# ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
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#                World Data Service for Paleoclimatology, Boulder 
#                                  and 
#                     NOAA Paleoclimatology Program 
#             National Centers for Environmental Information (NCEI)
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# Template Version 3.0
# Encoding: UTF-8
# NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. 
# If there is no publication information, please cite Investigators, Title, and Online_Resource and date accessed. 
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# Online_Resource: https://www.ncdc.noaa.gov/paleo/study/24450 
#       Description: NOAA Landing Page
# Online_Resource: https://www1.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/asia/turkey/eski-acigol2008d18o.txt
#       Description: NOAA location of the template
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# Original_Source_URL:  
#       Description:
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# Description/Documentation lines begin with #
# Data lines have no #
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# Archive: Paleolimnology
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# Dataset DOI: 
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# Parameter_Keywords: oxygen isotopes 
#--------------------
# Contribution_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
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# File_Last_Modified_Date
#	Date: 2013-07-08
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# Title
#	Study_Name: ISOMED Mediterranean Lakes Late Quaternary Oxygen Isotope Data
#--------------------
# Investigators
#	Investigators: Roberts, N.; Jones, M.D.; Benkaddour, A.; Eastwood, W.J.; Filippi, M.L.; Frogley, M.R.; Lamb, H.F.; Leng, M.J.; Reed, J.M.; Stein, M.; Stevens, L.; Valero-Garces, B.; Zanchetta, G.
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# Description_Notes_and_Keywords
#	Description: Oxygen isotope (d18O) data from late Quaternary sediments collected in 8 lakes in the Mediterranean region. 
#	All data are 3 point running mean d18O values, except where stated. Chronologies are based on linear interpolation between calibrated 14C dates 
#	(using OxCal) or U-Th ages, except where stated. Analysis on authigenic carbonate, except where stated. 
#	Note: chronology of basal (Late Pleistocene) part of record may require future revision
#
#--------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Roberts, N., M.D. Jones, A. Benkaddour, W.J. Eastwood, M.L. Filippi, M.R. Frogley, H.F. Lamb, M.J. Leng, J.M. Reed, M. Stein, L. Stevens, B. Valero-Garces, and G. Zanchetta
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2008-12-01   
#	Published_Title: Stable isotope records of Late Quaternary climate and hydrology from Mediterranean lakes: the ISOMED synthesis
#	Journal_Name: Quaternary Science Reviews
#	Volume: 27
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 25-26
#	Pages: 2426-2441
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 10.1016/j.quascirev.2008.09.005
#	Online_Resource: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0277379108002230
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: Lake isotope records can be used to assess the spatial coherency of Late Quaternary climate change across the circum-Mediterranean region. We place modern and palaeo-data within a simple conceptual lake response model to show that the isotope hydrology of most Mediterranean lakes has been influenced strongly by water balance, even in those systems that are chemically dilute (i.e. freshwater). d18O data on biogenic and endogenic carbonates from 24 lake basins are used to reconstruct multi-millennial-scale trends since the LGM. While it is difficult to make direct comparisons between lake records in terms of single climatic parameters, coherent regional isotopic trends can be identified. During glacial times Mediterranean lakes deposited carbonates isotopically heavier in d18O compared to the Holocene, partly due to source area effects. Isotopic enrichment was most marked during intervals corresponding to the H1 and Younger Dryas events, confirming that Late Pleistocene cold stages in the North Atlantic region were marked by aridity around much of the Mediterranean. Almost all Mediterranean lake records shifted to more depleted isotopic values during the Last Glacial-Interglacial Transition (LGIT). This shift is the reverse of the trend which characterised the same transition in lakes from northern and central Europe, and suggests that temperature changes were not an important direct driver of Mediterranean lake isotopic records over glacial-interglacial timescales. In the early Holocene, many lakes in the eastern part of the region were more depleted isotopically than in recent millennia. This corresponds with marine sapropel formation, both chronologically and geographically, and implies that increases in local rainfall contributed significantly to the creation of a freshwater lid and anoxia in the East Mediterranean Sea. In contrast, no such pattern is currently apparent from lake isotope records from the West Mediterranean, suggesting a possible NW-SE contrast in climate history during the Holocene.
#------------------
# Publication 
#	Authors: Roberts, N., J.M. Reed, M.J. Leng, C. Kuzucuoglu, M. Fontugne, J. Bertaux, H. Woldring, S. Bottema, S. Black, E. Hunt, M. Karabiyikoglu
#	Published_Date_or_Year: 2001-09-01      
#	Published_Title: The tempo of Holocene climatic change in the eastern Mediterranean region: new high-resolution crater-lake sediment data from central Turkey
#	Journal_Name: The Holocene
#	Volume: 11
#	Edition: 
#	Issue: 6
#	Pages: 731-736
#	Report_Number: 
#	DOI: 
#	Online_Resource: http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1191/09596830195744
#	Full_Citation: 
#	Abstract: This study presents results from a multi-proxy analysis of cores taken in a crater-lake sequence from Eski Acigol in central Turkey which cover the period from pre-c. 16000 cal. yr BP to the present. The sediments comprise an upper unit of generally non-laminated, banded to massive silts and peats of mid- to late-Holocene age, overlying a laminated unit of late-Pleistocene to early/mid-Holocenie age. The laminae, comprising mainly aragonite, amorphous silica (diatom frustules) and organic matter were formed in a relatively deep, dilute, meromictic lake. Pollen data indicate an abrupt replacement of Arteyisia-chenopod steppe by grass-oak-terebinth parkland during the period of laminae deposition, marking the start of the Holocene. A gradual increase in tree pollen during the early Holocene came to an end c. 6500 cal. yr BP (U-series and adjusted 14C timescale), when mesic deciduots taxa declined at the same time as lake levels fell. Human impact on regional vegetation is inferred from a sharp decline in oak around 4500-4000 cal. yr BP. Diatom, isotopic and mineralogical data indicate that during the second half of the Holocene the lake became relatively shallow and oscillated between fresh and brackish/evaporated water conditions. The contrast between wetter early and drier late-Holocene climatic conditions is matched by other eastern and central Mediterranean proxy climate data. While the Eski Acigol sequence resembles Holocene hydroclimatic changes in the SaharooArabian zone and was also apparently linked to orbital forcing, it is unlikely to have had the same direct cause, i.e., an expansion and subsequent retreat of monsoon rainfall.
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# Funding_Agency 
#	Funding_Agency_Name: 
#	Grant: 
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# Site_Information 
#	Site_Name: Lake Eski Acigol
#	Location: Asia>Western Asia>Turkey
#	Country: Turkey
#	Northernmost_Latitude: 38.5503
# 	Southernmost_Latitude: 38.5503
# 	Easternmost_Longitude: 34.5447
# 	Westernmost_Longitude: 34.5447
# 	Elevation: 1270 m
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# Data_Collection   
#	Collection_Name: EskiAcigol2008d18O
#	Earliest_Year: 20381
#	Most_Recent_Year: 1444
#	Time_Unit: Cal. Year BP
#	Core_Length: 
#	Notes: 
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# Chronology_Information
#	Chronology: 
# 	Note: chronology of basal (Late Pleistocene) part of record may require future revision
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# Variables 
#
# Data variables follow are preceded by "##" in columns one and two.
# Data line variables format:  one per line, shortname-tab-variable components (what, material, error, units, seasonality, data type,detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data, free text) 
#
## depth_m	depth, , , m, , , , ,N,
## age_calBP	age, , , calendar years before present, , , , ,N,
## d18O	delta 18O, calcium carbonate, , per mil, ,paleolimnology,3 point running mean,isotope ratio mass spectrometry,N,
#
#----------------
# Data:
# Data lines follow (have no #)
# Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header
# Missing Values:  
#
depth_m	age_calBP	d18O 
1.48	1444	1.41
1.53	1481	1.15
1.78	1681	2.19
1.85	1761	2.21
1.93	1852	1.83
2.01	1944	1.70
2.05	1989	1.74
2.09	2035	2.66
2.13	2081	2.76
2.17	2126	2.58
2.21	2172	2.12
2.25	2218	1.50
2.29	2264	0.69
2.33	2309	0.93
2.37	2355	1.48
2.41	2401	2.67
2.45	2446	3.10
2.49	2492	3.17
2.53	2538	2.11
2.57	2584	1.10
2.61	2629	0.32
2.65	2675	0.36
2.68	2704	0.51
2.71	2738	1.52
2.77	2806	2.61
2.79	2829	3.71
2.85	2898	4.19
2.87	2921	3.66
3.07	3155	3.46
3.08	3166	2.23
3.15	3246	2.77
3.16	3258	2.66
3.23	3338	3.30
3.32	3441	3.27
3.41	3538	2.61
3.49	3629	2.01
3.55	3704	0.91
3.60	3761	0.74
3.68	3852	0.76
3.76	3944	1.01
3.84	4035	1.89
3.92	4126	2.28
4.00	4218	2.52
4.08	4309	1.88
4.16	4401	1.69
4.24	4492	1.70
4.32	4584	1.64
4.40	4675	0.95
4.48	4766	0.67
4.55	4846	0.39
4.63	4938	0.82
4.71	5029	0.33
4.79	5121	-0.29
4.87	5212	-0.91
4.95	5304	-0.65
5.03	5395	-0.32
5.11	5486	-0.30
5.19	5578	-0.66
5.31	5709	-0.32
5.47	5892	0.10
5.63	6075	0.23
5.79	6258	-0.06
5.95	6441	-0.44
5.99	6486	-0.49
6.07	6578	-0.95
6.18	6704	-1.28
6.26	6795	-1.74
6.29	6833	-2.02
6.30	6846	-1.79
6.39	6949	-2.05
6.47	7041	-1.60
6.55	7132	-1.62
6.59	7178	-0.94
6.63	7224	-1.01
7.06	7715	-0.93
7.14	7806	-0.96
7.20	7875	-0.79
7.36	8058	-1.14
7.56	8286	-1.52
7.78	8532	-1.70
7.94	8715	-1.54
8.10	8898	-1.35
8.13	8932	-1.39
8.14	8944	-1.67
8.46	9309	-1.91
8.54	9401	-2.08
8.70	9584	-2.06
8.86	9774	-2.10
9.02	9957	-2.21
9.15	10104	-2.11
9.31	10286	-2.01
9.48	10481	-2.15
9.63	10652	-2.42
9.79	10835	-2.57
9.95	11014	-2.41
9.98	11049	-2.43
10.03	11109	-2.49
10.20	11298	-2.43
10.29	11401	-2.50
10.38	11504	-2.81
10.47	11606	-3.07
10.56	11709	-3.28
10.60	11757	-2.93
10.64	11801	-2.90
10.68	11846	-2.82
10.72	11892	-3.23
10.76	11938	-3.71
10.80	11984	-3.45
10.84	12029	-2.74
10.88	12075	-1.45
10.92	12121	-0.75
10.96	12166	-0.62
11.00	12212	-0.66
11.04	12258	-0.81
11.12	12349	-0.86
11.20	12441	-1.23
11.28	12532	-1.47
11.35	12614	-1.51
11.45	12729	-1.53
11.53	12820	-1.48
11.61	12912	-1.65
11.69	13003	-1.83
11.77	13094	-2.02
11.86	13197	-1.54
11.93	13277	-0.84
12.02	13380	-0.27
12.09	13460	-0.31
12.18	13563	-0.55
12.21	13597	-0.88
12.25	13643	-1.08
12.29	13689	-1.49
12.34	13746	-1.66
12.35	13757	-1.86
12.37	13780	-1.66
12.39	13803	-1.70
12.40	13814	-1.82
12.41	13826	-2.22
12.43	13849	-1.88
12.49	13917	-2.02
12.57	14009	-1.64
12.65	14100	-2.20
12.69	14146	-2.28
12.93	14420	-2.20
13.04	14546	-2.31
13.20	14729	-2.42
13.28	14820	-3.08
13.36	14912	-3.30
13.43	14997	-3.34
13.51	15083	-3.53
13.58	15170	-3.30
13.66	15259	-3.17
13.74	15350	-3.07
13.82	15442	-3.30
13.90	15533	-3.76
13.98	15625	-3.88
14.06	15716	-3.68
14.14	15808	-2.92
14.16	15918	-2.39
14.18	16023	-2.31
14.20	16128	-2.15
14.22	16233	-1.42
14.30	16653	-0.46
14.46	17493	-0.09
14.62	18333	-0.12
14.78	19173	-0.88
14.91	19872	-1.50
15.01	20381	-1.63