# Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica 125 KYr Multiproxy Sediment Data #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # World Data Center for Paleoclimatology, Boulder # and # NOAA Paleoclimatology Program #----------------------------------------------------------------------- # NOTE: Please cite Publication, and Online_Resource and date accessed when using these data. # # # Online_Resource: http://www.hurricane.ncdc.noaa.gov/pls/paleox/f?p=519:1:::::P1_STUDY_ID:14514 # # Original_Source_URL: ftp://ftp.ncdc.noaa.gov/pub/data/paleo/paleolimnology/atlantic/wallywash2007sed-chem.txt # # Description/Documentation lines begin with # # Data lines have no # # # Archive: Paleolimnology #-------------------- # Contribution_Date # Date: 2013-05-20 #-------------------- # Title # Study_Name: Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica 125 KYr Multiproxy Sediment Data #-------------------- # Investigators # Investigators: Holmes, J.A.; Street-Perrott, F.A. #-------------------- # Description_and_Notes # Description: We reconstruct the late Quaternary palaeolimnology of Wallywash Great Pond, a small, fault- # bounded lake in the southwestern part of Jamaica, in order to infer changes of effective # moisture. Our study is based on the 9.23-metre-long core WGP2, which consists of pure # marls, organic marls and muds, organic mud and peat and earthy calcareous muds. We use the # facies changes, ostracod faunal assemblages, sediment geochemistry, ostracod shell chemistry # and stable-isotope variations in order to infer changes in lake level, evaporative enrichment # and effective moisture change. The chronology of the core is based on radiocarbon and # uranium-series dates. The core covers the past ~125 ka BP and is reasonably well dated for the # Holocene, although chronological uncertainties increase further back in time. Three major lake # highstands with slightly elevated salinity occurred during marine isotope stage 5, under # elevated sea level and a humid climate. There is evidence of minor marine saline intrusion into # the lake during the earliest of these highstands. The lake dried out ~93.5 ka BP as sea level # fell and the climate became drier. It refilled around 10.7 ka BP. Three separate highstands # during the Holocene were sustained by humid conditions and high relative sea level. Although # there were small increases in salinity during the Holocene when sea level was close to the # deepest part of the lake, significant saltwater intrusion appears to have been prevented by # freshwater discharge from inland. The long-term trends in lake level reflect both orbitally- # induced changes in insolation and eustatic sea level. Water-level fluctuations during the # Holocene, however, reflect climatic changes on the millennial timescale rather than orbital # forcing or sea-level change. # # The data from core WGP2 are presented against core depth, as in the original publications. # Chronological information are presented below. # # In addition, we present ancillary information (A1-A5) relating to the modern water chemistry and water # isotope composition and modern ostracod fauna of Wallywash Great Pond and other lakes in # Western Jamaica: this information has been used to help us interpret the data from core WGP2. # # # A1: Stable isotope composition of single shells from living specimens of the ostracod Cypretta brevisaepta # Full details of site and sample locations are in Holmes et al. (1995) Hydrobiologia, 312:121-138. # # Site ostracod ostracod # d13C (PDB) d18O (PDB) # # # WGP3 -0.4 1.38 # -0.37 1.28 # -0.41 1.04 # -0.63 0.56 # -0.56 1.33 # -0.51 1.26 # -0.53 1.2 # -0.38 1.29 # -0.76 0.98 # -0.65 0.88 # WGP1 -2.06 -0.73 # -1.99 -0.72 # -4.93 -1.95 # -3.63 -1.6 # Tow 1 -0.38 -0.07 # -0.23 -0.24 # -0.39 -0.32 # -0.36 -0.31 # P1 -4.83 2.31 # -4.88 2.28 # -4.88 2.16 # -5 2.2 # # # A2: Distribution of ostracod species living in lakes and ponds in western Jamaica # 1 denotes present, 0 denotes absent # Full details of site and sample locations are in Holmes (1997) Journal of Micropalaeontology, 16, 137-143. # # Cytheridella Darwinula Darwinula Chlamydotheca Chlamydotheca Hemicypris Hemicypris Cypretta Cyrpis Cypris Physocypria Stenocypris Strandesia Strandesia Cypridopsis Diaphanocypris Candonopsis sp. Other # ilosvayi stevensoni africana deformis unispinosa pyxidata barbadensis brevisaepta decaryi subglobosa deformis major pistrix cf vavrai viduella meridana # # Maragh Pond 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Mt Airy Pond 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Negril Rd Pond 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Norman's Pond 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # OHP1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # OHP2 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 # OHP3 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # OHP4 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 # WGP tow 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # WGP tow 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # WGP/1 1 1 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 # WGP/10 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 # WGP/2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # WGP/3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Lake O 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Lake P1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Lake P 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Black River Pond 0 0 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 # Weston Favel 1 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 # Weston Favel 2 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 # Weston Favel 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # Fontabelle Pond 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 # # # # # # A3: Water chemistry of lakes and ponds in western Jamaica # Missing data flagged by -999. # Full details of site and sample locations are in Holmes et al. (1995) Hydrobiologia, 312:121-138. # # SITE Temp. pH O2 E.C. TDS Alk Cl SO4 P2O5 NO3 Ca Mg Na K Sr Ba Fe Mn Mg/Ca SI (calcite) Charge # °C % sat. µS/cm mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l mg/l molar Balance # error # WGP/ 1 29.2 7.5 89.4 419 362.2 250.2 16.37 7.3 0 0 40.2 32.4 4.47 1.25 0.93 0.02 0.01 0 1.33 0.102 1.93 # WGP/ 2 22.6 6.96 60.4 494 436 313.6 7.51 6 0 0.44 72.5 25.4 1.38 0.12 0.88 0.02 0.01 0 0.58 -0.187 2.56 # WGP/ 3 29.8 7.58 64.9 409 325.8 230.7 13.94 3.5 0 0 29.3 34.2 3.26 0.24 0.89 0.02 0 0 1.92 0.027 2.04 # WGP/ 4 27.9 8.24 90.2 378 304.8 216 15.55 4 0 0 23.1 32.9 3.63 0.04 0.78 0.02 0.01 0 2.35 0.512 0.28 # WGP/ 5 27.9 8.28 83.8 368 314.6 216 13.05 5.1 0 0 26.7 34.8 7.86 0.79 0.85 0.01 0.01 0 2.15 0.605 5.87 # WGP/ 6 27.9 8.22 92.8 367 305.5 216 12.92 4.8 0 0 25.6 33.3 2.6 0.32 0.81 0.01 0 0 2.14 0.536 1.66 # WGP/ 7 28.1 8.21 86.6 367 305.2 216 13.07 5.5 0 0 24.9 32.9 3.05 0.12 0.82 0 0 0 2.18 0.518 0.88 # WGP/ 8 29.2 7.19 90.7 400 337.2 238 11.85 8.1 0 0 34.4 31.9 2.67 0.06 0.9 0.01 0 0 1.53 -0.281 1.02 # WGP/ 9 30.9 7.68 82.1 409 331.5 231.9 11.53 7.8 0 0 35.8 31.5 2.72 0.51 0.89 0.01 0.01 0 1.45 0.225 2.47 # WGP/10 30.2 7.71 81.2 418 328.2 230.7 11.94 8 0 0 33.2 31.7 2.92 0.12 0.89 0 0.01 0 1.57 0.212 1.36 # WGP/11-1S 26.3 6.4 70.4 402 354.1 247.7 12.51 7.9 -999 -999 35.7 32.1 7.67 0.8 0.91 0 0 0 1.48 -1.083 2.12 # WGP/11-1D 26.1 6.8 72.8 410 349.1 249 12.18 8.3 -999 -999 35.3 31.3 3.55 0.07 0.89 0 0.01 0 1.46 -0.688 0.82 # WGP/11-2S 27.2 7.23 66.3 401 351.1 249 11.6 6 -999 -999 36.7 32.1 5.08 0.73 0.9 0.01 0.01 0 1.44 -0.229 1.95 # WGP/11-2D 27.1 7.65 79 409 331.6 235.5 11.62 6.5 -999 -999 34.5 31.4 2.33 0.33 0.88 0 0 0 1.5 0.138 1.14 # WGP/11-3S 27.8 7.45 65.6 398 331.9 238 12.49 5.1 -999 -999 31.8 31.6 3.4 0.1 0.86 0 0.01 0 1.64 -0.079 0.02 # WGP/11-3D 27.8 7.48 73.4 400 333 240.4 12.08 4.2 -999 -999 32.6 31.3 2.69 0.19 0.87 0.01 0.01 0 1.58 -0.034 0.25 # WGP/11-4S 28.4 8 77.9 406 342.8 230.7 12.55 6.2 -999 -999 37.9 37 7.4 0.74 0.93 0 0.02 0 1.61 0.516 9.79 # WGP/11-4D 29.2 7.99 71 412 345.7 249 12.48 6 -999 -999 33.8 31.7 2.81 0.33 0.88 0 0 0 1.55 0.507 1.12 # WGP/11-5S 27.5 7.6 76.8 406 338.3 240.4 12.8 5.9 -999 -999 34.2 31.5 3.14 0.65 0.89 0 0.02 0 1.52 0.098 0.49 # WGP/11-5D 27.3 7.88 75.4 413 343.3 247.7 11.68 5.1 -999 -999 34.3 31.7 3.12 0.02 0.89 0 0 0 1.52 0.382 0.2 # LAKE P 32 6.6 68.3 548 434.7 183.1 79.18 48 0 0 39.3 22.5 14.2 8.44 3.7 0.01 0.29 0.03 0.94 -0.915 12.45 # LAKE P1 30.4 8.94 78.9 552 365.9 177 83.22 14.5 0 0 25.3 22.9 22.2 6.33 1.91 0.01 0.01 0.01 1.49 1.082 11.33 # LAKE 0 28.3 7.75 79.1 474 367.3 225.8 40.01 0.5 0 0 62.6 9.19 5.09 17.3 0.37 0.08 0.07 0.01 0.24 0.494 2.72 # MT. AIRY POND 29.1 7.34 89.2 292 232.1 156.2 11.63 1 0 0 47 3.9 1.69 7.42 0.05 0.02 0 0.01 0.14 -0.144 0.33 # RAGH POND 33.3 6.07 87.5 207 167.7 87.9 28.86 0 1 0 30 2.7 3.54 1.45 0.03 0 1.3 0.16 0.15 -1.77 6.33 # NORMAN'S POND 31.4 6.39 82.7 161 134 76.9 6.26 0.5 0 0 27.8 2.65 1.64 0.32 0.04 0.01 1.61 0.13 0.16 -1.553 7.18 # WESTON FAVEL LAKE 28.1 6.67 89.1 131 122.8 83 13.35 1 0 0 10.6 1.83 5.75 5.72 0.02 0 0.07 0.01 0.28 -1.688 17.68 # DROMILLY LAKE 30.1 6.03 89.1 46 19.3 5.5 6.34 1 0 0 2.58 0.33 1.45 1.43 0 0.03 0.05 0 0.21 -4.033 2.06 # BARRETT'S POND 27.1 6.44 72.6 223 183.2 108.6 14.76 1.5 1 0 38.8 2.51 2.19 3.57 0.03 0 0.08 0.05 0.11 -1.291 1.15 # BLACK RIVER POND 27.9 6.79 63.1 420 322.8 197.7 25.26 12 0 0 62.2 7.57 6.4 2.4 0.79 0.01 0.01 0 0.2 -0.517 1.27 # NEGRIL RD. POND 32.5 7.78 119.7 252 190.3 130.6 10.98 2 0 0 38.4 3.13 2.63 2.24 0.01 0 0.02 0.01 0.13 0.184 2.48 # OLD HOPE POND 1 27.4 6.81 33.2 298 249.3 168.4 10.3 0.5 1 0 52.4 3.04 2.19 4.49 0.05 0 0.01 0.04 0.1 -0.62 0.36 # OLD HOPE POND 2 30.4 6.89 74.9 327 272.7 183.1 12.03 0.5 1 0 58.8 2.91 2.1 5.38 0.06 0.01 0.09 0.04 0.08 -0.422 0.21 # OLD HOPE POND 3 29.2 6.78 57.8 260 209.1 129.4 15.71 0 1 0 43.4 2.16 2.55 3.03 0.04 0 0.41 0.07 0.08 -0.806 0.9 # OLD HOPE POND 4 30.3 7.03 69.3 214 135.4 79.3 13.8 0 0 0 28.4 1.9 2.75 0.93 0.03 0.02 0.02 0 0.11 -0.909 0.66 # FONTABELLE POND 25.7 7.65 86 407 327 222.1 10.36 6.1 0 2.64 71.6 5.94 3.31 0.72 0.14 0.02 0.01 0 0.14 0.415 1.35 # # # # # A4: Strontium isotope composition of single carapaces of the ostracod Cypretta brevisaepta, except sample flagged * which was two right valves from separate individuals # All specimens were living at the time of collection # Full details of site and sample locations are in Holmes et al. (1995) Hydrobiologia, 312, 121-138 and Holmes et al. (2007) Chemical Geology, 236, 281-290. # # Site 87Sr/86Sr # Tow 1 0.70870 # 0.70861 # 0.70866 # P1 0.70895 # 0.70895 # 0.70896 # 0.70897 # 0.708935* # 0.70895 # 0.70864 # 3 0.70866 # 0.70867 # 0.70867 # # # # A5: Water isotopes of Wallywash Great Pond and nearby waterbodies # Missing data flagged by -999. # Full details of site and sample locations are in Holmes et al. (1995) Hydrobiologia, 312:121-138. # Sr isotope values are those originally presnted in Holmes et al., (1995) op. cit. # # SITE Date Time delta 18-O delta-D delta 13-C 87Sr/86Sr # (day.month.yr) ‰ (SMOW) ‰ (SMOW) ‰ (PDB) # # # WGP/ 1 10.8.90 1115 0.9 6.0 -4.4 -999 # WGP/ 2 10.8.90 1145 -2.9 -13.0 -10.7 0.708470 # WGP/ 2 14.8.90 1800 -3.1 -13.0 -10.8 -999 # WGP/ 3 10.8.90 1215 2.7 15.0 -2.0 0.708700 # WGP/ 4-S 11.8.90 1100 2.0 11.0 -1.5 0.708667 # WGP/ 4-D 11.8.90 1100 1.8 11.0 -1.4 -999 # WGP/ 5-S 11.8.90 1115 2.1 9.0 -1.4 0.708628 # WGP/ 5-D 11.8.90 1115 2.0 9.0 -999 # WGP/ 6-S 11.8.90 1124 2.0 11.0 -1.4 0.708674 # WGP/ 6-D 11.8.90 1124 2.0 11.0 -1.5 -999 # WGP/ 7-S 11.8.90 1146 2.0 14.0 -1.6 0.708678 # WGP/ 7-D 11.8.90 1146 2.0 12.0 -1.6 -999 # WGP/ 8-S 11.8.90 1220 1.3 6.0 -3.7 0.708666 # WGP/ 8-D 11.8.90 1220 1.2 6.0 -3.6 -999 # WGP/ 9 13.8.90 1220 1.2 7.0 -3.7 -999 # WGP/10 13.8.90 1230 1.4 7.0 -5.0 -999 # WGP/11-1S 14.8.90 0625 1.1 5.0 -4.1 -999 # WGP/11-1D 14.8.90 0625 1.2 7.0 -4.2 -999 # WGP/11-2S 14.8.90 0900 1.1 7.0 -4.8 -999 # WGP/11-2D 14.8.90 0900 1.2 6.0 -4.8 -999 # WGP/11-3S 14.8.90 1200 1.3 7.0 -4.2 -999 # WGP/11-3D 14.8.90 1200 1.4 5.0 -3.8 -999 # WGP/11-4S 14.8.90 1500 1.2 6.0 -4.9 -999 # WGP/11-4D 14.8.90 1500 1.1 5.0 -4.2 -999 # WGP/11-5S 14.8.90 1745 1.2 8.0 -4.8 -999 # WGP/11-5D 14.8.90 1745 1.2 6.0 -4.3 -999 # LAKE P 11.8.90 1337 2.1 14.0 -10.7 0.708960 # LAKE P 11.8.90 1337 2.6 17.0 -12.5 -999 # LAKE P1 11.8.90 1400 4.0 20.0 -9.4 0.708950 # # # #-------------------- # Publication # Authors: J.A. Holmes, D.P.F. Darbyshire, T.H.E. Heaton # Published_Date_or_Year: 2007-01-30 # Published_Title: Palaeohydrological significance of late Quaternary strontium isotope ratios in a tropical lake # Journal_Name: Chemical Geology # Volume: 236 # Edition: # Issue: 3-4 # Pages: 281-290 # DOI: 10.1016/j.chemgeo.2006.10.002 # Abstract: Ostracods preserved in late Quaternary sediments of Wallywash Great Pond, a fresh coastal lake in SW Jamaica, record temporal variations in the strontium-isotope composition of lake water. Oxygen-isotope and Sr/Ca ratios in ostracods reveal temporal variations in the lake's hydrology, related to effective precipitation, and in its salinity related to varying marine-saline groundwater input from changes in relative sea level. Evaluation of isotopic and trace-element data indicates that the stratigraphic variations in 87Sr/86Sr ratios during the late Quaternary are best explained by climatically-controlled hydrological changes. During wetter periods, the lake's Sr budget was dominated by springwater input with relatively low 87Sr/86Sr ratio, whereas during drier times reduced springflow, possibly coupled with input of more-radiogenic Sr from other sources, such as sea-spray aerosols and perhaps Saharan dust, led to an increase in the Sr-isotope ratio of the lake water. Despite proximity of the lake to the sea and evidence for slight intrusion of marine saline groundwater in the past, however, the extent of marine input appears to have had limited influence on the lake's Sr-isotope ratios. Whereas the 87Sr/86Sr ratios cannot be used as a palaeosalinity proxy in this particular lake, they do provide valuable information about the mechanisms underlying hydrological change. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Jonathan A. Holmes # Published_Date_or_Year: 1998-02-01 # Published_Title: A late Quaternary ostracod record from Wallywash Great Pond, a Jamaican marl lake # Journal_Name: Journal of Paleolimnology # Volume: 19 # Edition: # Issue: 2 # Pages: 115-128 # DOI: 10.1023/A:1007967122665 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Two assemblages typify the ostracod fauna of a 9.23 meter core taken from Wallywash Great Pond, a small perennial freshwater marl lake in Jamaica. The first, dominated by Cypretta brevisaepta, lived in deep water, similar to present-day conditions. The second, dominated by Candonopsis sp., reflects the existence of a shallower lake. The core has a basal date of c. 125 kaBP. Four inferred deep-water phases occurred in the period 125–93.5 kaBP with periods of inferred shallower water in between. The lake was dry between 93.5 kaBP and c. 10 kaBP as suggested by the absence of ostracods or fossils of other aquatic organisms. Ostracod faunal evidence indicates that there have been three highstands and two lowstands of the lake during the Holocene, although ostracods are not preserved in the organic mud and lignite that formed under swampy conditions as the basin filled at the start of the Holocene and during part of the two subsequent lowstands of the lake. A major hydrological perturbation, associated with the flooding of the nearby Black River catchment around 1.2 kaBP, caused an increase in the ostracod species diversity of the Great Pond, although this was relatively short lived and the lake attained a faunal composition similar to present around 1 kaBP. Major variations in ostracod assemblages in the core thus represent lake-level changes and accord well with previously-published interpretations of water depth based on lithofacies variation and stable oxygen isotope ratios in authigenic carbonates. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Jonathan A. Holmes # Published_Date_or_Year: 1997 # Published_Title: Recent non-marine Ostracoda from Jamaica, West Indies # Journal_Name: Journal of Micropalaeontology # Volume: 16 # Edition: # Issue: 2 # Pages: 137-143 # DOI: 10.1144/jm.16.2.137 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Ostracods were sampled qualitatively at 22 sites from 15 waterbodies in the western part of Jamaica and determinations of the water chemistry and habitat characteristics were made at each locality. Most of the ostracods found belong to the Cypridinae, Cypridopsinae, Cyclocypridinae and Darwinulidae. There is a clear distinction between the faunas found in the larger, permanent lakes and the smaller ponds. The latter are subject to large fluctuations in volume and may desiccate either seasonally or interannually. Within the largest lake, Wallywash Great Pond, there is some degree of spatial zonation in the ostracod faunas that appears to be related to water depth and aquatic macrophyte occurrence. The distribution of modern ostracods within Wallywash Great Pond suggests that the late Quaternary faunal sequence from this lake is primarily a function of lake-level changes. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Holmes, J.A., F.A. Street-Perrott, M. Ivanovich, and R.A. Perrott # Published_Date_or_Year: 1995-07-25 # Published_Title: A late Quaternary palaeolimnological record from Jamaica based on trace-element chemistry of ostracod shells # Journal_Name: Chemical Geology # Volume: 124 # Edition: # Issue: 1-2 # Pages: 143-160 # DOI: 10.1016/0009-2541(95)00032-H # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: The trace-element chemistry of ostracod shells provides one of the most promising methods for palaeolinmological reconstruction. In this paper, molar Sr/Ca and Mg/Ca ratios in shells of the ostracod Cypretta brevisaepta Furtos, 1934 were used to reconstruct the late Quaternary palaeolimnology of Wallywash Great Pond, a small freshwater coastal lake in Jamaica. Analyses of modern Jamaican ostracods were undertaken to establish molar distribution coefficients (KDDMs) for this species (KDSr = 0.306±0.069; KDMg=0.0142±0.0088). These values were used to reconstruct past levels of (Sr/Ca)water and (Mg/ Ca)water for a 9.23-m lake-sediment core from Wallywash Great Pond. The results were coupled with previously-published stable-isotope (d18O and d13C) determinations on fine-grained calcite, to reconstruct the salinity, palaeohydrology and palaeoproductivity of the lake over the last 125 ka B.P. (10e3 calendar years before present). Three major highstands with slightly elevated salinity occurred during marine isotope stage 5, under elevated sea level and a humid climate. The lake dried out ~ 93.5 ka B.P. as sea level fell and the climate became drier. It refilled around 10.7 ka B.P. Three separate highstands during the Holocene were sustained by humid conditions and high relative sea level. Although there were small increases in salinity during the Holocene when sea level was close to the deepest part of the lake, significant saltwater intrusion appears to have been prevented by freshwater discharge from inland. Throughout the late Quaternary, the salinity of the Great Pond showed low absolute variations, from ~ 0.3 to ~ 0.6 per mil. The long-term trends in lake level reflect both orbitally-induced changes in insolation and eustatic sea level. Water-level fluctuations during the Holocene, however, reflect climatic changes on the millennial timescale rather than orbital forcing or sea-level change. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Holmes, J.A., F.A. Street-Perrott, T. Heaton, D.P.F. Darbyshire, N.C. Davies, and P.E. Hales # Published_Date_or_Year: 1995 # Published_Title: Chemical and isotopic composition of karstic lakes in Jamaica, West Indies # Journal_Name: Hydrobiologia # Volume: 312 # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: 121-138 # DOI: 10.1007/BF00020768 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Lakes in the limestone region of Jamaica exhibit a range of chemical characteristics that reflect varying inputs from precipitation, surface runoff and groundwater, together with the subsequent evolution of the water within the limnic environment. Detailed spatial and temporal sampling was conducted on one lake, Wallywash Great Pond. Chemical data, together with D/H, 18O/16O, 13C/12C and 87Sr/86Sr ratios confirm that the karstic spring waters entering the lake evolve chemically through degassing, mixing with rainfall and runoff, biogenic decalcification (resulting mainly from bicarbonate assimilation by the high biomass of submerged macrophytes), and evaporation. Modern carbonate sedimentation in Wallywash Great Pond is largely of high-Mg calcite. This is consistent with Mg/Ca molar ratios >2 within much of the lake. However, aragonite forms on the adaxial leaf surfaces of Potamogeton spp. This may be explained either as a result of locally elevated Mg concentrations or a high degree of supersaturation favouring very rapid carbonate precipitation. Two small lakes to the north of Wallywash Great Pond show minor influence of the Na-Cl dominated coastal aquifer, suggesting that coastal lakes are sensitive to variations in the boundary between fresh and brackish groundwater caused by changes in climate or sea level. Their 13C/12C ratios are strongly influenced by biogenic CO2 derived from plant respiration or decay. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Street-Perrott, F.A., P.E. Hales, R.A. Perrott, J.C. Fontes, V.R. Switsur, and A. Pearson # Published_Date_or_Year: 1993 # Published_Title: Late Quaternary palaeolimnology of a tropical marl lake: Wallywash Great Pond, Jamaica # Journal_Name: Journal of Paleolimnology # Volume: 9 # Edition: # Issue: 1 # Pages: 3-22 # DOI: 10.1007/BF00680032 # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: # Abstract: Wallywash Great Pond (17° 57' N, 77° 48 W, 7 m a.s.l.) is the largest perennial lake in Jamaica. It occupies a fault trough within the karstic White Limestone. The Great Pond is a hardwater lake with a pH of 8.2-8.6 and an alkalinity of 3.6-3.9 meq 1-1. Its chemistry is strongly influenced by the spring discharge from the limestone. The lake water is subject to degassing, evaporation and bicarbonate assimilation by submerged plants and algae, resulting in marl precipitation. A 9.23 m core (WGP2), taken from a water depth of 2.8 m, was analysed for magnetic susceptibility, loss-on-ignition, carbonate content, mole % MgCO3 in calcite, and stable isotopes in the fine carbonate fraction. The chronology is based on ten14C and four U/Th dates. Four main sediment types alternate in the core: marl; organic, calcareous mud; organic mud or peat; and earthy, brown, calcareous mud. The marls represent periods of wet/warm climate during sea-level highstands and the organic deposits, shallower, swampy conditions. In contrast, the brown, calcareous muds were laid down when the lake was dry or ephemeral. The last interglacial (120 000- >> 106 000 yr BP) is represented by three distinct marl units. After a dry interval, stable, wet/warm conditions set in from 106 000 to 93 000 yr BP. A dry/cool climate prevailed between 93 000 and at least 9500 yr BP. Three subsequent cycles of alternating wet and dry conditions culminated in flooding of the basin by the Black River during the late Holocene. These recent events cannot be accurately dated by14C due to significant and temporally-variable inputs of 'dead' carbon from the springs. #------------------ # Publication # Authors: Hales, P. # Published_Date_or_Year: 1991 # Published_Title: Inorganic Geochemistry of Tropical Lake and Swamp Sediments # Journal_Name: # Volume: # Edition: # Issue: # Pages: # DOI: # Online_Resource: # Full_Citation: D.Phil thesis, University of Oxford # Abstract: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Natural Environment Research Council (UK) # Grant: #------------------ # Funding_Agency # Funding_Agency_Name: Royal Society (UK) # Grant: #------------------ # Site_Information # Site_Name: Wallywash Great Pond # Location: Ocean>Atlantic Ocean>North Atlantic Ocean>Caribbean Sea>Jamaica # Country: Jamaica # Northernmost_Latitude: 17.9733 # Southernmost_Latitude: 17.9733 # Easternmost_Longitude: -77.8083 # Westernmost_Longitude: -77.8083 # Elevation: 7 m #------------------ # Data_Collection # Collection_Name: WGP2SedChem # Earliest_Year: 120000 # Most_Recent_Year: 0 # Time_Unit: Cal Yr BP # Core_Length: 9.23 m # Notes: #------------------ # Chronology: # # Wallywash Great Pond, St. Elizabeth, Core WGP2 # # Age determinations # A chronology for the core is provided by U-series and radiocarbon dates. Full details of the age determinations # of dated levels in the core are provided in Street-Perrott et al. (1993) and Holmes et al. (1995). # Age-depth conversions can be undertaken as follows: # # Core segment 0 - 427 cm (0 to 10,660 cal. yrBP) # Ages determined by simple linear interpolation between pairs of dates below: # # Core segment 428 - 640 cm (10,660 to 93,500 yrBP) # The lake dried out or became strongly ephemeral during this period and sedimentation rates were low. # Approximate ages for each level can be determined by simple linear interpolation between the lower and upper ages for this part of the core. # # Core segment 460 to 923 cm (c. 93,500 to c. 122,000 yrBP) # An age - depth regression equation Age = 95 * depth (cm) + 34420 describes the following age - depth pairs and can be used to estimate age from depth. # The existence of an age inversion, and the relatively large errors associated with the U-series ages, mean that the dates in this section of the core # are likely to carry large uncertainties. # # #---------------- # Variables # # Data variables follow (have no #) # Data line variables format: Variables list, one per line, shortname-tab-longname-tab-longname components (9 components: what, material, error, units, seasonality, archive, detail, method, C or N for Character or Numeric data) # Elemental geochemistry of total sediment digests # CaCO3 and loss-on-ignition data appeared in Street-Perrott et al. (1993), the remaining data are unpublished and are presented in Hales (1991) Thesis, U. Oxford. # ## depth_cm depth, , , cm, , , , ,N ## Ca-mg/g Calcium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Mg-mg/g Magnesium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Sr-mg/g Strontium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Fe-mg/g Iron, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Al-mg/g Aluminum, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Mn-mg/g Manganese, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Na-mg/g Sodium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## K-mg/g Potassium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Ti-mg/g Titanium, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## Zn-mg/g Zinc, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## PO4-mg/g Phosphate, , , mg/g, , , , ,N ## carb% Calcium Carbonate, , , %, , , , ,N ## loi% Loss on Ignition, , , %, , , , ,N #---------------- # Data: # Data lines follow (have no #) # Data line format - tab-delimited text, variable short name as header # Missing_Values: depth_cm Ca-mg/g Mg-mg/g Sr-mg/g Fe-mg/g Al-mg/g Mn-mg/g Na-mg/g K-mg/g Ti-mg/g Zn-mg/g PO4-mg/g carb% loi% 6 262 7.5 4.0 1.1 2.0 0.05 0.31 0.30 0.00 0.037 0.27 70.2 25.1 16 181 4.1 2.8 0.9 0.8 0.02 0.64 0.13 0.00 0.016 0.13 86.1 10.4 26 240 9.3 2.3 1.0 0.5 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.00 0.015 0.10 89.3 7.5 36 288 6.8 3.9 1.1 0.9 0.02 0.16 0.15 0.00 0.019 0.08 87.2 9.5 46 250 5.5 3.9 1.5 1.4 0.02 0.16 0.14 0.00 0.021 0.10 86.4 9.7 56 206 4.6 3.1 0.8 0.5 0.01 0.15 0.12 0.00 0.014 0.09 88.5 8.8 66 266 8.7 2.4 1.0 0.2 0.04 0.12 0.09 0.00 0.015 0.09 91.0 6.6 76 242 7.5 3.1 3.3 3.9 0.07 0.17 0.19 0.05 0.029 0.13 79.8 12.9 84 272 11.5 2.6 1.2 0.7 0.04 0.13 0.12 0.00 0.031 0.10 88.6 8.0 89 194 4.6 2.8 1.3 0.6 0.01 0.12 0.11 0.00 0.020 0.10 86.6 10.3 94 232 4.0 3.5 1.7 1.1 0.01 0.17 0.14 0.00 0.021 0.10 87.9 9.0 99 208 1.6 3.2 0.8 0.0 0.00 0.42 0.19 0.03 0.014 0.10 87.2 10.1 104 278 7.5 3.6 2.5 3.6 0.04 0.20 0.21 0.08 0.030 0.13 82.5 11.8 109 230 4.2 3.6 0.8 0.7 0.01 0.18 0.12 0.04 0.020 0.11 88.0 11.2 114 222 4.9 4.1 0.7 0.5 0.01 0.26 0.13 0.00 0.025 0.09 88.2 8.7 119 234 9.2 3.6 0.5 0.4 0.03 0.21 0.14 0.04 0.018 0.11 89.1 7.7 124 325 11.8 3.3 1.0 0.4 0.06 0.27 0.16 0.00 0.024 0.11 88.9 7.9 135 242 11.1 3.6 4.1 5.5 0.09 0.28 0.26 0.00 0.029 0.16 75.5 17.2 140 246 9.5 3.3 1.9 3.0 0.08 0.16 0.24 0.00 0.031 0.19 72.9 20.9 145 265 9.7 3.4 0.8 0.7 0.06 0.11 0.12 0.00 0.019 0.11 88.4 8.5 155 262 8.0 4.7 1.4 1.9 0.04 0.21 0.26 0.00 0.035 0.27 77.0 17.1 160 116 5.3 1.8 4.4 5.0 0.01 0.19 0.49 0.00 0.049 0.66 37.9 51.5 165 204 8.0 2.1 1.1 1.4 0.03 0.19 0.26 0.00 0.059 0.34 65.3 27.2 170 202 8.7 2.3 1.2 0.6 0.02 0.16 0.17 0.00 0.028 0.31 76.1 19.7 175 220 10.6 2.8 0.4 0.3 0.00 0.11 0.15 0.00 0.021 0.21 81.1 15.0 180 224 12.9 3.6 0.4 0.2 0.01 0.16 0.12 0.00 0.015 0.13 84.0 12.7 190 194 7.3 2.1 1.6 2.3 0.01 0.14 0.16 0.00 0.017 0.45 67.8 25.1 195 192 8.7 2.5 1.8 3.7 0.00 0.34 0.31 0.00 0.071 0.64 59.0 32.6 200 182 10.2 2.1 1.1 1.6 0.00 0.10 0.13 0.00 0.021 0.37 61.8 31.1 205 164 11.1 1.7 0.8 1.0 0.00 0.06 0.12 0.00 0.017 0.28 56.6 36.7 210 158 12.1 1.8 0.7 1.6 0.00 0.11 0.16 0.00 0.019 0.29 52.8 40.0 215 170 12.2 2.0 0.7 1.5 0.00 0.16 0.15 0.00 0.017 0.30 50.2 41.8 220 204 12.9 1.9 0.4 0.6 0.00 0.13 0.12 0.00 0.017 0.28 56.3 37.1 225 250 14.9 2.0 0.3 0.3 0.00 0.16 0.11 0.00 0.019 0.27 61.9 31.9 230 140 14.1 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.00 0.16 0.16 0.00 0.015 0.35 32.0 59.3 235 98 9.0 1.6 0.6 1.5 0.00 0.11 0.13 0.00 0.010 0.29 26.3 65.4 245 184 13.4 2.0 0.6 0.8 0.00 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.015 0.29 48.6 44.2 255 180 12.2 2.5 0.8 1.4 0.00 0.19 0.13 0.00 0.020 0.31 49.6 43.3 260 122 10.1 1.8 0.8 1.2 0.00 0.14 0.15 0.00 0.023 0.33 30.2 60.5 270 40 6.7 1.5 0.6 1.6 0.00 0.11 0.15 0.00 0.014 0.17 8.2 79.8 275 48 12.2 2.0 1.3 2.6 0.00 0.17 0.20 0.00 0.013 0.25 8.6 77.7 280 50 13.4 2.9 1.9 5.0 0.00 0.11 0.21 0.06 0.009 0.27 11.9 73.8 285 325 17.0 5.7 0.5 0.5 0.05 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.017 0.20 90.8 6.6 290 330 18.6 7.1 0.7 0.7 0.05 0.21 0.11 0.00 0.018 0.23 89.5 7.9 295 194 17.0 4.8 2.2 4.3 0.01 0.18 0.13 0.07 0.017 0.36 47.1 41.1 305 126 12.7 3.2 1.3 3.5 0.00 0.43 0.15 0.05 0.012 0.25 40.2 48.5 310 130 12.0 3.5 1.2 2.5 0.00 0.12 0.13 0.00 0.012 0.33 45.7 46.3 315 130 13.2 3.8 1.3 2.3 0.00 0.10 0.14 0.03 0.010 0.23 31.2 58.4 320 178 16.9 3.8 1.5 1.1 0.00 0.12 0.14 0.00 0.014 0.25 37.1 52.7 325 176 14.2 3.0 0.8 0.6 0.00 0.37 0.17 0.00 0.012 0.23 45.0 44.5 330 88 14.0 2.6 1.6 0.5 0.00 0.14 0.16 0.00 0.007 0.19 15.7 70.7 335 56 8.1 2.5 1.2 0.5 0.00 0.07 0.25 0.00 0.014 0.11 8.5 78.0 340 88 15.3 2.8 2.2 0.6 0.00 0.20 0.14 0.00 0.011 0.26 14.2 74.5 345 238 10.1 2.8 3.4 0.5 0.00 0.30 0.13 0.00 0.016 0.45 47.6 42.4 350 90 15.5 2.7 3.2 1.1 0.00 0.19 0.15 0.00 0.009 0.42 22.4 64.9 355 68 13.7 2.1 3.8 0.6 0.00 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.012 0.29 12.3 71.1 360 30 12.6 1.6 3.5 0.5 0.00 0.16 0.14 0.00 0.010 0.15 2.1 81.5 371 82 13.8 2.3 4.5 1.1 0.00 0.16 0.15 0.00 0.023 0.23 15.2 69.0 376 22 11.1 1.4 5.6 2.9 0.00 0.21 0.16 0.05 0.030 0.35 4.0 82.0 386 182 10.3 2.4 3.3 1.0 0.03 0.20 0.17 0.00 0.023 0.45 42.5 45.7 391 330 8.0 2.8 1.8 0.3 0.08 0.26 0.18 0.00 0.027 0.54 82.7 12.8 401 325 8.1 3.2 1.0 0.5 0.09 0.18 0.19 0.00 0.024 0.58 85.5 12.2 406 310 7.1 3.1 0.4 0.8 0.09 0.14 0.11 0.00 0.021 0.44 83.1 13.7 412 182 5.4 2.2 0.9 3.7 0.05 0.18 0.18 0.00 0.020 0.46 48.2 41.4 417 32 5.4 0.8 2.7 9.0 0.00 0.24 0.44 0.00 0.021 0.48 9.2 72.5 422 27 7.4 0.6 7.6 10.9 0.00 0.38 0.63 0.00 0.037 0.47 11.7 79.2 432 13 3.2 0.3 35.1 4.0 0.00 0.31 0.41 0.00 0.023 0.33 9.0 73.5 437 244 6.5 2.6 9.7 19.5 0.11 1.38 1.94 0.42 0.049 0.48 46.7 17.4 442 248 6.4 2.6 12.0 18.8 0.14 1.45 1.98 0.37 0.047 0.54 63.3 12.8 447 98 3.6 1.1 6.5 10.0 0.06 5.10 1.52 0.22 0.021 0.80 63.8 13.8 452 256 5.5 2.6 11.9 14.5 0.11 0.91 1.35 0.24 0.036 1.01 66.0 13.3 457 294 5.4 2.8 6.8 1.0 0.18 0.41 0.14 0.03 0.020 0.80 75.6 12.9 462 296 4.5 3.0 14.7 3.3 0.03 0.20 0.32 0.00 0.029 0.60 75.5 11.6 467 414 4.4 2.4 4.7 0.7 0.14 0.20 0.13 0.00 0.017 0.46 75.8 14.9 472 316 4.3 2.6 9.9 5.5 0.07 0.41 0.44 0.16 0.028 0.88 65.9 20.5 477 330 5.0 2.7 8.2 3.5 0.03 0.56 0.25 0.06 0.023 0.77 74.4 16.2 482 365 4.9 2.5 5.2 1.1 0.17 0.25 0.17 0.00 0.021 0.55 84.6 9.6 487 320 5.1 2.9 9.2 3.1 0.03 0.26 0.19 0.06 0.018 0.63 87.3 7.8 492 278 5.0 2.7 10.7 3.5 0.02 0.36 0.20 0.08 0.017 0.75 83.0 10.2 497 275 4.3 3.1 11.3 6.9 0.07 0.48 0.68 0.11 0.026 0.79 78.0 10.8 502 218 6.4 3.1 19.6 25.6 0.03 7.57 1.41 0.67 0.041 1.21 48.5 23.5 507 225 6.6 3.2 10.3 11.5 0.02 0.27 0.42 0.13 0.024 0.90 63.4 20.4 512 305 6.5 3.0 9.7 1.5 0.01 0.16 0.18 0.00 0.021 0.47 87.6 5.8 517 275 7.4 2.9 10.6 4.4 0.01 0.17 0.21 0.11 0.025 0.46 75.3 14.4 522 310 4.4 2.8 17.6 5.2 0.06 0.24 0.20 0.08 0.024 0.74 77.6 11.6 527 266 5.3 1.8 16.8 18.7 0.02 0.23 0.35 0.15 0.022 0.75 52.7 25.2 532 300 4.4 2.6 11.8 4.3 0.04 0.19 0.19 0.10 0.018 0.59 74.8 13.9 537 408 4.4 3.5 12.3 3.0 0.06 0.24 0.25 0.04 0.031 0.56 82.9 8.8 542 218 6.2 3.3 10.8 16.7 0.04 0.18 0.28 0.19 0.020 0.55 53.9 27.4 552 374 7.1 6.0 12.8 3.7 0.47 0.41 0.21 0.09 0.036 0.63 83.8 7.4 553 315 5.9 4.1 11.8 11.8 0.15 0.28 0.40 0.18 0.020 0.71 67.0 18.0 559 425 7.2 6.5 13.0 1.3 0.60 0.36 0.09 0.06 0.022 0.47 88.8 5.3 564 440 7.4 6.5 12.8 1.7 0.57 0.31 0.10 0.05 0.022 0.62 88.3 5.5 569 460 7.4 6.8 11.9 2.2 0.72 0.31 0.12 0.07 0.021 0.73 87.0 6.1 574 410 6.6 6.5 12.1 1.2 1.44 0.26 0.12 0.05 0.019 0.36 90.0 5.3 579 384 7.2 6.3 9.9 4.5 0.82 0.26 0.20 0.10 0.022 0.43 83.6 8.2 584 490 7.8 6.5 9.9 3.2 0.66 0.27 0.11 0.07 0.022 0.33 85.0 7.7 589 345 8.7 7.0 8.8 1.4 0.55 0.24 0.09 0.04 0.021 0.22 88.8 5.9 594 290 9.6 6.3 9.0 2.0 0.37 0.22 0.11 0.07 0.020 0.28 86.0 7.3 599 256 8.2 5.5 7.6 4.6 0.49 0.17 0.18 0.07 0.017 0.39 83.6 8.5 604 270 9.9 5.8 7.7 3.5 0.27 0.21 0.20 0.07 0.016 0.26 81.3 10.4 609 280 12.3 7.4 8.0 3.3 0.40 0.27 0.19 0.09 0.022 0.35 82.6 10.0 614 279 11.6 7.7 8.5 10.8 0.78 0.26 0.40 0.16 0.024 0.62 72.0 15.3 619 312 13.6 7.1 5.8 2.5 0.18 0.76 0.11 0.10 0.055 0.18 83.4 9.9 624 325 13.2 6.4 5.5 1.3 0.47 0.72 0.10 0.04 0.019 0.19 86.9 6.9 629 350 12.3 6.7 4.6 1.1 0.28 0.58 0.13 0.05 0.021 0.18 89.5 5.6 634 365 9.2 3.3 0.8 1.3 0.04 0.79 0.09 0.04 0.020 0.08 96.0 2.1 644 425 9.7 3.1 1.0 1.1 0.03 1.11 0.32 0.05 0.021 0.08 96.8 2.6 649 475 9.9 3.1 1.3 1.0 0.03 2.88 0.55 0.00 0.027 0.08 97.1 2.0 654 530 8.8 3.2 1.0 0.4 0.03 0.12 0.07 0.00 0.023 0.06 97.5 2.1 659 380 9.1 3.1 0.9 0.3 0.03 0.06 0.05 0.00 0.020 0.06 96.6 2.0 664 470 9.1 3.2 1.4 0.3 0.03 0.05 0.09 0.00 0.021 0.06 96.6 1.9 669 520 8.8 3.2 1.3 0.4 0.03 0.08 0.09 0.00 0.024 0.07 96.1 1.8 674 460 9.3 3.5 1.8 0.4 0.03 0.08 0.10 0.00 0.023 0.07 96.2 1.9 679 495 10.1 4.0 2.4 0.3 0.03 0.12 0.12 0.04 0.023 0.07 95.4 2.0 684 435 10.5 4.1 1.5 0.4 0.04 0.07 0.11 0.00 0.020 0.07 96.1 2.0 689 380 9.3 4.0 1.9 0.3 0.04 0.09 0.33 0.00 0.019 0.07 95.5 2.1 694 405 11.1 4.4 2.1 1.1 0.07 0.11 0.12 0.00 0.021 0.07 95.4 2.1 699 530 10.7 4.5 2.4 0.6 0.05 0.09 0.17 0.00 0.028 0.09 95.0 2.2 708 475 10.5 6.0 3.1 0.3 0.08 0.22 0.14 0.00 0.021 0.08 94.8 2.2 713 425 9.0 5.6 9.2 4.2 0.05 0.15 0.13 0.08 0.023 0.77 77.9 8.0 718 220 6.0 3.7 8.2 10.3 0.11 0.18 0.47 0.19 0.019 0.80 56.4 23.8 728 316 7.0 4.0 9.0 5.1 0.32 0.14 0.25 0.11 0.028 0.54 65.5 18.5 733 400 8.0 4.0 7.3 1.0 0.20 0.12 0.11 0.05 0.028 0.32 83.2 7.6 738 425 11.9 7.6 4.9 0.8 0.10 0.32 0.16 0.00 0.026 0.22 87.9 3.4 743 420 10.7 7.9 3.1 0.8 0.08 0.16 0.19 0.00 0.022 0.23 88.1 2.8 748 425 11.3 9.8 2.5 0.7 0.16 0.09 0.12 0.00 0.023 0.13 88.1 2.7 753 390 11.6 7.8 13.8 5.3 0.03 0.27 0.21 0.11 0.025 0.51 74.7 9.3 758 258 14.7 8.7 17.4 4.3 0.03 0.28 0.18 0.09 0.023 0.57 75.6 10.0 763 120 10.4 5.4 21.3 41.4 0.03 0.30 0.46 0.16 0.032 0.43 37.9 22.8 773 84 7.0 2.8 14.0 46.7 0.05 0.37 0.76 0.15 0.038 1.10 34.4 20.5 778 280 19.2 7.1 13.3 8.2 0.10 0.69 0.33 0.10 0.027 0.42 71.1 8.8 783 262 22.2 7.3 10.5 7.7 0.06 0.65 0.28 0.12 0.026 0.45 67.5 13.7 788 385 23.5 7.2 9.9 1.4 0.09 0.60 0.18 0.00 0.022 0.32 82.2 6.8 793 405 10.2 4.5 11.6 3.5 0.07 0.22 0.19 0.05 0.024 0.48 74.2 10.9 798 470 14.7 6.0 6.0 0.7 0.10 0.19 0.16 0.00 0.023 0.29 84.8 3.5 803 440 16.3 5.5 7.1 0.4 0.10 0.15 0.13 0.00 0.028 0.23 89.2 2.4 808 455 16.4 4.6 4.1 0.3 0.13 0.30 0.16 0.00 0.033 0.25 89.2 2.5 814 455 17.3 4.3 3.7 0.2 0.11 0.16 0.11 0.00 0.022 0.25 88.9 2.7 819 425 14.2 4.5 3.8 0.6 0.12 0.20 0.15 0.00 0.019 0.38 87.3 4.4 824 436 8.3 3.5 8.7 2.1 0.08 0.57 0.30 0.00 0.041 0.75 73.4 12.4 829 394 11.0 4.4 9.1 2.3 0.08 0.23 0.20 0.00 0.032 0.81 76.5 9.9 834 355 11.9 5.6 8.7 3.7 0.10 0.27 0.21 0.00 0.039 0.54 72.6 12.7 839 282 8.7 7.8 3.6 0.8 0.10 0.18 0.11 0.00 0.020 0.42 85.6 3.7 844 355 8.8 9.3 3.7 0.9 0.10 0.20 0.15 0.00 0.019 0.42 68.4 4.7 849 360 6.4 13.6 4.6 2.6 0.07 0.33 0.17 0.04 0.022 0.66 67.5 4.7 854 385 11.3 14.0 4.9 0.9 0.12 0.27 0.12 0.00 0.023 0.44 87.4 2.7 862 370 10.2 14.9 5.0 5.9 0.12 0.24 0.25 0.08 0.031 0.45 82.9 4.5 867 184 5.7 2.9 13.7 31.0 0.13 0.42 2.64 0.39 0.068 0.76 53.8 11.8 872 200 5.4 2.8 12.2 30.0 0.17 0.60 2.72 0.36 0.058 0.76 55.3 11.7 877 266 5.8 4.5 9.6 15.5 0.13 0.41 1.21 0.22 0.051 0.78 66.0 9.1 882 258 5.7 4.4 8.9 17.1 0.12 0.81 1.33 0.33 0.053 0.76 66.8 9.2 888 276 5.3 4.2 9.6 19.6 0.10 0.46 1.11 0.22 0.053 0.80 66.6 7.9 893 238 4.8 3.5 9.8 25.3 0.10 0.42 0.97 0.18 0.049 0.74 63.4 9.3 898 264 3.0 2.3 10.9 17.0 0.09 0.31 0.55 0.16 0.034 0.56 74.1 6.5 903 124 4.9 2.3 18.3 63.3 0.09 0.46 1.27 0.27 0.066 0.74 44.2 12.6 908 144 4.2 2.1 20.0 51.6 0.11 0.38 1.12 0.32 0.067 0.92 48.7 11.7 913 218 3.5 2.9 20.4 29.0 0.11 0.33 0.68 0.19 0.044 0.82 64.5 8.3 918 250 3.3 2.4 14.9 16.8 0.10 0.96 0.45 0.20 0.034 0.70 72.6 7.5 923 234 3.9 3.3 11.9 21.7 0.09 0.66 0.55 0.33 0.030 0.70 66.7 9.4