 P1003.Sejrup.2011 marine sediment 63.7622 5.2553 -875 -5930.8354 1998.2358 Sejrup et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp psh-5157 PSh-5157.Risebrobakken.2011 marine sediment 78.9248 41.8828 -8029 1921 Risebrobakken et al., 2011 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.829724 d18O psh-5159n PSh-5159N.Risebrobakken.2011 marine sediment 71.35 22.6333 -10040.3659 1995.1433 Risebrobakken et al., 2011 https://doi.pangaea.de/10.1594/PANGAEA.892351 d18O rapid-12 RAPID-12.Thournally.2009 marine sediment 62.0905 -17.8197 -1938 -9918.5 1950 Thournally et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST svartvatnet svartvatnet.Seppa.2009 lake sediment 62.05 -6.59 183 -9127.1429 428.7692 Seppä et al. 2009 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp troll28-03 Troll28-03.Klitgard-Kristensen.2001 marine sediment 60.8667 3.7333 -345 -7850 1710 Klitgard-Kristensen et al. 2001; Sejrup et al. 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 SST dolgoe Dolgoe.Wolfe.2000 lake sediment 71.8667 127.0667 -8002.1 1938.6 Wolfe et al. 2000 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 d18O kharinei Kharinei.Jones.2011 lake sediment 67.3628 62.7507 108 -7811.9174 1662.5626 Jones et al. 2011; Salonen et al. 2011 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp lyadhej-to Lyadhej-To.Andreev.2005 lake sediment 68.25 65.79 -8838.0645 1881.1111 Andreev et al. 2005 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp nikolay nikolay.Andreev.2004 lake sediment 73.3333 124.2 -8253.4 1890.678 Andreev et al. 2004 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp pl-96 PL-96.Voronina.2013 marine sediment 71.7363 42.6052 -286 -6611.2 1747.24 Voronina et al., 2001; de Vernal et al. 2013 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 Temp sysy-kyuele Sysy-Kyuele.Biskaborn.2012 lake sediment 69.4 123.83 81 -10719.7 1888.24 Biskaborn et al. 2012 https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo-search/study/15444 diatom_concentration