# ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
#----------------------------------------------------------------------- 
# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
#
# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24450 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/asia/israel/hula2008d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
#
# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
# 
# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
#
# Archive: Paleolimnology
#
# Dataset DOI: 
#
# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
#--------------------
# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
#--------------------
# Title
#	Study_Name: ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Roberts, N.; Jones, M.D.; Benkaddour, A.; Eastwood, W.J.; Filippi, M.L.; Frogley, M.R.; Lamb, H.F.; Leng, M.J.; Reed, J.M.; Stein, M.; Stevens, L.; Valero-Garces, B.; Zanchetta, G.
#--------------------
# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Oxygen isotope (d18O) data from late Quaternary sediments collected in 8 lakes in the Mediterranean region. 
#	All data are 3 point running mean d18O values, except where stated. Chronologies are based on linear interpolation between calibrated 14C dates 
#	(using OxCal) or U-Th ages, except where stated. Analysis on authigenic carbonate, except where stated. 
#	Note: Alternative (preferred) chronology based on  Meadows, J., 2005.  The Holocene 15, 631–636.
#
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Roberts, N., M.D. Jones, A. Benkaddour, W.J. Eastwood, M.L. Filippi, M.R. Frogley, H.F. Lamb, M.J. Leng, J.M. Reed, M. Stein, L. Stevens, B. Valero-Garces, and G. Zanchetta
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-12-01   
#	Published_Title: Stable isotope records of Late Quaternary climate and hydrology from Mediterranean lakes: the ISOMED synthesis
#	Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#	Volume: 27
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 25-26
#	Pages: 2426-2441
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.005
#	Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379108002230
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Lake isotope records can be used to assess the spatial coherency of Late Quaternary climate change across the circum-Mediterranean region. We place modern and palaeo-data within a simple conceptual lake response model to show that the isotope hydrology of most Mediterranean lakes has been influenced strongly by water balance, even in those systems that are chemically dilute (i.e. freshwater). d18O data on biogenic and endogenic carbonates from 24 lake basins are used to reconstruct multi-millennial-scale trends since the LGM. While it is difficult to make direct comparisons between lake records in terms of single climatic parameters, coherent regional isotopic trends can be identified. During glacial times Mediterranean lakes deposited carbonates isotopically heavier in d18O compared to the Holocene, partly due to source area effects. Isotopic enrichment was most marked during intervals corresponding to the H1 and Younger Dryas events, confirming that Late Pleistocene cold stages in the North Atlantic region were marked by aridity around much of the Mediterranean. Almost all Mediterranean lake records shifted to more depleted isotopic values during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT). This shift is the reverse of the trend which characterised the same transition in lakes from northern and central Europe, and suggests that temperature changes were not an important direct driver of Mediterranean lake isotopic records over glacial-interglacial timescales. In the early Holocene, many lakes in the eastern part of the region were more depleted isotopically than in recent millennia. This corresponds with marine sapropel formation, both chronologically and geographically, and implies that increases in local rainfall contributed significantly to the creation of a freshwater lid and anoxia in the East Mediterranean Sea. In contrast, no such pattern is currently apparent from lake isotope records from the West Mediterranean, suggesting a possible NW-SE contrast in climate history during the Holocene.
#------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Stiller, M., Hutchinson, G.E.
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 1980-01-01    
#	Published_Title: The Waters of Merom: a study of Lake Huleh VI. Stable isotope composition of carbonates of a 54 m core: paleoclimatic and paleotrophic implications. 
#	Journal_Name: Archives of Hydrobiology
#	Volume: 89
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 
#	Pages: 275-302
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 
#	Online_Resource: 
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: 
#------------------
# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: 
#	Grant: 
#------------------
# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Lake Hula
#	Location: Asia>Western Asia>Middle East>Israel
#	Country: Israel
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 33.103
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 33.103
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 35.6092
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 35.6092
# 	Elevation:   m
#------------------
# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: Hula2008d18O
#	Earliest_Year: 15105
#	Most_Recent_Year: 205
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
#------------------
# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# 	Note: Alternative (preferred) chronology based on  Meadows, J., 2005.  The Holocene 15, 631–636.
#----------------	
# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_m	depth, , , meter, ,paleolimnology , , ,N,
## age_orig	age, , , calendar year before present, ,paleolimnology ,, ,N,original
## age_alt	age, , , calendar year before present, ,paleolimnology ,, ,N,alternate
## d18O	delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil, ,paleolimnology,smoothed,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,3 point running mean
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_m	age_orig	age_alt	d18O 
0.54	295	205	-9.32
0.86	468	325	-9.80
0.87	476	331	-10.28
0.89	484	336	-9.56
1.09	596	414	-8.84
2.51	1373	954	-7.95
3.85	2106	1463	-8.08
4.80	2626	1824	-8.06
5.65	3091	2147	-8.05
6.45	3528	2451	-7.80
7.20	3938	2736	-7.71
8.00	4376	3040	-7.63
8.70	4759	3306	-7.65
9.45	5169	3591	-7.65
10.19	5574	3872	-7.58
11.00	6017	4180	-7.55
11.75	6427	4465	-7.92
12.38	6772	4704	-7.77
12.51	6843	4754	-7.96
13.36	7308	5077	-7.95
14.00	7658	5320	-8.54
14.85	7992	5643	-8.57
15.65	8307	5947	-8.52
16.50	8642	6270	-8.29
17.30	8957	6574	-8.15
18.05	9253	6859	-8.13
18.86	9572	7167	-8.18
19.60	9863	7448	-8.43
20.40	10179	7752	-8.61
21.20	10494	8056	-8.59
21.95	10789	8341	-8.46
22.80	11124	8664	-8.33
23.55	11614	8949	-8.55
24.40	12230	9272	-8.64
25.20	12810	9576	-8.74
26.00	13390	9880	-8.61
26.73	13920	10157	-8.67
27.55	14514	10469	-8.71
29.10	15638	11058	-8.94
29.95	16254	11381	-8.93
30.75	16834	11685	-9.10
31.49	17371	11966	-8.97
32.30	17958	12274	-8.87
33.20	18610	12616	-8.42
34.00	19190	12920	-8.18
34.75	19734	13205	-8.20
35.75	20459	13585	-8.07
36.75	21184	13965	-8.01
37.76	21916	14349	-7.78
38.70	22598	14706	-7.80
39.75	23359	15105	-8.00